Research Methodology Research Articles

PERLINDUNGAN HAK TAGIH KREDITOR DENGAN JAMINNAN HAK ATAS TANAH BERBENTUK NOTARIS

Article 1131 of the Indonesian Civil Code stipulates a general guarantee on the property rights of all debtors. Meanwhile, Article 1132 refers to a specific guarantee directed only at certain properties. For instance, suppose a debtor provides collateral for debt repayment by designating a specific piece of land in a notarial deed. In this case, it is essential to examine the legal status of the creditor who accepts the guarantee, as well as the legal protections available to the creditor if the debtor fails to repay the debt as agreed. This research aims to examine the legal standing of creditors who accept land guarantees in the form of a notarial deed as well as to comprehend the legal protections available to creditors when the debtor fails to repay the debt as agreed and the protective measures or actions creditors can initiate. To achieve this objective, a normative juridical research methodology was adopted with a legislative approach, focusing on the rules regarding property guarantees and the regulation of land mortgage rights as collateral. The obtained results shows that the designation of specific land in a notarial deed as collateral for debt repayment did not provide preferential rights to the creditor. Following the findings of this investigation, it is recommended that the guarantee of land rights be formalized through a deed of encumbrance on land rights executed by the Land Deeds Official (PPAT). However, in the absence of a voluntary resolution, the creditor can only protect claimed rights by filing a breach-of-contract lawsuit.

A Paradigm Shift in Policy-making: The Evolution of Thailand's Anti-Communism Strategy through Prime Minister's Office Order No. 66/2523

Background and Objectives: This article studies the historical and political significance of the Prime Minister's Office Order No. 66/2523, a landmark directive that transformed Thailand's approach to communist insurgency. This study analyzes how international geopolitical shifts, particularly in Sino-American relations and regional dynamics, combined with domestic factors to catalyze a fundamental change in Thailand's counter-insurgency strategy. The order marked a crucial transition from military suppression to a more nuanced "politics leading military" approach that recognized communist sympathizers not merely as security threats but as citizens influenced by political ideologies and state-induced grievances. Methods: Utilizing historical research methodology and drawing on both primary and secondary documents, this article traces the evolution of Thai anti-communist policies from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The research particularly focuses on how external factors - including the U.S. strategic realignment in Asia, China's pragmatic turn under Deng Xiaoping, and Vietnam's regional ambitions - interacted with domestic political developments to create both the necessity and opportunity for making the unprecedented policy in anti-communism. Results: Key findings demonstrate that Order 66/2523 represented more than a tactical shift in counter-insurgency; it reflected Thailand's growing diplomatic maturity in leveraging changing international dynamics to address domestic challenges. While the order facilitated the reintegration of former insurgents and their sympathizers, it also served broader strategic purposes in Thailand's regional positioning. This analysis contributes to understanding how domestic policy innovation can emerge from the intersection of international pressures and local imperatives, offering lessons for contemporary approaches to political reconciliation and security challenges. Application of this study: This analysis provides insights into the development of Thai military doctrine and civil-military relations. It demonstrates how external and internal factors combine to drive policy evolution, with implications for understanding modern counter-insurgency approaches. Conclusions: While Order 66/2523 marked an important shift in official policy, its success built on pre-existing conditions. The study challenges the superficial perspective about the order's impact while acknowledging its significance in Thai military concepts about political solutions to the security challenge problem. This analysis not only contributes to a deeper understanding of Thailand's political maneuvers during the critical Cold War juncture but also underscores the complex interplay between domestic policies and international relations. The study demonstrates how a successful and creative policy often emerges from a combination of international opportunities with domestic imperatives, offering the thoughts that can be adapted to contemporary challenges in political reconciliation and security policy.

Comparative Study of Angiotensin Convertase Enzyme (ACE2) Gene Expression in Patients with Covid-19 By Molecular Method

Introduction: The Covid 19 illness is triggered by a coronavirus known as SARS CoV-2. This particular virus spreads rapidly likely because of the Spike proteins affinity, to the human ACE2 cell receptor causing harm to organs, like the lungs in type 2 pneumocytes that abundantly express this receptor. Materials and Methods: The research methodology used in this study involved a case control approach. Patients were referred by a specialist following diagnosis. A total of 50 samples, from infectious cases and 50 samples from cases, with mild symptoms were analyzed for statistical purposes. The ACE2 gene expression was assessed using the Realtime RCR method after RNA extraction. Results: The findings indicate that the average age does not have an impact on individuals experiencing mild symptoms. Moreover, there is a decrease in the expression of ACE2 genes in the blood of patients with severe symptoms hospitalized in intensive care units as compared to those, with mild symptoms, highlighting a substantial disparity. Conclusion: The numerical value of fold change for ACE2 gene in severe type patients shows a decrease compared to mild patients and it is 2.11 times lower in severe type patients than mild type.

Exploring the role of project-based learning in higher education to promote indigenous knowledge through sculpture students’ engagement with Ghanaian Adinkra symbols

This study explores the integration of Project-Based Learning (PBL) within the higher education context, focusing on sculpture learners’ projects based on Ghanaian Adinkra symbols and their engagement with Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). The primary aim of this research is to examine how PBL enhances sculpture learners' understanding and appreciation of Adinkra symbols while also assessing the broader impact of PBL on their interaction with indigenous knowledge systems. Sculpture learners participating in this study were tasked with developing projects that incorporated Adinkra symbols, thereby connecting their creative practice with the rich cultural narratives embodied in these symbols. Through this process, learners were not only encouraged to produce art but also to interpret, analyse, and engage with the cultural meanings and historical significance of the Adinkra symbols. A qualitative research methodology was employed, using semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and project evaluations to gather data. Findings from the study suggest that PBL significantly enhances learners' appreciation for and understanding of indigenous knowledge systems by providing them with the tools to interpret cultural artefacts within their historical and social contexts. To collaborate with indigenous communities, art educational institutions should build partnerships with local indigenous communities, cultural experts, and artisans to co-create projects and learning experiences for learners.

Treatment and Valorization of Waste Wind Turbines: Component Identification and Analysis.

Recycling end-of-life wind turbines poses a significant challenge due to the increasing number of turbines going out of use. After many years of operation, turbines lose their functional properties, generating a substantial amount of composite waste that requires efficient and environmentally friendly processing methods. Wind turbine blades, in particular, are a problematic component in the recycling process due to their complex material composition. They are primarily made of composites containing glass and carbon fibers embedded in polymer matrices such as epoxies and polyester resins. This study presents an innovative approach to analyzing and valorizing these composite wastes. The research methodology incorporates integrated processing and analysis techniques, including mechanical waste treatment using a novel compression milling process, instead of traditional knife mills, which reduces wear on the milling tools. Based on the differences in the structure and colors of the materials, 15 different kinds of samples named WT1-WT15 were distinguished from crushed wind turbines, enabling a detailed analysis of their physicochemical properties and the identification of the constituent components. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified key functional groups, confirming the presence of thermoplastic polymers (PET, PE, and PP), epoxy and polyester resins, wood, and fillers such as glass fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) provided insights into thermal stability, degradation behavior, and the heterogeneity of the samples, indicating a mix of organic and inorganic constituents. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) further characterized phase transitions in polymers, revealing variations in thermal properties among samples. The fractionation process was carried out using both wet and dry methods, allowing for a more effective separation of components. Based on the wet separation process, three fractions-GF1, GF2, and GF3-along with other components were obtained. For instance, in the case of the GF1 < 40 µm fraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the residual mass is as high as 89.7%, indicating a predominance of glass fibers. This result highlights the effectiveness of the proposed methods in facilitating the efficient recovery of high-value materials.

Monitoring CO as a plant signaling molecule under heavy metal stress using carbon nanodots.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is widely recognized as a significant environmental pollutant and is associated with numerous instances of accidental poisoning in humans. However, it also serves a pivotal role as a signaling molecule in plants, exhibiting functions analogous to those of other gaseous signaling molecules, including nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In plant physiology, CO is synthesized as an integral component of the defense mechanism against oxidative damage, particularly under abiotic stress conditions such as drought, salinity, and exposure to heavy metals. Current research methodologies have demonstrated a lack of effective tools for monitoring CO dynamics in plants during stress conditions, particularly in relation to heavy metal accumulation across various developmental stages. Therefore, development of a sensor capable of detecting CO in living plant tissues is essential, as it would enable a deeper understanding of its biological functions, underlying mechanisms, and metabolic pathways. In response to this gap, the present study introduces a novel technique for monitoring CO production and activity in plants using nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs). These nanodots exhibited exceptional biocompatibility, low toxicity, and environmentally sustainable characteristics, rendering them an optimal tool for CO detection via fluorescence quenching mechanism, with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.102 μM. This innovative nanomarker facilitated the detection of trace quantities of CO within plant cells, providing new insights into plant stress responses to heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Ru, Cr, Cd, and Hg, as well as the processes involved in seed germination. Additionally, confocal microscopy validated the interaction between CO and N-CQDs, yielding visual evidence of CO binding within plant cells, further enhancing the understanding of CO's role in plant biology.

Artificial Intelligence and Legal Decision-Making in the USA and Pakistan: A Critical Appreciation of Regulatory Frameworks

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is substituting human decision-making in every aspect of life where law stands with no exception. New technological trends offer expeditious and cost-effective AI tools yet confront challenges such as privacy invasion, bias, fairness, and hallucinations, necessitating regulatory oversight. Like other countries, the USA and Pakistan have initiated AI solutions in their legal domain. A strong regulatory oversight is indispensable for its legitimacy and efficiency. Based on their functions and ethical considerations, AI tools in the legal profession face competing opinions. With qualitative research methodology, the research aims to explore how AI is transforming and reshaping the legal regime, focused on the comparative analysis of the USA and Pakistan. The research paper critically examines the legal frameworks and impacts of AI solutions and how both countries navigate the complexities of AI-based decision-making.

Elite-led Cultural Projects Manifesting Periodic Changes: Geoffrey Bawa Case Studies in Postcolonial Sri Lanka

It is often believed that the so-called ‘cultural projects’ are the most ideal form of political, economic and socio-cultural manifestation of a given society, at a given time. These are commonly referred to as ‘periodic changes’. In postcolonial Sri Lanka, it is often believed that cultural projects have been used to convey underlying messages to its masses by their patrons. Geoffrey Bawa – considered the most important architect of the nation who was responsible for its ‘national architectural style’ – completed a number of them in his career. It is often acknowledged that Bawa’s cultural projects themselves were instrumental indeed in making of the country’s aforementioned national style. On the other hand, the unmistakable role played by the governing/political elite (as patrons) behind the implementation of such projects is also noteworthy. Moreover, it is often said that the architecture of such cultural projects implemented by Bawa were associated closely with elite culture, but that of the masses they were meant for.In this light, the study narrates theories on elitism, and establishes positions of elite/masses in society respectively. Next, it assesses different levels of cultures, and then, their pertaining building design traditions respectively. In this process, the relationship between elite ‘high culture’ and ‘grand design tradition’ is also ascertained. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study takes up three case studies by Geoffrey Bawa. The selected almost-parallel cultural projects with elite patronage are commonly viewed as the most instrumental from his portfolio for making the nation’s flagship architectural style by the 1980s. In terms of empirical work, to collect information, the study relies upon drawings, photographic surveys, and especially, literature. The gaps in literature are countered via secondary in-depth interviews based on semi-structured questionnaires, borrowed from literature. The selected architectural attributes (i.e. location selection/layouts as well as form constituents and architectural features/details) from each case study are then analyzed to determine their underlying design tradition/s respectively. Finally, the underlying reasons (i.e. periodic changes) behind their implementation are interpreted in a phenomenological viewpoint to draw conclusions.

Impact of Successful Timely Completion of Construction Projects on the Economic Development of Sri Lanka

The construction industry is identified as an income-driven sector, especially in developing countries. However, in the Sri Lankan construction industry, the vital factor of ‘on-time project completion’ is not been achieved at all times. Since, the public sector projects are not being completed within the anticipated duration, their expected outcomes are not well-received, resulting in a form of unconstructive economic development. The purpose of this study is to resolve the highlighted problem statement – the impact on the economic development in Sri Lanka, if the construction projects were successfully timely completed – through achievement of the laid down objectives. The main objective is to illustrate the impact of the successful timely completion of construction projects on the economic development of Sri Lanka. The research employs a qualitative research methodology, delving on semi-structured interviews. The impact of successful timely completion of construction projects on the economic development of Sri Lanka are determined through a detailed literature survey. The potential implementations to mitigate adverse time impact on public sector construction projects are identified, by analyzing the qualitative data through a content analysis, using frequency tables gathered from a sample of 30 professionals. The data covers the wider Sri Lankan construction industry, obtained through conducting comprehensive interview sessions. The major findings deliberate a greater impact from the specified time factors that derives the project’s successful completion on the economic development of Sri Lanka. It concludes with key mitigating implementations such as contracting qualified/competent parties, increased ethical professionalism of parties and proper supply chain management etc. This research is conducted to provide key implementation factors for the Sri Lankan construction industry, aiming to achieve timely project completion and enhance contributions to the national economy, while also guiding future studies.

Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Research Methodology: Examining Potential Bias and Mitigation Strategies

Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Research Methodology: Examining Potential Bias and Mitigation Strategies

Building safely, living well: combating substance abuse in the construction industry

In response to the persistent challenge of substance misuse within the construction industry, this study seeks to contribute valuable insights by identifying and evaluating effective mitigation strategies. This was done with the aim of informing evidence-based practices and promoting a safer and healthier work environment for construction industry stakeholders. This study employed a sequential exploratory mixed-method approach, combining both qualitative (Delphi technique) and quantitative (questionnaire) research methodologies. Data were obtained from professionals and non-professionals within Oyo State, Nigeria. Kruskal-Wallis test compared variables, while factor analysis identified patterns and relationships among potential mitigation strategies. Among the 18 mitigating strategies under examination, implementing random on-site drug testing policies was found to be statistically significant, indicating a strong connection to mitigating substance abuse within the construction industry. Additionally, the mitigating strategies were categorized into three clusters: policy enhancement and enforcement measures, research and training initiatives and treatment accessibility and support. This study is significant because it offers a solid foundation for understanding and addressing the pervasive issue of substance misuse within the construction industry. It not only advances knowledge in the field but also serves as a timely and crucial intervention in an area that has been relatively overlooked.

Optimalisasi Pengelolaan Simrs pada Unit Nurse Station Rawat Jalan di Rumah Sakit Mata Pekanbaru Eye Center Tahun 2024

This study aims to optimize the management of the Hospital Management Information System (SIMRS) in the nurse station unit of the outpatient department at Pekanbaru Eye Center Hospital. Observations revealed various technical and operational challenges, including limited IT staff, lack of user training, and inadequate SIMRS infrastructure and features. The research methodology involved a priority problem analysis using the USG method (Urgency, Seriousness, Growth) and Fish Bone Diagram to identify root causes. Proposed interventions include intensive training, development of relevant SIMRS features, technological infrastructure upgrades, standardized SOP preparation, and regular monitoring and evaluation. The findings suggest that these measures have the potential to significantly improve operational efficiency, data accuracy, and the quality of hospital services. The study’s implications are expected to assist hospitals in addressing digitalization challenges in the healthcare sector.

Enhancing Graduate Research Skills via Action Research and Book Clubs

This study investigates the application of action research to enhance the development of research methodology knowledge among graduate students. Students, in this study context, were dissatisfied with current courses, leading to knowledge gaps and limited application of research approaches. Through iterative cycles of action research, a book club intervention was implemented. Key findings highlight several critical design elements: selecting engaging textbooks, optimizing group size for interaction, scheduling sessions during breaks, actively facilitating discussion and misconception correction, and integrating technological tools for communication and reflection. Overall, this study underscores the potential of action research as a valuable framework for developing effective educational methodologies, emphasizing the need for thoughtful design in creating supportive learning environments. Future studies should explore innovative teaching approaches that incorporate diverse perspectives to further enrich graduate education.

Implementation Creative-Based Learning on Enhancing the Innovative Abilities of Education Students

This paper studies the classroom teaching mode under the category of innovative learning methods to improve the "innovative skills" scores of first-year education students in University. And learning is certainly different from the research of scientists; however, it also requires students to dare to get rid of the old, dare to make new, and dare to explore what they have learned with multiple ways of thinking. This study aims 1) to Use creativity-based learning to enhance the innovation skills of education major students. 2) to Compare the innovation skills of education major students before and after the implementation of creativity-based learning. This study mixed research method of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. An innovative research methodology was adopted, which is a comprehensive innovation project composed of components such as classroom activities, current teaching conditions, innovation topics, and questionnaires. The sample group consists of 100 first-year education major students from Chengdu Normal University in Chengdu, China, who were randomly selected through cluster sampling. The findings that the average score of students before learning training course was 98 points, and after learning training course, it increased to an average of 144 points, with an average difference of 56 points. The results indicate that after learning training course is better. In summary, the study on enhancing the innovative skills of education students through creative based learning demonstrated significant improvements

Reimagining Futures--Decolonial Praxis in Higher Education

Several significant global social movements, including Rhodes Must Fall in the UK, Fees Must Fall in South Africa, Black Lives Matter in the US, and Why is My Curriculum White? in the UK, challenged the traditions and assumptions of modernization, colonialism, and imperialism within the existing education system. Therefore, the issue of decolonization in higher education deserves much attention. By means of literature analysis, this article explored how higher educational institutions can rethink their practices to be more inclusive and equitable by challenging dominant narratives and promoting decolonial methodologies in teaching, curriculum and research. Finally, three reflections are presented: (1) In some regions, decolonization refers to the formal end of colonial rule, while in others, it involves ongoing struggles to dismantle the legacies of colonialism, including economic dependency, cultural erasure, and social inequality; (2) How higher education institutions are engaging with decolonization; (3) Lack of support for marginalized scholars. The authors hope that through the discussion in this article, we can gain a deeper understanding of decolonial praxis in higher education.

Ambiguity of curator's authority in implementing sales of collateral objects on behalf of third parties in bankruptcy proceedings

Curators play a pivotal role in the bankruptcy process, tasked with managing and settling bankrupt assets. However, there exists ambiguity regarding the curator's authority in executing the sale of collateral objects on behalf of third parties. This study aims to analyze the regulations and authority of curators, as well as the legal certainty for curators in settling or selling collateral objects on behalf of third parties within the bankruptcy process. The current research employs a normative legal research methodology, utilizing a statutory approach and case studies. The findings reveal that curators are authorized to sell bankrupt assets through open auctions while adhering to the principles of bankruptcy. Nevertheless, regulatory changes concerning document requirements for auctioning third-party assets have led to legal uncertainty. Clear and firm regulations are necessary to enable curators to sell collateral objects on behalf of third parties without requiring proof of rights transfer, by completing alternative documents such as a statement letter and the determination of the supervisory judge. Harmonization of these regulations is expected to establish legal certainty for curators in carrying out their duties.

Computerized exams use in enhancing the credibility of the education system

This paper aims to identify the role of computerized exams in enhancing the credibility of the education system from Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan students’ perspectives. The research methodology uses descriptive survey research. The research also includes designing a 28-item questionnaire as a research instrument distributed over three areas and an interview form used to conduct interviews with 53 students included in the research population. The findings indicate that computerized exams have high trust and credibility among university students and receive high acceptance and preference. The results indicate statistically significant differences at a level of less than 0.05 for the overall variables depending on the gender variable in favor of males with a t-value of 4.01 and a significance level of 0.00. The article concludes by supporting the expansion of computerized exams especially those that show the results immediately in assessing students’ academic performance and achievement as it provides a sense of confidence in the integrity and transparency of the test and enhances the credibility of the educational system. Another recommendation is developing modern and more effective software and computerized exam methods capable of measuring the largest possible number of skills and knowledge to encourage students and teachers to move toward this type of test.

Social Media Analysis of High-Impact Information and Communication Journals: Adoption, Use, and Content Curation

The use of social media to disseminate academic content is increasing, particularly in scientific journals. This study has the following two main objectives: first, exploring the use of social media by high-impact academic journals in two different SJR categories (Library and Information Sciences and Communication), and second, analyzing content curation carried out by the world’s most influential journals in both areas. The research methodology is descriptive with a quantitative approach regarding the items studied. The study finds that COM journals have a stronger social media presence than LIS journals, and X dominates in both categories and regions as the top social network, with significant influence as the only platform. On the other hand, content curation was found to a high degree in both areas, especially in the LIS area, with 93% vs. 80% in COM. The study highlights that both COM and LIS journals primarily focus on promoting recent articles, with COM diversifying content more than LIS. In terms of the content curation techniques used in both areas, the majority are abstracting and summarizing.

Evaluating the perspectives and skills related to research among students in graduate teacher education within the context of the Philippines

This study investigated the research attitudes and capabilities of 338 graduate teacher education (GTE) students taking a Master of Arts in Education who enrolled in a Research Methodology course at a Philippine state university from 2022 to 2024. A descriptive correlational research design was employed using adopted questionnaires to assess the respondents’ attitudes toward research using five components. Further, the research capabilities of the respondents were also evaluated. The respondents were chosen using convenience sampling from all subject enrollees within the prescribed school year. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to treat the data. The results revealed that the respondents had a very positive attitude toward the usefulness of research, a very positive attitude towards research, and a positive attitude toward research relevance to life while having negative attitudes toward research anxiety and difficulties. Moreover, the respondents are highly capable in the research process while they are capable of participating in research-related activities. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between the usefulness, positive attitude, and relevance of research and research capabilities. The findings highlight GTE students' research attitudes and capabilities, offering valuable insights that encourage and support their pursuit of the research writing process.

Optimizing agricultural downstream supply chain: addressing information asymmetry and losses

PurposeThis study aims to understand the significant issues in the downstream supply chain of agricultural commodities and find out the improved strategy.Design/methodology/approachA value chain analysis on a downstream supply chain is performed to understand all ground-level issues related to information asymmetry and material losses. The study maps processes, actors, activities, product flow, information flow, material volume flow, technology adoption and value share. The study is performed by doing a qualitative survey using a semi-structured questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with 120 farmers, six aggregators, six traders in APMC mandis, six processors, six distributors and six retailers. A case study is performed on the mustard supply chain in Rajasthan to relate the results more comprehensively. After identifying the prominent issues, a cause-and-effect analysis is done to generate suggestions for improvement in the paper.FindingsThe study reveals that the downstream supply chain has 8–12% losses of agricultural produce, and 5–7% of that is at the farmer’s end as post-harvesting losses. Farmers cannot access all available options for marketing their produce because of poor information exchange and poor reach. It suggests farmer empowerment for the optimum benefit of the entire supply chain.Research limitations/implicationsThis is an exploratory study conducted by field visits and lacks statistical evidence for some findings. The dataset can be more extensive, diversified, and analyzed for various commodities.Practical implicationsThe study’s outcome will guide the stakeholders in finding more optimum options in the downstream agriculture supply chain. Research methodology can be used as a template for studying the supply chain of any agricultural commodity in different countries.Originality/valueThe study reveals the prominent issues, causes, effects and solutions throughout the agriculture downstream supply chain. The study is a bundle of foremost observations altogether. The study has been conducted in-depth in the field with actual scenarios that unlayered the hidden issues at the root. This study addresses a relatively underexplored area and provides actionable recommendations, which significantly contribute to the existing literature on the agriculture supply chain.