Methodological Triangulation Research Articles

Evaluation of Environmental Management at Pulang Pisau Regional General Hospital Based on Environmental Impact Assessment Studies and Regional Development

This study aims to evaluate environmental management at Pulang Pisau Regional General Hospital (RSUD) within the framework of participatory development planning. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, collecting data through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis follows the Miles and Huberman model, with validation through methodological and source triangulation. The findings indicate that environmental planning and management at RSUD Pulang Pisau remain technocratic, with limited public involvement. The lack of public dialogue spaces and multi-stakeholder consultations results in low community participation in sustainable development. Implementing medical and liquid waste management policies follows national regulations but still faces challenges in resource efficiency and environmental impact monitoring. This study recommends strengthening inclusive environmental governance by establishing multi-stakeholder forums and public consultation mechanisms and enhancing community education and empowerment in environmental monitoring. Policy evaluation based on George C. Edward III's implementation theory highlights the importance of clear communication, resource availability, stakeholder commitment, and an effective bureaucratic structure in successfully implementing environmental policies. This research emphasizes that active public participation in hospital environmental management is not merely a technical aspect but also an integral part of an inclusive and sustainable development process.

Dialogue between fans and their clubs in the Premier League and La Liga and the extent of the fans’ influence opportunities. A methodological analysis following the challenge of the European Super League

ABSTRACT For several decades, economic and media interests have been pressuring actors in the European football ecosystem. One example is the consolidation of supporters’ trusts and the opposition to the unborn project of the European Super League. The purpose of this research is to analyse the processes of dialogue between La Liga and Premier League fans and their respective clubs and the influence of the former on the latter. A methodological triangulation was developed that analyses different elements of transparency and bidirectional communication found on the websites of the 40 clubs that make up these two leagues in the 2022–23 season. Nine in-depth interviews were also conducted with representatives of the clubs’ stakeholder groups. This research concludes that while Spanish clubs have higher transparency on their websites, English clubs provide more tools to establish a dialogue with fans.

Innovative entrepreneurship “En pointe”

Research methodology The research for the Slimnastics School of Ballet case study used methodological triangulation, incorporating primary and secondary data sources as well as content analysis to ensure comprehensive coverage and validity. Primary data were collected through qualitative field interviews with the organization’s founder (Passant Esmail), key staff members and clients. Secondary data involved a review of relevant literature as well as content analysis of organizational documents, industry reports, financial records and relevant news articles. This triangulation of methods allowed for a robust analysis of the business model and strategic decisions within the cultural entrepreneurship context. Case overview/synopsis This case explores the entrepreneurial journey of Passant Esmail, founder of Slimnastics School of Ballet, and her innovative approach to building a successful business in a competitive market. Esmail differentiated Slimnastics by offering inclusive ballet education that catered to a diverse range of students, focusing on affordability, community engagement and high-quality instruction. As Slimnastics expanded, Esmail faced challenges in sustaining growth and maintaining competitive advantage. The case examines how Esmail’s innovative strategies shaped the success of Slimnastics and prompts discussion on how the new management can build on her legacy using the Blue Ocean Strategy and the Four Actions Framework. Complexity academic level Suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students, this case is ideal for courses in entrepreneurship, innovation and gender studies, providing insights into the dynamics of building and sustaining ventures in culturally rich and competitive sectors.

Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutions as Catalysts of Reduction of Unemployment Rates in Kiambu County, Kenya

Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutions (TVETs) have been at the center of equipping students with prerequisite skills to fit into the job market by offering programmes aim to bridge the skills gap among students. However, in Kiambu County, rates of unemployment have continued to rise. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine how TVETS act as catalysts for reduction of unemployment rates in Kiambu County. The study was anchored on the human capital theory. The study adopted mixed methodology and concurrent triangulation research design. Target population comprised 30 principals, 578 tutors and 4879 employed TVET graduates totaling 5487 respondents from which 372 respondents was sampled using Yamane’s Formula. Stratified sampling was adopted to create 12 strata based on the number of sub-counties in Kiambu County. From each sub-county, one TVET principal was selected using purposive sampling. However, from each of the sampled TVETs, 5 tutors and 25 employed TVET graduates were selected using simple random sampling. This enabled the researcher to sample 12 principals, 60 tutors and 300 employed TVET graduates. Questionnaires were used to collect data from employed TVET graduates whereas interview guides were used to collect data from principals and tutors. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically along the objectives and presented in narrative forms. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages and inferentially using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Analysis with the help of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences and presented by using tables. The study found that there is an increasing rate of unemployment in Kiambu County for the last five years. To mitigate these challenges, TVETs have refocused the training to equip students with job-specific practical skills, entrepreneurship education, linkages and internship as well as integration of ICT and innovation. However, much is yet to be fully realized in improving status of unemployment rates. Thus, the study recommends that TVETs should collaborate closely with local and international industries to ensure that their training programmes align with current market demands. By continuously updating the curriculum to include emerging technologies, sector-specific skills, and soft skills like communication and problem-solving, TVET graduates will be better equipped to meet employers’ needs.

Organic farming: mapping the perceptual landscape of business competence

PurposeWith organic farming (OF) emerging as a pivotal and sustainable farm enterprise globally, its adoption – particularly through sustainable organic farming practices (SOFP) – underscores the crucial role played by the competencies of organic farmers. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive perceptual assessment of the competencies essential for SOFP in the unique agricultural landscape. The focus is on exploring the entrepreneurial, managerial, personal and technical competencies of farmers engaged in OF.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a sequential mixed-methods approach, this study began with a quantitative phase (structured questionnaire) and seamlessly transitioned into a qualitative phase (focus group interviews). A total of 513 usable responses were received in the quantitative phase, and data from seven focus group interviews (FGIs) were recorded in the qualitative phase. The respondents were registered organic farmers affiliated with various farmer producer organizations (FPOs) in the Kashmir Valley, India. Methodological triangulation was used to interpret the results.FindingsThrough perceptual analysis, the study systematically identified and assessed the competencies held by the organic farmers. The study uncovered that farmers in the Kashmir Valley demonstrate competencies across personal, entrepreneurial, managerial and technical domains. Despite an overall moderate competence level, technical and managerial competencies were perceived as low and are focal points for improvement.Research limitations/implicationsThe study sheds light on OF competencies in the Kashmir Valley, caution is warranted due to its regional focus. The reliance on self-reported data introduces potential bias in competency assessments. The sample, drawn from FPOs, can be a lacuna. The study’s static snapshot captures competencies at a specific time, limiting insights into potential temporal changes.Practical implicationsThe findings advocate for targeted competency development programs tailored to elevate varied competencies among farmers. Collaborative initiatives, market-oriented training and locally customized extension services are proposed to effectively address and bridge competence gaps. Policymakers are urged to consider incentivizing competency development and crafting integrated agricultural policies that comprehensively support competency enhancement.Originality/valueThis research contributes significantly to the existing theory and literature by advancing the understanding of competencies of organic farmers. It unveils perceptual assessment on four key competence dimensions that are very vital for SOFP and also explores the extent to which these competencies are evident. Furthermore, this study provides interventions for competence development for successful sustainable organic agri-ventures and entrepreneurial avenues.

Teachers' Lived Experiences with the Ban on Corporal Punishment as a Strategy for Addressing Moral Decline in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya

The eradication of corporal punishment in Kenyan schools in 2001 signaled a major shift in disciplinary techniques, with a greater emphasis on guidance and counselling as an alternative strategy. This transition spurred widespread debate among educators, legislators, and other stakeholders over the effectiveness of non-punitive techniques in preserving discipline and moral standards in schools. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of teachers in regard to the ban on corporal punishment in Kenyan secondary schools. The study was anchored on the following objective. Examine the lived experiences of teachers with the ban on corporal punishment as a strategy for addressing moral decline in Kenyan secondary schools. The study was grounded on African communitarian philosophy, which is anchored on collective responsibility within the community in moral development of children. Communitarianism advocates the family as the place where personal responsibility is first learned and then schools – the second line of defense. The study adopted two philosophical methods for the purpose of bringing out methodological triangulation. Hermeneutic phenomenology was used in order to extract the lived experiences of the teachers handling discipline in secondary schools. Philosophical analysis was infused into all the objectives with the aim of helping to foster Socratic dialogue and building logical coherence from the extracted lived experiences. The target population comprised deputy principals and heads of guidance and counselling from secondary schools in Bungoma County. To provide a representative sample, this study utilized purposive sampling in choosing schools. A sample size of four deputy principals and four heads of guidance and counselling was chosen. The sample size was guided by the principles of hermeneutic phenomenological research which is concerned mainly with the depth and not the breadth of the information. Information utilized in this study was sourced from both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using unstructured phenomenological interviews. Secondary data was gathered from articles from peer referred journals, government policy documents and reports, thematic text books, internet sources, pioneer projects, theses and newspaper articles that allude to issues of moral concern in the Kenyan context. Primary data was analysed through IPA and secondary through document analysis. The study concluded that, the concept of corporal punishment in the lifeworld of teachers doesn’t ascertain the teacher’s ontology since there is no smooth relationship between the etic and the emic knowledge of the teacher over the same. The study therefore recommended Socratic mode of teaching should be emphasised in order to prepare teachers for moral development among the learners. Communitarian philosophy should be emphasized so that all institutions within the society should be involved in the moral development of children.

Ramifications of flipped classroom model on second language teachers’ professional identity in Turkish tertiary hybrid education context

As the traditional teaching paradigm is reversed in Flipped Classroom Model (FCM), it has the potential to empower the teacher to allocate more valuable face-to-face classroom time for productive language tasks. Digital flipped course contents encourage the students and the teacher to take advantage of becoming a member in an online learning community and engage in a social-constructive learning approach. Such a profound shift from the traditional teaching and learning paradigm may influence the identity progression of L2 teachers. This longitudinal study aims to explore the ramifications of flipped grammar teaching on four L2 teachers’ identity progression over the course of two academic years within the three fundamental modes of belonging for identity formation, namely engagement, alignment, and imagination, identified by Wenger (1999) at tertiary level. Methodological triangulation was adopted to boost the transferability and reliability of the findings. Semi-structured interviews provided in-depth insights into the four L2 teachers’ relational thinking about flipped grammar teaching and their professional identity progression. The data also included four hours of classroom observations to witness the real-life implications of teachers’ accounts. The twofold data was analyzed using deductive content analysis. The results indicated that English teachers need to make long lasting and conscious efforts towards a reconciliation between their existing identities and FCM. The teachers not only need to find accommodation strategies to ensure better integration of reluctant students into FCM but also overcome their own accuracy-based exam anxiety as they redefine their grammar identities incorporating FCM.

Online communities as arenas of "amateur expertise": examples from the social media activity for justice for Roman Zadorov.

This study examines online communities as arenas where diverse forms of expertise converge to influence discourse and public opinion. Using the case of social media activism advocating for justice in the wrongful conviction of Roman Zadorov for the murder of Tair Rada, it highlights how these communities serve as platforms for "professional amateurs" and demonstrates their similarities and differences from participants in the formal legal arena. The study employs a netnographic approach to analyze seven years of social media activity across 15 Facebook groups comprising over 300,000 members. Data collection included participant observation, interviews with 25 group administrators, and thematic content analysis of posts and interactions. This methodological triangulation provides a comprehensive understanding of the discourse and dynamics within these activist communities. Six categories of experts were identified in the online discourse: 1. Court-admissible experts, including People directly connected to the case, people who are knowledgeable about the involved parties and the surrounding area, expert witnesses who are professionals testifying based on their field-specific expertise, and circumstantial witnesses who have experienced relevant events firsthand. 2. Non-court-admissible experts, including people with deep, self-taught expertise and people relying on nonrational sources, such as supernatural insights. The findings highlight the unique character of online activism as a dialogic space where conventional and unconventional forms of expertise coexist, contributing to public narratives around justice. The study offers a novel conceptualization of online communities as platforms for expert-driven discourse. It underscores the importance of "pro-am" expertise and symbolic capital in shaping public understanding of contentious issues. While focused on a specific legal case, the study provides broader insights into the dynamics of expertise in online activism, emphasizing the duality of court-admissible and non-court-admissible expertise. Future research should explore these dynamics across varied contexts to further understand the role of online communities in social discourse and activism.

Examining the Impact of Online Help-Seeking Strategies on Promoting EFL learners’ Self-Regulated and Collaborative Learning Skills, Language Learning Outcomes, and Perceptions in CALL Environments

This research examines the impact of online help-seeking strategies—both adaptive and peer-based—on promoting self-regulated and collaborative learning skills, as well as language learning outcomes, among Chinese EFL learners in computer-assisted language learning (CALL) environments. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study triangulates various data strands from 92 randomly selected EFL learners to explore how these strategies influence their learning outcomes. Through methodological triangulation and the execution of one-way ANOVA, the research demonstrates the superior effectiveness of combining adaptive and peer help-seeking strategies, compared to their isolated use, in enhancing self-regulated and collaborative learning skills and language learning outcomes. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between learners’ interactive engagement with help-seeking strategies and their overall CALL outcomes, indicating that such strategies support the development of both collaborative and self-regulated learning skills. This study provides theoretical and practical insights into CALL, offering evidence-based guidance for researchers and practitioners on the nuanced impact of integrating dynamic and flexible help-seeking strategies to enhance EFL learners’ skills and outcomes.

‘I can change my life’: perceptions and experiences of people who use drugs engaging in medically assisted therapy in Kiambu County, Kenya

Introduction The Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Kiambu People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) project, which started in September 2019, had enrolled 590 PWUD in its Medically Assisted Therapy (MAT) program by April 2022. This project provides a one-stop-shop model, offering a comprehensive range of medical and psychosocial services. This study aimed to explore how PWUD navigate from heroin use to MAT enrolment. Methods The study involved individual, paired and group interviews conducted between August and October 2022. Purposive sampling was applied. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded with NVivo and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Methodological triangulation enhanced interpretation. Results PWUD faced various challenges to engage in the MAT program. Replacing heroin with MAT, the ‘medicine,’ was insufficient to ensure meaningful recovery. Engaging in MAT required personal motivation to exit the hotspots that their lives revolve around. Main barriers were coping with changed lifestyles and behavioural patterns, and the need to develop new perspectives on dealing with ‘idleness.’ Conclusion The study revealed the complex realities PWUD are confronted with when trying to engage in MAT. MAT programs need to address medical, psychosocial, employment and other structural factors while supporting people to restore their broken social conditions.

Digital Influencers' Visual Narratives and Algorithmic Power: Identity Construction and Impulsive Consumption on Social Networks

This study explores how visual narratives created by digital influencers, combined with personalized algorithmic recommendations, influence impulsive buying behavior and identity construction on social commerce platforms. Through a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with active social commerce consumers and methodological triangulation was used. The results indicate that impulsive purchases are not merely reactions to visual stimuli, but part of a broader strategy of self-expression and social validation. Additionally, algorithms play an active role in amplifying these behaviors by customizing recommendations that align with consumers’ identity aspirations. The research reveals that impulsive consumption in digital environments is driven by cultural, technological, and social factors, suggesting that social commerce platforms not only facilitate consumption but also serve as spaces for identity experimentation. These findings offer new theoretical insights into the role of consumption in digital identity formation and practical implications for brands seeking to engage consumers in a more authentic and personalized manner.

Artificial Intelligence in Morocco: Towards Holistic, Responsible and Ethical National AI Strategy for Moroccan Competitiveness and Strategic Intelligence

This paper analyses current achievements and emerging landscape of artificial intelligence in Morocco. It explores also the various challenges and opportunities related to the development of an AI ecosystem that facilitates the emergence of an agile, holistic, responsible, ethical, and forward-looking national artificial intelligence strategy that supports Morocco's global competitiveness and its strategic intelligence. Based on a methodological triangulation approach, we combined a documentary approach focused on a literature reviews and international benchmarks of national AI policies and strategies. In addition, we have proposed a conceptual model that outlines the essential elements and key enablers and drivers of the national AI strategy for Morocco. We have called it “LAFBAH AI Framework” focusing on Leadership & Vision, Adaptive Governance, Forward-thinking, Breakthrough Innovations, Agility in Implementation, and Human centred approach. This model is predictive and prescriptive, and most importantly, aligned with the Moroccan priorities and strategic orientations of Morocco’s New Development Model. The study's findings show that Morocco possesses strategic assets that can help it establish itself as an AI hub for Africa and bolster its leadership and digital influence. These assets mainly include the country's international commitment to AI, its participation in AI cooperation programs, a dynamic creation of institutions and university centres dedicated to AI and the start of a virtuous public and political dialogue on the subject involving the private sector, academia and civil society.Our research argues in favour of a holistic and integrated approach to AI in Morocco, which combines AI Governance with technological innovation, ethical and societal considerations to promote sustainable and inclusive development and enhance Moroccan competitiveness. It also demonstrates the urgent need to design and ensure the implementation of an innovative, adapted and integrated national AI strategy for Morocco. This national AI strategy should be designed as an integrative, agile, dynamic framework with a clear and integrated vision, ambitious strategic objectives, relevant priorities and choices and key pillars of AI such as responsible, ethical and innovative governance and strong ecosystem enablers, collaborative research and development, AI talent and skills, sufficient data and infrastructure.We have also designed the fundamental and necessary milestones for a new ecosystem of artificial intelligence in Morocco focused on the imperatives of the knowledge society, the digital, health, food and energy sovereignties of the country, while aspiring to be a hub of artificial intelligence in Africa.

An evaluation of the surveillance system for monitoring and reporting adverse events following immunization in Kebbi State, Northern Nigeria: a mixed method approach

IntroductionDespite the benefits of periodic evaluation of the vaccine safety surveillance system, no formal assessment, to our knowledge, has been conducted in Nigeria. Hence, this study evaluated the surveillance system for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) to ascertain the system’s functionality to inform vaccine safety considerations and guide communication strategies for demand generation.Materials and methodsThe study employed a mixed-method approach. Survey questionnaires were administered to 274 routine immunization service providers in Kebbi State, Northern Nigeria, and data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS. In this study, 10 Key Informant Interviews and two Focus Group Discussions were conducted with senior officers and managers at sub-national and national levels within the immunization and surveillance landscape in Nigeria. The interview recordings were cleaned minimally, transcribed, and manually analyzed thematically. Finally, methodological triangulation was done to improve research rigor and provide a better understanding of the phenomena under investigation.ResultsOf the respondents, 201(73.4%) reported that the surveillance system can inform vaccine safety considerations while 170(62%) reported that the AEFI surveillance system can determine the magnitude of AEFI within the population. Further, 173(63%) reported that the surveillance system can provide timely feedback about causality assessment. However, 158(58%) of the respondents stated that the surveillance system is competent in informing communication strategies to improve immunization demand. Triangulation was done which showed dissonance in AEFI surveillance and vaccine safety considerations but partial agreement in immunization demand generation. Further, AEFI surveillance system attributes’ triangulation revealed agreements (convergence) on simplicity and timeliness; partial agreements on acceptability, data quality, sensitivity, flexibility, and completeness; dissonance on representativeness and silence on stability, indicating a sub-optimal performance of the AEFI surveillance system in the study setting. Finally, the study unearthed some underlying health system factors impeding the AEFI surveillance system from fully fulfilling its objectives.ConclusionThe AEFI surveillance system in Northern Nigeria is well established but functioning sub-optimally. Based on the study findings, the capacity to provide information on vaccine safety exists but it is not robust enough to generate sufficient and convincing vaccine safety data and guide communication strategies for vaccine demand generation, especially for new vaccines and those under emergency authorization use.

LEVEL OF INVOLVEMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CONSERVATION AREA OF THE CHIPANJE CHETU PROGRAM IN NIASSA, MOZAMBIQUE

Level of involvement of local communities in the management of the conservation area of the Chipanje Chetu program in Niassa, Mozambique. Developing projects for management of community conservation areas is a process that involves several entities, including governmental institutions, NGOs, private sectors and local communities. With the aim of evaluating the “level of involvement of local communities in the management of the conservation area of the Chipanje Chetu (our wealth) program in Niassa, Mozambique”, a participatory survey was carried out in the five communities. Semi-structured interviews, direct observation and document analysis were carried out, and subsequently analyzed using R Software, based on the analysis of pattern consistency, methodological triangulation and the citizen participation scale. It was observed that the participation of communities in the process of management and conservation of natural resources is at the delegated power level. The level of community participation and the degree of importance are associated with issues of benefit sharing and man-animal conflicts in this area.

Resiliensi Anak Usia 4-6 Tahun (Studi Kasus Pada Keluarga Broken Home)

This research aims to determine the effect of Broken Home on children's resilience, the reasons for the emergence of resilience in children aged 4-6 years, and the variables that influence the resilience of children who grow up in Broken Home conditions. The researcher used qualitative research methods to conduct this investigation. Structured interviews, observation sheets, and documentation were used as data collection methods. The triangulation method is used in the data analysis approach, namely: (1) theoretical triangulation, namely comparing data with previous hypotheses (2) triangulation of actual data sources, namely testing the truth using historical data sources from interviews. documentation and observation (3) methodological triangulation using surveys and interviews to collect data on certain topics. The results of the research show that the resilience that occurs in the five children aged 4-6 years can be seen through the six different aspects of children's resilience abilities, namely (1) emotional regulation, (2) impulse control, (3) optimism, (4) empathy , (5) reaching out, and (6) self-efficacy.

Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-Based Learning Videos: Enhancing Learning Interest in Early Childhood Moral Education

A common challenge in early childhood moral education is the low level of engagement and interest when using traditional storytelling methods. This study examines the implementation and utilization of artificial intelligence (AI)--based learning videos to enhance early childhood moral education at RA Hj. Sri Musiyarti, Semarang, Indonesia. With a qualitative case study approach, the research involved 20 children aged 4 to 5 years, with data collected through observations, semi-structured interviews with teachers, and documentation. The study focuses on the impact of AI-based videos on children's interest in moral learning, a shift from traditional storytelling methods to video-based learning. Findings reveal that AI-based learning videos significantly increase children's interest and engagement, promoting active participation in the classroom. The videos facilitated cognitive development and emotional engagement, making moral learning more enjoyable and effective. The reliability and validity of the findings were ensured through methodological triangulation and peer debriefing. The study concludes that AI-based learning videos are a powerful tool in fostering intellectual and emotional growth in early childhood, supporting innovative and exciting teaching approaches in moral education. The results suggest that AI technologies can enhance early childhood education, with future research needed to expand the scope of AI in education and to explore strategies for teacher training to ensure the effective implementation of AI technologies.

Analysis of the mass survey data reliability (using the example of smoking prevalence in Russia estimates)

Survey-based estimates of smoking prevalence in Russia, given by various quite respectable organizations for the same period, range from less than 20% to more than 50%. This scatter cannot be explained by differences in the conceptualization of the indicator (who is considered a smoker) and significantly affects the overall picture of smoking in Russia and the assessment of the success of anti-tobacco policy. This raises questions about the reliability of the relevant survey data. It can be solved in at least two ways: by analyzing and eliminating discrepancy factors or by choosing one of the studies as a reference with a thorough check of the reliability of its data. The article substantiates the choice of the second path and the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) as a reference. To check its reliability, three criteria were used: analysis of critical publications about research errors, methodological triangulation (comparison with data from other methods) and analysis of correlation with the consequences of smoking. All three criteria showed a high level of reliability of the RLMS data. The hypothesis about the research error put forward in critical publications does not find empirical confirmation. Comparison with other supposedly reliable data (both survey and non-survey) shows discrepancies below the margin of statistical error. The correlation of RLMS data on smoking with mortality from diseases of the circulatory system turns out to be extremely high. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the RLMS as a reference source of data on the prevalence of smoking in Russia, and indicators from other surveys that differ significantly from it as potentially questionable in their methodological decisions.

Effectiveness of English language textbook in developing Oral communicative competence of high school students

This study aimed to evaluate the revised English textbook "Comprehensive English Book One for Class XI" prescribed by the Sindh Textbook Board for its effectiveness in fulfilling the language needs of ESL students in Pakistan, particularly in developing oral communicative competence (OCC) of high school students. Using an interpretivist approach, the research adopted a qualitative method, employing semi-structured interviews with thirty participants-ten teachers and twenty students, purposively selected, along with participant observations. Data from these sources were analyzed using thematic analysis, ensuring validity and reliability through methodological triangulation. The findings indicated that the revised textbook was highly effective in enhancing students' oral communicative competence. However, a major issue identified was the improper classroom implementation of the textbook, undermining its overall effectiveness. The study highlights the need for improved ESL teaching practices in Pakistan, and contributes to existing literature on textbook development. It recommends capacity-building measures for teachers to optimize the use of teaching resources and ensure effective implementation of the revised textbook.

Disinformation as an obstructionist strategy in climate change mitigation: a review of the scientific literature for a systemic understanding of the phenomenon.

This study examines the scientific misinformation about climate change, in particular obstructionist strategies. The study aims to understand their impact on public perception and climate policy and emphasises the need for a systemic understanding that includes the financial, economic and political roots. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 model. The sample consisted of 75 articles published between 2019 and 2023, sourced from Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Methodological triangulation was performed to improve the analysis. The results show that technological approaches to misinformation detection, such as immunisation and fact-checking, are widely used. However, few studies look in depth at the operational structures that support systematic disinformation. The study emphasises the urgent need to expand and deepen research on climate disinformation and argues for more global, comparative and adequately funded studies. It emphasises the importance of addressing the systemic complexity of disinformation and integrating different theoretical and methodological approaches. This will help to develop effective measures against hidden networks of influence and mitigate their disruptive effects. The research findings are relevant for policymakers, scientists, academics, the media and the public and will help to improve strategies to combat climate misinformation and promote science-based climate action.

Family Relationships and Parenting Dynamics in Blended Families

The main objective of this pilot study was to learn about family relationships and parenting dynamics in blended families from the perspective of individual members. Previous research on blended families has typically focused on various aspects of their functioning from the viewpoint of selected family members. However, there is a lack of studies that cover all members of blended families and examine different issues from a systemic perspective. This study was carried out using a qualitative research strategy based on an interpretive paradigm, employing the case study method. Five blended families were included in the research, and methodological triangulation was applied. The study provides a detailed description of family relationships in the sampled blended families in terms of structure, bonds, and parenting dynamics, within the context of parental attitudes and competencies, as well as resources for coping with the challenges of family life. Blended families with a longer shared history demonstrate better functioning principles, more effective communication techniques, and greater balance in terms of cohesion and flexibility.