Methodology Of Reduction Research Articles

Industrial Pollution Reduction among Administrative Regions

Total control target for pollution emission is the principal mode in China within a long period in the future, and therefore pollution reduction allocation is a key issue for pollution control. This paper describes an integrated theory and methodology of industrial pollution reduction among administrative regions, including 1) three basic principles, 2) an index system, 3) an innovative optimal allocation model based on combination of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Genetic Algorithms (GA), and 4) an empirical research on allocation of industrial chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of 17 sub-regions of Shandong province in China. The results of the empirical research were conformed to the basis of sustainable development. This integrated theory and methodology are applied but not limited in pollution reduction, having broad application prospect in the optimization of the use of environmental resources.

A Decade's Observation – Logistics in India

We are observing a rapid growth of Indian logistics industry and it is a business game among several new service providers, technology and infrastructure that will determine whether the logistics industry is capable to assist its customers to reduce their logistics and transportation costs and provide efficient services or not? Regularly changing government policies especially on taxation and governance of service providers are going to play a lynchpin role in this methodology of cost reduction. In India, coordination across various government agencies requires a chain of approvals from multiple officials and ministries which is a big pain causing hurdle for multi-model logistics system. At the SME level, the Indian logistics aim is moving towards reducing the cycle times in order to inculcate value to their customers. Therefore, better practices and strategies are being adopted by companies in order to enhance their decision making process. This paper provides an outlook on these predicaments and issues with the help of primary research done on it; I have also outlined some of the major challenges with the help of secondary information referred from a number of journals, articles and testimonials, and I have suggested some interesting initiatives that some organizations are taking to compete through perfection in managing their logistics system. The methodology adopted in this paper includes an extensive research and review accompanied with the personal interaction and observations with the various logistics relevant organizations.

Human urinary biomarkers of dioxin exposure: Analysis by metabolomics and biologically driven data dimensionality reduction

Untargeted metabolomic approaches offer new opportunities for a deeper understanding of the molecular events related to toxic exposure. This study proposes a metabolomic investigation of biochemical alterations occurring in urine as a result of dioxin toxicity. Urine samples were collected from Czech chemical workers submitted to severe dioxin occupational exposure in a herbicide production plant in the late 1960s. Experiments were carried out with ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry. A chemistry-driven feature selection was applied to focus on steroid-related metabolites. Supervised multivariate data analysis allowed biomarkers, mainly related to bile acids, to be highlighted. These results supported the hypothesis of liver damage and oxidative stress for long-term dioxin toxicity. As a second step of data analysis, the information gained from the urine analysis of Victor Yushchenko after his poisoning was examined. A subset of relevant urinary markers of acute dioxin toxicity from this extreme phenotype, including glucuro- and sulfo-conjugated endogenous steroid metabolites and bile acids, was assessed for its ability to detect long-term effects of exposure. The metabolomic strategy presented in this work allowed the determination of metabolic patterns related to dioxin effects in human and the discovery of highly predictive subsets of biologically meaningful and clinically relevant compounds. These results are expected to provide valuable information for a deeper understanding of the molecular events related to dioxin toxicity. Furthermore, it presents an original methodology of data dimensionality reduction by using extreme phenotype as a guide to select relevant features prior to data modeling (biologically driven data reduction).

Identifying critical incidents in naturalistic driving data: experiences from a promoting real life observation for gaining understanding of road user behaviour in Europe small‐scale field trial

The methodology of naturalistic driving observation aspires to observe the driver and his environment while driving in natural driving settings. It is of great importance in research on road safety as this method of observing road users eliminates the disadvantages of traditional methods like simulator studies or interviews. However, it produces vast such amounts of data and challenges data reduction and data analysis. Therefore automatic methods for filtering critical incidents based on thresholds for numerical data are often applied to select the data to be analysed. This study reports a small-scale field trial in Valencia, Spain, which was conducted within the promoting real life observation for gaining understanding of road user behaviour in Europe project. The analysis of the numerical data using thresholds resulted in a great number of false alarms and did not identify safety-critical sequences. In contrast, video analysis revealed a number of critical events that had not been previously detected using the numerical parameters. The study conveyed the importance of continuous video recording in these kinds of studies and showed that the methodology of data reduction for naturalistic driving studies requires further development in order to be able to capture all the relevant incidents automatically.

Global sensitivity/uncertainty analysis for agent-based models

Agent-based models simulate simultaneous actions and interactions of multiple agents, in an attempt to re-create and predict the appearance of complex phenomena. We propose to use global sensitivity analysis as a tool for analyzing and evaluating agent-based models. A general approach for applying the global sensitivity analysis to agent-based models is presented and tested on the example of a socio-cultural agent-based model we developed earlier [45]. We identify the most significant parameters in the model and uncover their contributions to the outputs of interest. Methodology of model reduction for agent-based models is discussed and demonstrated for the aforementioned model.

The study of specific absorption rate (SAR) reduction in mobile phones using materials and metamaterials

In this paper, reducing of specific absorption rate (SAR) with materials and metamaterials attachment is investigated. The finite-difference time-domain method with lossy-Drude model is adopted in this study. The methodology of SAR reduction is addressed and the belongings of attaching position, distance, and size of ferrite sheet material properties, perfect electric conductor (PEC), and metamaterials on the SAR reduction are investigated. Materials have achieved a 47.02% reduction of the initial SAR value while metamaterials achieved a reduction of 49.21% respectively for the case of 1 g SAR. These results propose a guideline to decide assorted types of materials and metamaterials with the utmost SAR reducing effect for a phone model. Key words: Antenna, human head model, lossy-Drude model, materials, metamaterials, specific absorption rate (SAR), symmetry.

ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Birch Reaction and Asymmetric Ir‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation as a Route to Chiral Building Blocks.

AbstractThe developed methodology of sequential Birch reduction and asymmetric hydrogenation of di‐ and trisubstituted arenes provides a convenient access to chiral, substituted cyclohexane derivatives in high enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity.

Sufficient Dimension Reduction for Censored Regressions

Methodology of sufficient dimension reduction (SDR) has offered an effective means to facilitate regression analysis of high-dimensional data. When the response is censored, however, most existing SDR estimators cannot be applied, or require some restrictive conditions. In this article, we propose a new class of inverse censoring probability weighted SDR estimators for censored regressions. Moreover, regularization is introduced to achieve simultaneous variable selection and dimension reduction. Asymptotic properties and empirical performance of the proposed methods are examined.

A Levinasian Ethics of Attention

Abstract In his rather fragmentary theory of attention, Emmanuel Levinas draws inspiration from phenomenology, while endeavoring to furnish it with an ethical foundation. On ·the one hand, he assigns to attention a crucial role coextensive with intentionality (the idea that, in each case, consciousness is consdous of, or directed toward, something). On the other hand, he mobilizes the methodology of reduction for the purpose of uncovering an ethical substratum of experience in the relation to the Other, which is deeper still than the life of consciousness it animates. Husserlian reduction is not radical enough for Levinas’s philosophical taste, since it fails to recognize. that this life comes into being thanks to the appeal emanating from the Other, whose calling out to me forces me to pay attention, even when it seems that I am attending only to inanimate things. The ethical relation to the Other lies not only at the bottom of all social and political structures, but also at the source of consciousness and of its attentive directedness to that of which it is conscious. Before I am able to intend or to attend to anything whatsoever, I am targeted by the Other, who reverses the movement of intentionality and, at once, breaches and founds my psychic interiority.

DESIGN ANALYSIS OF FERRITE SHEET ATTACHMENT FOR SAR REDUCTION IN HUMAN HEAD

In this paper, reducing Speciflc Absorption Rate (SAR) with ferrite sheet attachment is investigated. The flnite-difierence time-domain method with Lossy-Drude model is adopted in this study. The methodology of SAR reduction is addressed and then the efiects of attaching location, distance, size and material properties of ferrite sheet on the SAR reduction are investigated. Computational results show that the SAR averaging over 10gm was better than that for 1gm and SAR reduction of 57.75% is achieved for SAR 10gm. These results show the way to choose a ferrite sheet with the maximum SAR reducing efiect for phone model.

Reduced Thermal Model of an Induction Machine for Real-Time Thermal Monitoring

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> An electric machine submitted to dissipations and a too high temperature can generate irreversible damage. A reduced thermal model allows us to monitor the critical points of the machine. The thermal modeling of the machine adopted here results from the association of two methods: a nodal approach which models the diffusion in the structure and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach which characterizes the convective heat exchanges which operate in the end cavities. A methodology of reduction is proposed and applied to the thermal model of a 5.5-kW two-pole induction machine to obtain a reduced four-node model for real-time thermal monitoring. </para>

Methodology for delay recovery problem under hub-spokes network system

This paper addresses the methodology of reduction of air traffic delay based on integer programming problem., It is assumed that each hub is used as the primary hub airport for the independent.In this paper, we propose the bi-level structure for optimizing the delay recovery: the upper level is the Aviation Operation Center (AOC), which is controlling the hub-to-hub schedule: the lower level is controlled by the Local Hub Operators (LHO), which handle both hub-to-hub and hub-to-spokes schedules. Finally, numerical examples are carried out to show how the proposed method works.

Data reduction and extrapolation for 3-D digital image

Summary A novel approach of the data reduction and extrapolation for three-dimensional (3-D) digital image is presented. This approach is based on the methodology of mesh reduction and subdivision extrapolation operated on registered and integrated range images. The partial range images from different views are acquired by a phase-mapping based 3-D imaging system. The experiment results are also given to show the effectiveness of proposed method.

Electronattachment kinetics coupled to electron thermalization in SF6/Ar mixtures

The relaxation of a nonequilibrium distribution of electrons in a mixture of SF6 and Ar is studied. In this paper, electron-SF6 and electron-inert gas elastic collisions, vibrationally inelastic collisions between electrons and SF6, as well as the electron attachment reaction with SF6 are included in the analysis. The time-dependent electron energy distribution function is determined from the Boltzmann equation and the energy relaxation times are determined. The coupling of the thermalization process and the attachment process are discussed in detail. The results from the calculations (for 300 K and a total pressure of 1 Torr) are analysed analogous to experimental studies, and the methodology of the experimental reduction of the data is studied.

The coupling of electron thermalization and electron attachment in CCl4/Ar and CCl4/Ne mixtures

The relaxation of a nonequilibrium distribution of electrons in a mixture of CCl4 with either Ar or Ne is studied. In this paper, electron-CCl4 and electron-inert gas elastic collisions, vibrationally inelastic collisions between electrons and CCl4, as well as the electron attachment reaction with CCl4, are included in the analysis. The time dependent electron energy distribution function is determined from the Boltzmann equation and the energy relaxation times are determined. The coupling of the thermalization process and the attachment process are discussed in detail. The results from the calculations are analyzed analogous to experimental studies, and the methodology of the experimental reduction of the data is studied.

A Large Matrix Reducgtion Method for Multiprocessors

: This paper treats a basic study on a methodology of large reduction of the huge stiffness matrix equation with many unknowns for application on very high speed supercomputer or connection machines. Until recently the substructured method according to the Neumann-type single processing has been used for the above purpose, whereas the method described here differs from its predecessor as pertaining to non-Neumann-type plural processing by the system of multilinked computers. The characteristics of the method exist in an algebraic and mechanical idea for the very large structural matrix equation, to make it constitute a properly decided number of independently blocked-in submatrix equations so as to be able to utilize the supercomputer or connection machines in the most eficient way. For this purpose, the method presented in this paper shows how to relocate and add rows and columns in the original structural stiffness matrix equation, taking the effective stiffnesses of intersected boundary members into proper consideration. Next, this method is applied to a simple rectangular frame as the first step, this time to consider and verifv its adequacy. Finally, some remarks are made on the comparative state between analytical results by this parallel processing for substructured matrices on it, and by the usual direct processing for its original matrix. It is concluded that the method presented here may be thought suficiently appropriate and useful for the object.

An Investigation on the Methodology and Technique of Model Reduction

Abstract In this paper an attempt is made to search for new computational methods of model reduction which will overcome the chief drawbacks of the current methods, such as the possibility of open-loop instability and the large error in the middle-frequency range. The principle of an optimal allotment of the informational resources in n reduced-order model and the technique of separate treatments for middle-frequency and low-frequency ranges are presented. Two methods based upon these concepts are offered. Results of computation show convincingly that these new methods of model reduction are superior to the current methods from the point-of-view of a better similitude to the original model over a wide range of frequency. They are also simple to use and versatile in application.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of aqueous systems: applications to the study of biological membranes

Fourier transform infrared, transmission spectroscopy is presented as a technique with great potential for the study of aqueous membrane preparations. The methodology of spectra acquisition and data reduction is outlined. Various spectral parameters derived from FT-IR11Abbreviations used: FT-IR = Fourier transform infrared; DPPC = 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DPPC-d62 = 1,2-diperdeutero-palmitoyl spectra provide extremely sensitive means to study individual vibrational modes both in model and natural membranes and to monitor changes induced by external factors such as temperature or the addition of perturbants.

The application of fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy to the study of model and natural membranes

Fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy is presented as a technique with great potential for the study of aqueous membrane preparations. The methodology of sample preparation, spectra recording and data reduction is outlined. Spectral parameters are derived from FT-IR difference spectra which provide an extremely sensitive means to monitor the temperature-dependent behavior of individual vibrational modes in model and natural membranes.

Methodology of Effective Weight Reduction

Methodology of Effective Weight Reduction