Methodological Peculiarities Research Articles

Methodological Approaches in Military Science Research

Scientific research is a prerequisite for progress in all areas of society, and military science is no exception. However, its specificities require careful analysis in order to identify specific methodological approaches to ensure the added value of the results obtained. Moreover, the need for continuous transformation and adaptation of military structures to the operating environment and to the specific characteristics of contemporary armed conflicts leads to an increased interest in identifying innovative solutions in this field. Academic research is the approach to provide feasible and viable solutions to these challenges. However, there are relatively few works that address the methodological peculiarities specific to the field of military science. For this reason, the present article analyses how to organize and conduct scientific studies in the military field, proposing a structured framework of methodological approach in 14 steps to ensure the logical coherence of the approach, while highlighting the specificities of the field under analysis.

Problems of applying incentives in civil law

The article notes that incentives are rarely used in civil law due to both objective and subjective reasons. The objective reason is the peculiarities of the law-regulatory methodology of civil law itself, but they are not an obstacle to the use of incentives in civil law. The specifics of the civil law methodology only determine a certain secondary importance of incentives as legal means of regulating civil relations, but do not exclude the possibility and necessity of their application in general. The subjective reasons are the lack of sufficiently developed general provisions in the civil law doctrine and the lack of provisions of similar content in civil law. Elimination of the latter two subjective obstacles will in the future allow intensifying the use of incentives in the self-regulation of civil relations. Based on the principles of freedom of contract and freedom of unilateral transactions, civil law subjects are free to choose the methods of regulating their relations. This freedom also applies to their choice of incentives as legal means of regulating their individual relations. Increased use of incentives in civil law should be expected primarily in self-regulatory relations. The advantage of using incentives, as compared to the methods of ensuring proper performance of obligations (pledge, surety, retention, etc.), as well as measures of civil liability or other legal consequences, is that incentives are positive sanctions by their nature, i.e. a reward for making maximum efforts to achieve a certain legal result by the subject. This circumstance allows the parties to contractual legal relations to strengthen their ties and create an atmosphere of trust rather than suspicion. This is especially important for contractual relations in the business sector, where the duration of economic and legal relations is one of the determining factors of business success. The use of methods to ensure the proper fulfilment of contractual obligations, and even more so, measures of liability or other legal consequences for breach of obligations, generates negative tension or even leads to the termination of business relations.

TECHNOLOGY OF SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL LEARNINGIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF FUTURE PRIMARY CLASS TEACHERS AND EDUCATORS EXTENDED DAY GROUPS

In the article, the author reveals the history of the emergence and development of social-emotional learning as a technology and approach to learning and upbringing in the United States of America. Among the research methods, the author used the analysis of scientific sources, the method of systematization and generalization of data in order to identify the state of the investigated problem. The idea of social-emotional learning appeared in the 1960s as a way to solve the American educational and moral crisis. Approbation of the first programs showed an increase in the academic performance of students and an improvement in their connections with the social environment, which was explained by the formation of social and emotional skills. The integration of the social-emotional learning model into the educational process has led to significant positive results, which has led to its support at the state level. The basis of the model is the theory of emotional intelligence. In Ukraine, the technology of socio-emotional learning has been implemented in educational institutions since 2019, gradually gaining more and more popularity. The main requirement is the readiness of teachers to use technology and the formation of their own social and emotional skills.It has been established that social-emotional learning contains significant potential for the development of emotional intelligence in future primary school teachers, therefore it should be used as its effective tool. The experience of integrating socio-emotional elements into the content of professional training of future primary school teachers and educators of the extended day group at Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University is described. Methodological peculiarities and approaches to the development of th eir emotional intelligence by means of educational and preventive and preventive international and state social-emotional training programs are revealed.

Efficacy assessment in crop protection: a tutorial on the use of Abbott’s formula

In 1925, the American entomologist Walter Sidney Abbott proposed an equation for assessing efficacy, and it is still widely used today for analysing controlled experiments in crop protection and phytomedicine. Typically, this equation is applied to each experimental unit and the efficacy estimates thus obtained are then used in analysis of variance and least squares regression procedures. However, particularly regarding the common assumptions of homogeneity of variance and normality, this approach is often inaccurate. In this tutorial paper, we therefore revisit Abbott’s equation and outline an alternative route to analysis via generalized linear mixed models that can satisfactorily deal with these distributional issues. Nine examples from entomology, weed science and phytopathology, each with a different focus and methodological peculiarity, are used to illustrate the framework.

Роль природоохранного паспорта в оценке уровня экологизации хозяйственной деятельности

The article presents the theoretical foundations, methodological peculiarities and practical experience of organizing ecological certification in Russia. It examines the key documents regulating its implementation and draws on legislative and normative-legal documents, scientific publications, and information and statistical data from various official regional sources. Despite being voluntary in the Russian legal framework, ecological certification is mandatory for certain organizations. For instance, the Rules for the Organization of Tourism and Recreation in the Central Ecological Zone of the Baikal Natural Territory prescribe that accommodation facilities within it must provide environmental passports to relevant authorities. A provisional structure of such a document is provided. It is revealed that it can be utilized to assess the level of greening of economic activities of tourist enterprises, including those located in territories with special regimes of nature management. Moving forward, efforts to enhance the implementation of environmental passportization should focus on strengthening regulatory mechanisms, enhancing institutional capacity, and fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration. Through concerted action, Russia can advance its environmental agenda and contribute to global efforts to achieve sustainability and biodiversity conservation.

Methodological aspects of realizing interactive education technologies in practical training of higher education students

The article is devoted to the issues of putting into practice interactive education technologies while working with students. The article considers methodological peculiarities of organizing practical classes on the basis of three interactive education technologies. The author focuses on the theoretical aspects of the issues and gives the best examples of realizing interactive education technologies while teaching national culture. All tasks are practiceoriented and interactive. In future students will be able to use these practice-oriented tasks in their work as history teachers.

Avoiding the blame game: NGOs and government narrative strategies in landscape fire policy debates in Russia

AbstractTo what extent can nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) communicate policy problems in an authoritarian country, and how limited are they in narrating policy alternatives? This article seeks to develop studies on the application of the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) in Russia, extend our knowledge about the use of narrative strategies in centralized and authoritarian policy processes, highlight certain methodological peculiarities related to the devil–angel shift calculation, and test causal mechanism hypotheses that have not previously been applied to the analysis of policy debates in Russia. The study examines hypotheses based on the narrative strategies (devil–angel shift, scope of conflict, and causal mechanisms) that were used by government and NGO coalitions in the debate about “landscape fire” policies in Russia over the period 2019–2021. The results show that the differences between the coalition's narrative strategies were not as significant as had been shown previously. The government coalition uses a strong angel shift in its narratives and avoids conflict expansion. The NGO coalition demonstrates a moderate angel shift, but with the use of conflict expansion in parts of the narratives. Both coalitions use the intentional or inadvertent causal mechanism blaming the citizens for starting the fires, but differ in employing causal mechanisms when discussing the large scale of landscape fires.

Combined Online-Discussion as a Tool for Formation of Future Engineers’ Reflexion under Conditions of Education Digitalization.

The article analyzes the influence of training based on combined (combining asynchronous and synchronous forms in one pedagogical technology) online discussions (OD) on the formation of reflexion of future engineers. The relevance of the problem is revealed. It is conditioned by toughening requirements to reflexive abilities and network communicative competences of modern technical specialists in the conditions of digitalization of education, networking and socio-technical transformation of engineering activity. The algorithm of realization and stage-role structure of asynchronous and synchronous OD are presented. The four-stage technology of pedagogical application of combined OD combining online-discussions with face-to-face reflexive classes is described, taking into account the mediated nature of learning in the digital environment and psychological features of future engineers related to the specifics of technical thinking. The methodological peculiarities (combination of online discussions with classroom training; stage-role differentiation of online discussions (structuring) on the basis of a scenario plan; use of a facilitation model with partially symmetric interaction of online discussions participants; conducting online discussions in microgroups of 4-6 hours) were identified and the mechanisms of their influence on the effectiveness of combined online discussions in the formation of future engineers’ reflexion were described. Taking into account the above mentioned methodological features, the teacher’s recommendations on the effective organization of the educational process in technical universities on the basis of the developed technology have been formulated. The correlation between the application of the developed technology and the improvement of the subjects’ reflexive skills by 19.67-32.79% was shown and a conclusion was made about its significant role in the formation of a holistic view of the students of technical universities about the discussion as a complex multidimensional category, in which an important role is played by building social interaction with opponents, understanding their position and reaching compromise solutions.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ РИСК-ОРИЕНТИРОВАННОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ БУДУЩИХ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ ПО ТЕХНОСФЕРНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article deals with theoretical and methodological peculiarities of future technosphere safety specialists’ risk-based thinking formation at a higher school. On the basis of theoretical analyses, systematization and generalization of Russian and foreign psychological and pedagogical researches on the problem the architectonics of the phenomenon was identified and justified, and presented as a set of motivation and cognitive, operation and prognostic and axiological components. The term “technosphere safety specialists’ risk-based thinking” is refined and specified, it is considered as an integrative kind of professional thinking characterized by an ability to analyze, anticipate, evaluate effectively possible risks of negative factors influencing a person and nature environment on the basis of technosphere safety profound knowledge due to inner motivation to continuous raising the level of professional competency and moral and ethical beliefs that contribute to the decision making including non-standard one, and ensuring steady emergency prevention scenarios. Future technosphere safety specialists’ risk-based thinking formation is determined by a set of system, activity, competency and axiology approaches allowing one to model pedagogical process and create pedagogical conditions for mastering this important competence by bachelors in the sphere of technosphere safety.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОЦЕНКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ ПРИ ЗАПУСКЕ НОВЫХ ПРОИЗВОДСТВ И РАСШИРЕНИИ СУЩЕСТВУЮЩИХ

This research focuses on substantiating the methodological peculiarities of evaluating investment efficiency in launching new productions and expanding existing ones. The theoretical aspects of investment efficiency and the traditional structure of investment activity stages are analyzed. It is established that traditionally, investment efficiency assessment is associated with economic efficiency. However, in the context of innovative development, the consideration of social, innovative, and other indicators becomes relevant.The generalization of existing indicators of investment efficiency allowed for the specification and delineation of their traditional structure from other indicators. As a result of this delineation, the necessity of including indicators reflecting the efficiency of investments in sustainable development is actualized, for example, by including social, environmental, and corporate (managerial) indicators. Specific features of evaluating investment efficiency in launching new productions and expanding existing ones in the context of sustainable development are specified. These include accounting for costs associated with changes in assortment and technological processes, the need for investment plan optimization, accounting for external effects, and others. It is determined that in the context of sustainable development, the principles of long-term investments, accounting for environmental, social, and managerial efficiency, as well as the openness of data on results, are brought to the forefront. These are also included in the list of features of conducting evaluations. The influence of these features on the conduct of investment efficiency assessment lies in the necessity to integrate traditional financial and economic indicators with new ones reflecting the principles of sustainable development. This requires developing a comprehensive assessment methodology that takes into account the specifics of a particular production, its mission, goals, and objectives. The author proposes a conceptual vision of a methodology for assessing investment efficiency in launching new productions and expanding existing ones in the context of sustainable business development. Based on the results of the conducted research, it is concluded that the development and implementation of such assessment methodologies will allow enterprises to make more informed decisions that contribute to sustainable business development and achieving long-term goals.

Methodological peculiarities to improve physical training in school football

Methodological peculiarities to improve physical training in school football

“Artificial Intelligence”: Problems of Civil Law Qualification

Based on the civil law research methodology, the paper provides an insight into theconcept of “artificial intelligence”, its legal nature and peculiarities of transactions.The subject of research is the underlying doctrine, legal provisions on “artificialintelligence” and their enforcement practices. The research purports to lay atheoretical groundwork for the concept of “artificial intelligence” as a complex thingat law whose structure may comprise a variety of intellectual assets. The applicablecivil law regime — specifics of formalization of the underlying relationships — isdetermined by the legal nature of “artificial intelligence” as an ideal phenomenon.In view of the complex nature of the object in question, the structural system andcomparative law methods were used in the paper. In fact, the use of the structuralsystem method allowed not only to analyze “artificial intelligence” as a complexstructure but also to identify computer software as its core structural element. Thecomparative law method enabled to develop an idea of regulatory mechanism for“artificial intelligence” as well as to demonstrate the specifics of interpretation of theapplicable provisions of intellectual property law. The paper also makes use of specialmethods of inquiry such as the logical and formal methods, with the latter allowingto define the concept of “artificial intelligence” and discuss its core legal features.As a methodological peculiarity, the study combines the theoretical and empiricallevels of cognition. The use of the methods mentioned allowed to explore raisedlegal issues of “artificial intelligence” as they relate to the foundations of civil law.It is concluded that the main frequently used contractual arrangements to disposeof the exclusive right to “artificial intelligence” include the exclusive right transferagreement and the licensing agreement. The paper provides an analysis why anexception from the general rules applicable to exclusive right transfer agreementsand licensing agreements were made for “artificial intelligence”.

Technologies of “Artificial Intelligence”: Problems of Qualification and Legal Regime

Based on the civil law methodology, the paper analyzes the concept, legal nature andlegal regime of the technology of artificial intelligence. The subjects discussed include:the civil law doctrine; provisions of the national and international law; enforcementpractices. The study purports to theoretically justify the legal nature and legal regime of“artificial intelligence”. In view of the above subject and purpose, the paper has reliedon the comparative legal and structural system methods as well as simulation method.In particular, the comparative legal method has allowed to explore specific elementsof “artificial intelligence” in the context of the national and international regulationof relevant relationships. The use of this method has also allowed to justify the legalregime applicable to technologies of “artificial intelligence” as intellectual assets. Theuse of the structural system method has allowed to substantiate the legal nature of AIand to identify its structural elements and the scope of application (information andhealth care services; development and use of robotic devices in the oil and gas sector;apartment buildings design etc.). The simulation method has provided an insight intothe correlation between the concepts of “artificial intelligence” and “AI implementationform”, and helped to propose a solution to the issue of legitimacy of sharing theexclusive right to AI. As a methodological peculiarity, the study combines the theoreticaland empirical levels of cognition. The said combination of methods has allowed tolook at the problems of qualification and legal regime in the context of controversialdoctrinal and practical approaches. The study has found that the “artificial intelligence”technology, being a complex technical product, is essentially an intellectual asset(property). It was established that the doctrinal approaches qualifying AI technologiesas a (“digital”) person at law or a physical thing were unfounded. The paper argues infavor of recognizing the exclusive right to the AI technology as an intellectual asset.

Perspectives and Methodological Peculiarities in Developing the Form of Governance in the Republic of Armenia

The current article considers the issues concerning perspectives and methodological peculiarities of developing the model of governance in the Republic of Armenia. The history of developing the form of governance in the Republic of Armenia, advantages and disadvantages of different forms of governance, factors and circumstances, which should underlie the selection of the form of governance are studied in the article. The author concludes that, while speaking on the forms of governance, we are often guided by fictional perceptions, which should be overcome and cannot serve as the basis for reforms concerning the aforementioned issue. Moreover, in the result of processes of legal convergence, the forms of governance have borrowed from each other the mechanisms that are not originally typical of them, and from this aspect their rapprochement can frequently be noted. The author notes that the problems, solution of which is the main reason for continuous changes of the form of governance, will not be solved in conditions of new reforms implemented by the same logic. Hence, the axis of the problem of the further improvement of the model of governance in the Republic of Armenia should be transformed from the issue of making a choice between this or that form of governance, and the attention should primarily be focused on improving the mechanisms of separation and balance of powers, as well as forming and strengthening constitutional and political traditions and culture.

Unrecognized tax benefit: methodological peculiarities of creation of reserve and influence of tax positions on occurrence of deferred taxes

The paper characterizes the methodological features of recognition and assessment of unrecognized tax benefits from the position of the rules of American standards. The general principle of recording contingent liabilities arising from uncertainty in income tax in the accounting accounts is established. The affirmative and impairment approaches are clarified as they apply to accounting for the effect of tax positions on an entity’s financial position. It is determined that the key disadvantage of the affirmative approach is the lack of possibility to register the tax asset in the accounting in case the tax position recognition threshold is not reached. The peculiarities of deferred tax accounting for certain tax positions are specified. We argue the necessity of disclosure of information about unrecognized tax benefits in the notes to the financial statements. The following are highlighted as promising areas for future research: a comparative analysis of accounting for unrecognized tax benefits under U.S. and international standards; a rationale for the acceptability of the impairment approach; and characterization of the benefits of reconciliation with the tax authority for unrecognized tax positions.

ACCOUNTING POLICY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES IN WARTIME CONDITIONS

Practical management of the accounting process at Ukrainian enterprises requires the formation of their own accounting policy at each of them, which is the basis of the organization of the accounting process and the most important management tool. The article reveals the essence and procedure of development of accounting policies by domestic enterprises. It is proposed to define the accounting policy as a set of principles, methods, procedures, ways of organizing and maintaining accounting, compiling and submitting financial statements, which are chosen by the economic entity independently, taking into account the peculiarities of its activity over a long period and are reflected in the internal regulatory document of the enterprise. As a result of the research, the factors affecting the formation of accounting policy in the conditions of martial law and their reflection in accounting are summarized. New operations and new business risks were considered, which influenced the formation of the accounting policy, which in the conditions of martial law in most enterprises does not meet the requirements of the law and does not provide an opportunity to form a holistic view of the peculiarities of the accounting methodology and organization of a certain enterprise. Changes to the basic principles of the accounting policy and new components of the accounting policy are proposed, which may require changes in the conditions of martial law.
 Based on the analysis of the practical aspect of the development of the accounting policy of enterprises in Ukraine the peculiarities of the disclosure of the tax policy of the enterprise are determined and the standards are given: the taxation system used by the enterprise; method of accounting of income and expenses in the organization's activities; the procedure for calculating the tax base for taxation.
 Criteria for selecting and changing accounting policy, accounting approach to disclosure of information about changes in accounting policy, accounting estimates and correction of errors are established.

Model of the Early Professional Orientation for Individualization of the Educational Process

The aim of the article is to analyze peculiarities of the professional orientation taking into account such methodological peculiarities as: psycho-physiological features of the audience, structure of the proforientation methods, statistical approaches to classify survey results and ways of presenting data when developing students’ profiles. Analysis of the problem field of research shows that at the federal, regional and local level the urgent task is to develop, integrate and implement a professional orientation system, which would include complex versions of diagnostic tests, an educational cloud space and, in particular, a digital platform (Learning Management System) for storage and processing of statistical data, as well as staff modernization programs with the aim of developing tutoring support system. The novelty of the work lies in describing the experience of implementing an early professional orientation model in a private school, taking into account peculiarities of educational process organization. Research methodology and methods: in writing article methods of induction and deduction, methods of comparative analysis and synthesis of information were used, the analysis of various forms of questionnaire survey was carried out.

FEATURES OF TEACHING THE COURSE OF PSYCHIATRY AND NARCOLOGY TO STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF THE MARTIAL STATE

Relevance. To form the methodological foundations of teaching the academic discipline "Psychiatry and Narcology" in modern wartime conditions. To highlight innovative approaches to effective teaching of the discipline, in particular in the distance learning format.Material and methods. General scientific and specific scientific.Results. The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the teaching methodology of the academic discipline "Psychiatry and Narcology" in modern wartime conditions, which helps future doctors to learn the basics of clinical disciplines. It is necessary to master knowledge and skills regarding the diagnosis of the state of mental health of a person, clinical symptoms, prevention of impairment of mental functions in the process of life and various comorbid diseases, conducting medical and psychological examination and rehabilitation of patients. The methodology of conducting practical classes for medical students and using the MOODLE system for effective online learning are highlighted.Conclusions. Taking into account the analysis of information on the teaching of the academic discipline "Psychiatry and Narcology" to students of higher education institutions in wartime conditions, we have described the possibilities of using systems for distance learning, in particular the MOODLE system for preparing students of higher education for classes with access to the Internet.

Methodological peculiarities of assessment of resistance to broomrape in environmental trials of sunflower

Methodological peculiarities of assessment of resistance to broomrape in environmental trials of sunflower

Circumstances to be established during the investigation of bribery provocation

The scientific article is devoted to the issue of the circumstances to be established during the pre-trial investigation of criminal proceedings regarding the provocation of bribery. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature on the criminal process and criminology, it was established that in domestic science, questions devoted to the peculiarities of the investigation methodology, in particular, and the part of the circumstances to be established during the investigation of bribery provocation, remain unexplored. The considered positions of scientists regarding the significance of the circumstances to be established in separate methods of investigation of criminal offenses gave grounds to single out such circumstances as a separate element of the foundations of the method of investigation of provocation of bribery. It is assumed that such circumstances are factual data systematized on the basis of the norms of criminal and criminal procedural law, which are both included in the subject and limits of proof, and in some places go beyond them, at the same time, not establishing which excludes a full and comprehensive study of the subject of proof, which is necessary for the implementation of tasks of criminal proceedings, during its pre-trial investigation and trial. On the basis of the analysis of the opinions of scientists, investigative judicial practice and the survey of practitioners, we tentatively divided the circumstances to be established during the pre-trial investigation of a criminal proceeding on the provocation of bribery into three groups: 1) general (that is, those related to the event of a criminal offense); 2) personal (that is, those related to information about the victim and the criminal), which includes: information about the identity of the instigator and the instigator and the existence of the relationship "instigator-incited person", as well as with the persons who were involved in this; 3) additional (remaining circumstances that are important for criminal proceedings), which include: the presence of a causal relationship between the actions of guilty persons and their consequences; identifying the reasons and conditions that contributed to the commission of the crime; the type and amount of damage caused by a criminal offense; circumstances aggravating or mitigating punishment are excluded; exclude criminal liability or are grounds for closing criminal proceedings or are grounds for exemption from criminal liability, as well as circumstances that exclude the fact that the suspect committed another criminal offense.