Methodology Of Scientific Knowledge Research Articles

Legal paradigm in the theory of law

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal paradigm and its cognitive possibilities in modern legal theory. The problem of paradigms, which became relevant thanks to the concept of Thomas Kuhn, does not stop bothering the scientific community. Of particular interest to study is the legal paradigm, the relevance of the study of which in our time can be seen in the fact that this legal construction allows solving the issue of applied significance.
 State-legal transformations in our country caused changes in the methodology of scientific knowledge, prevailing legal ideals and values, the emergence of new theories of understanding law in the legal paradigm, which, in turn, determine the vector of development of legal science. The study of paradigmatic problems in the theory of law is also connected with the epistemological needs of legal science itself. The current state of domestic jurisprudence is characterized by multi- paradigmism, the presence of many competing theories, teachings, and schools.
 The article examines the impact of general theoretical foundations of legal paradigms on law-making activity. The terms «paradigm», «legal paradigm», «paradigm of legal thinking» are clarified. The paradigmatic legal issues in the theory of the state and law have been studied. The study showed that the legal paradigm affects legal practice and determines the direction of legislation development. In turn, the possibilities of law enforcement practice for the legal paradigm consist in the use of law enforcement resources and experience. The evolution of the paradigm in the context of modern legal changes has indisputable theoretical and practical significance. The article reveals the place and role of the paradigm in modern scientific legal knowledge, traces the evolution of the «legal paradigm» category, reveals its relationship with other legal categories. Views on the relationship between the legal categories «law» and «law» in the context of the paradigmatic legal theory are outlined. Problematic issues that require thorough study in modern legal science are outlined.

IoT TECHNOLOGY BASED ON AI PLATFORM FOR BLOCKCHAIN E-EDUCATION

The priority elements of the e-government system with Blockchain technologies in the most important socially oriented areas are the electronic health system, electronic education and science system, electronic environment, etc., the introduction of which is designed to make public information open to the public, in particular on the state of the environment, directions and volumes of use of public funds, Land Management, the state of development and use of mineral resources, etc.; automate some processes of management of the relevant areas (personnel, monitoring, finance, reporting); improve the Electronic Document Management System in educational and scientific institutions, healthcare and the environment; ensure that users of the system can receive services in the relevant areas through online services, including checking the validity of documents, registering in electronic queues, and so on. It should be noted that educational institutions provide applicants with "information", which in the learning process should turn into "knowledge". We note that the main difference between knowledge and information is the degree of organization and consciousness of Primary Data. In our opinion, the main difference lies not only in the degree of organization and consciousness of primary data but also in the orientation. So, information is the" raw material " for the formation of knowledge, the main resource, service, and product. Knowledge, in our opinion, is systematic, structured information that an individual has. That is, knowledge is a quality of the individual. A modern successful person needs to learn throughout his life. At the same time, the ability to make decisions independently, the ability to think, and the ability to solve complex interdisciplinary problems in non-standard situations become essential. This makes it necessary for a modern person to have the skills to search, analyze and process information in accordance with the methodology of scientific knowledge using digital technologies. The foundation for obtaining knowledge by a person is education, in the process of which educational institutions provide the applicant with "information" that he must turn into "knowledge". The process of converting information into knowledge in the modern environment is possible only if the information and research competencies are formed.

Models of institutional provision of external functions of Ukraine and Hungary in the context of constitutional and legal approaches to their expression

Purpose. The main goal of this scientific article is the issue of models of institutional support of external functions of Ukraine and Hungary in the context of constitutional and legal approaches to their separation. The issue of the external environment of Ukraine has been and is an urgent issue of all times. The external position of Ukraine during the times of different helmsmen for most of the history of independence was a place of throwing from the West to the East, or rather de jure the path to the West, de facto to the East. A full-scale war in Ukraine causes huge human, economic and cultural losses. Life was divided into "before the war" and "in the war". All this pushes Ukraine to the starting point of reference, where after the end of this agony-propaganda "military operation" there will be a period of great reconstruction and punishment of the guilty within the framework of international law. Method. The methodology involves the analysis of available scientific and theoretical materials and the formation of recommendations that meet the requirements of the time. Methods. Scientific knowledge is a complex and contradictory process and at the same time the highest level of cognitive activity. The methodology of scientific knowledge is a specific historical phenomenon. Philosophical methodology combines all general scientific methods into three large groups. The first includes: observation, comparison. To the second: idealization. To the third: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction, and modeling. In this article, we widely use all three groups of methods. In addition, we highlight the historical method of learning in the context of recalling the events of 2008 by Russia in relation to Georgia. Results. The purpose of each state, its directions of functioning, success, neglect, and limits of implementation can be vividly considered today under the prism of its external functions. The issue of state functions remains one of the key issues in the theory and practice of state formation. They play an important role in the implementation of state policy, because without influencing this or that phenomenon of social relations, the state is unable to solve the tasks set before it and achieve the set goals. Comprehensive implementation of state policy is a guarantee of a peaceful and safe existence and further development of the entire society. Research on the issue of distinguishing models of institutional support has not been studied in the territory of Ukraine and is not sufficiently researched in the territory of Hungary. In this scientific article, we try to consider models of institutional support under the prism of forms of implementation, which, in our opinion, adequately reveals the essence of legislative and theoretical approaches and distinguishes the practical inclination of such activities. In the theory of the state and law of both Ukraine and Hungary, there are different approaches to distinguishing approaches to forms of implementation, however, due to the relation to the republican type of both states, we find their similarities, which is quite convenient in the case of implementing experience, often at the stage of inculcating the borrowed experience. Scientific novelty. The modern world is currently experiencing difficult times in the conditions of global shifts and transformations, which entails a few consequences to which many states, as well as international law itself, are not adapted. Ukrainian scientific literature practically does not comprehensively investigate the issue of renewing international legal functioning, which is an extremely urgent issue both in general and for Ukraine in particular, which has embarked on the path of radically renewing its international functional wardrobe. That is why we conduct research in the context of models of institutional provision of external functions to develop the most relevant recommendations for updating the situation today. Practical significance. The results of this study can be the basis for further research in this theoretical and legal direction and during lectures and seminars on the disciplines "Theory and History of the State and Law" and "International Law".

The Place Of Systematic Approach In The Formation Of Methodological Principles Of Forensic Engineering And Technical Examinations/

The analysis of scientific works made it possible to come to the conclusion that the scholars have created a fundamental basis for the methodology of forensic examination which is the basis for the formation of the methodological foundations of forensic engineering and technical examination for its further theoretical and practical development. This research paper identifies the place of the system approach in the formation of general principles of the methodology of forensic engineering and technical examinations. It has been established that the methodology can be formulated as a philosophical doctrine on the system of proven principles, norms and methods of scientific and cognitive activity, about forms, structure and functions of scientific knowledge, which are used in solving specific (special) research issues. It is emphasized that three levels are distinguished in the structure of general scientific methods: empirical methods, logical methods and techniques, heuristic methods, a detailed description of the methods of each level is given, and successive stages of experimental research are formed. It has been established that methodology is an independent scientific direction that studies the process of carrying out scientific research, describes and analyzes the stages of research and studies a number of other issues. This article’s purpose is to determine the place of the system approach in the formation of the general principles of the methodology of conducting forensic engineering and technical examinations which will allow the expert to obtain scientifically based results for drawing up a reliable conclusion. Conclusions. It is determined that the system is a whole, complex, unity (integrity) that consists (combines) of many elements connected with each other in which the element is the smallest part of the whole, necessary for the description of the system which cannot be divided further. The unity of general scientific and philosophical levels of knowledge is the basis of the methodology of scientific and cognitive activity, about forms, structure and functions of scientific knowledge. The methodology is proposed to be understood first of all as the methodology of scientific knowledge which is a set of theoretical provisions on the principles of construction, forms and methods of scientific and cognitive activity, in addition, it can be considered as a certain system of fundamental ideas. It is proven that methodology is distinguished as a separate scientific direction that studies the process of carrying out scientific research, describes and analyzes the stages of research and studies a number of other issues.

PLACE AND ROLE OF "PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS RESEARCH" DISCIPLINE IN TERMS OF TRAINING OF PH.D. WITHIN THE FIELD OF THE POSTGRADUATE HIGHER EDUCATION (RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS)

The purpose of the article is to highlight the place and role of the discipline "Preparation of a research project and presentation of research results" as part of the educational and scientific program of training doctors of philosophy in the graduate school of higher education (scientific institutions) and its importance in the acquisition of professional competencies, systems knowledge, and skills preparation of scientific research and presentation of its results. The methodology consists of the application of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, generalization and abstraction, review-analytical, description, and comparison, which made it possible to identify the place and role of this discipline. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the generalization and systematization of knowledge about the discipline "Preparation of a research project and presentation of research results", in focusing on its features in terms of the present and prospects for its development. Conclusions. A feature of the discipline "Preparation of a research project and presentation of research results" is the consideration of all stages of preparation of graduate students: from admission to graduate school and choosing a dissertation research topic and to public defense of the dissertation and certification in the light of modern requirements. In the process of studying the course graduate students will be able to form a holistic view of science as a system of knowledge and tools of knowledge, to form views on the methodology of scientific knowledge, the essence of general and special methods and principles of research and presentation of their results.

Nanoionics - the Developing Informative System. Part 3. Generation of Prognostic Information and the Role of Strategic Innovation Management in the Development of Nanoionics

A critical review of the stages of formation, development, and current state of nanoionics in Russia and in the world is presented. Nanoionics is the science, technology, and application of fast ion transport phenomena in solid-state devices and nanostructures. Nanoionics is considered to be a developing information system, its history is first analyzed in terms of D. S. Chernavskii's dynamic information theory and in the context of the influence of strategic innovation management. In the final part of the review, an in-depth methodological analysis of the evolution of nanoionics in the environment of adjacent disciplines (nanoarchitectonics and iontonics) is performed. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology of scientific knowledge and strategic management. The analysis of nanoionics evolution is carried out in terms of conjuncture and prognostic information, class-subclass relations between attributive spaces of the competing disciplines. It is shown that nanoarchitectonics and iontronics cannot serve as meta-disciplines, because they do not have emergent attributes that are incompatible with the attributes of the discipline "nanotechnology", understood in the broad sense. Also, at present, interface nanoarchitectonics does not generalize nanoionics due to the lack of new attributes in the thesaurus. The results obtained go beyond the relationship of nano-disciplines, as the methodology used is based on the definition of information and addresses the problem of the mechanism of generation of prognostic information.

Peculiarities of expert researches of the special technical means for covert audio or video control and observation over the person, thing or place

The article is devoted to the development of methodological support for forensic expert activity. The article discusses the issues of expert research of special technical means for covert audio and video control, and also examines the issues of their improvement in order to ensure the objectivity of expert opinions on classifying technical means as special technical means for covert obtaining of information. The indicators of technical means are analyzed, which are sufficient to classify them as special technical means for covert obtaining of information. On the basis of the analysis of scientific research in the field of forensic expertise activity, directions for improving expert methods and assessing its effectiveness are proposed. It is argued that the expert opinion is based on an expert assessment of research results, establishing the sufficiency of functionality, technical characteristics and design features of a technical means for classifying technical means as a special technical means of covert obtaining of information. The article provides an example of constructing an algorithm for solving typical problems during forensic expertise of special technical means for covert obtaining of information. In the context of the methodology of scientific knowledge, prospective directions for the improvement of expert methods are analyzed. Based on the analysis results of the special technical means for covert audio and video control features, approaches are proposed to ensure the effectiveness of the methodology, as well as the objectivity of expert opinions in order to the classification of a technical means as special technical means for covert obtaining of information.

Особенности преподавания философии студентам естественнонаучных и технических специальностей

Highlighted and analyzed are features of lecturing Philosophy to students of natural science and technical specialties. The problem of low motivation of students in this category to study philosophical disciplines (Philosophy for Bachelors, methodology of scientific knowledge for undergraduates, History and Philosophy of Science for graduate students) is considered. Some reasons for this phenomenon are noted. Proposals were formulated to increase the interest of science students and technicians in teaching Philosophy. A method developed and tested in pedagogical practice of the authors to demonstrate the productivity of philosophical ideas in scientific and technical research on specific historical material is proposed. This method of teaching solves three main tasks, i.e. to show the audience, how certain philosophical ideas of specific scientists contributed to their scientific creativity, to show, what abstract objects were modeled in philosophical thinking long before such objects (such properties and relationships) came into the sphere of scientific thinking and practical development, and to show, what fundamental cognitive problems were posed by philosophers of the past to subsequent generations and what significance for science was the reflection on these problems. The described method and results obtained can be used by teachers of philosophical disciplines in training of Bachelors, undergraduates and postgraduates of natural science and technical specialties.

ПАРАМЕТРЫ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИИ В ИХ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОМ ЗНАЧЕНИИИ (на примере гражданского правоведения)

Introduction: the methodology of scientific knowledge plays a dominant role in the system of science as a whole, regardless of the subject and branch of scientific knowledge. The geography of methodological knowledge is gradually expanding, the branch of law is becoming more and more receptive to it. The reason is known, it is in the chronic presence both in the theory of law and in certain branches of law of thematic discourses about methodology, focused on the thematization of its subject qualities. Not without this, lawyers are gradually forming their own methodological “philosophy”, whose semantic differences from the actual philosophical methodology ensure the availability of its tools for lawyers. A natural consequence of the relevance of research interest in methodological values in the future should be to improve the theoretical quality of legal research that is not related to the methodology, but is able to identify its scientific guidelines for the purposes of their own research. Meanwhile, there are few works in jurisprudence that focus on the applied nature of methodological knowledge. Textbooks on the methodology of jurisprudence, intended according to the title information, educational knowledge of its subject features and internal parameters, still go to “distant philosophical distances”, operating with capacious and abstract judgments about methodological phenomena, and therefore are actually addressed not so much to students as to colleagues in the “methodological workshop”. Purpose: to bring the canons of methodological regulations closer to the scientific audience working in other thematic areas that are far from methodological values, but strive to learn them for practical purposes. Methods: descriptive, explanatory, and narrative. Results: based on the results of the study, the author formulated the following theoretical conclusions. The understanding of such a complex phenomenon as the methodology of jurisprudence in its applied meaning is proposed to be carried out according to the “pandect template”. For this purpose, the author “separates” the strictly philosophical and specifically scientific methodology of jurisprudence, offering to distinguish between the general and special parts of the methodological regulations. The general part contains an answer to the subject question what is the methodology and what is the status of methodological knowledge. The special part answers the question of how and what methodological units fill in the methodology parameters and how they work.

Is “Analytic Philosophy” a Philosophy?

The article discusses the issue of the nature of analytic philosophy. It is shown that in the 1920s–1940s it was a certain philosophical school, whose representatives were united by some initial principles. Analytic philosophers saw the main task of philosophy in the analysis of the language of natural sciences, in establishing logical connections between scientific propositions, in the empirical substantiation of scientific theories and in the elimination of speculative concepts and proposals from the language of science. The tool for such analysis was the mathematical logic created at the beginning of the 20th century by G. Frege, A.N. Whitehead, B. Russell. Another characteristic feature of the analytic tradition was a negative attitude toward philosophical speculation. Adherents of this tradition believed that philosophy does not provide knowledge about the world, therefore, it is not a science. Analytic philosophers have made a significant contribution to the methodology of scientific knowledge, offering an accurate description of the hypothetical-deductive structure of scientific theory, methods of scientific explanation and prediction, verification, confirmation and refutation of scientific statements. In the late 1930s, most of the analytic philosophers emigrated to England and the United States. The analytic movement is gradually losing its integrity and loses the features of a philosophical school. There is a rejection of mathematical logic as the main means of analysis, the connection with the natural sciences has been lost. In the second half of the 20th century, analytic philosophy from a specific philosophical school turns into a certain style of thinking of the philosophers of various philosophical research areas and orientations.

The Gay Science of Francis Bacon

The article is the study of some aspects of the methodology of scientific knowledge that F. Bacon addressed in his treatise “New Organon” (1620) and in other works in one way or another related to his work on the project of the Instauratio Magna Scientiarum. The article focuses on the following three questions: Bacon’s attitude to Aristotle’s legacy, the context of Bacon’s doctrine of idols and the reasons for the English philosopher to choose a fragmented (aphoristic) form of presentation of his ideas in the “New Organon” and in some other works. Based on an analysis of Bacon’s works related to the above project, it was shown that his statements about Aristotle and his philosophy were differentiated depending on whether the corresponding text was intended for printing or served as a working draft. In the latter case, the estimates of Aristotle by Bacon were more stringent. Baconian criticism of Aristotelianism was formed in the context of the development by the English philosopher of the doctrine of the idols of knowledge. The article shows that developing this doctrine, Bacon proceeded from the idea of mass insanity of the human race (insania publica), which has ancient roots and was shared by a number of contemporaries of F. Bacon. At the same time, the latter considered Aristotle as the creator of “a kind of art of insanity (artemque quondam insaniae componere)”. As a cure for “insania universalis”, Bacon proposed a new method (the “new organon”) of cognition, and the presentation of his ideas in the form of separate, but conceptually related aphorisms, as a way of activating the reader’s thought process.

Ontological model of the e-scenario of scientific research as a means of organization of the operational research base

The subject of the research is the effectiveness of information support ofresearch activity on the basis of application of modern network technologies ofe-remote access to the distributed systems of knowledge formation. The purposeof this article is to identify the ontological model in the format of the E-scenarioof scientific research, as a means of organizing an operational research knowledgebase. The methodology of the work is the use of information and communicationtechnologies (ICT) and methods of ontological modulation of knowledge bases inthe field of information support for scientific research. Results of the work is theontological model of E-scenario of scientific researches as a means of organizationof operational research base of knowledge is offered and the principles and methods of its construction are defined. Conclusions-One of the promising directionsof further refinement of the provided model of E-scenario of scientific researchesis development of methodological, ontological and logical bases of knowledge construction on its basis. Ontologies play a crucial role in describing the formationof such systems. This involves solving urgent problems of increasing the effectiveness of research. One of the promising tasks for the development of ICT providedis the creation of a system of ontological descriptions of various objects of scientific research in the process of research activities, which simultaneously becomesa means of mastering the methodology of scientific knowledge and the formationof new research bases of knowledge. The use of the proposed method of constructing the ontological model of the E-scenario of scientific research allows to makethis process more personalized on the one hand and more mobile and unrestrictedin the format of electronic dissemination of knowledge on the other. That is, thegiven system of knowledge formation allows to build both personal knowledgebases and collective ones. This is achieved by the fact that the researcher has theopportunity to use his or her own experience by building personal E-scenarios ofknowledge formation and, if necessary, to connect them to other E-scenarios ofknowledge of fellow researchers, or to integrate their knowledge in their E-scenarios of knowledge, or to transfer them thereby personally disseminating theirknowledge in the professional field to their colleagues and creating creative scientific teams.

THE PROBLEM OF READINESS OF FUTURE SOCIAL EMPLOYEES FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH ACTIVITY

The article examines the problem of the readiness of future social workers for research activities. It is established that in the pedagogical theory and practice there are no coherent researches of essential characteristics and structure of readiness of social workers for carrying out scientific researches. The purpose of the article is to study the essence and content structure of the readiness of social workers for scientific research activities. Methods of research used: analysis of scientific literature, systematization (for clarification of key concepts of research), generalization (in order to formulate author's conclusions). The scientific approaches to understanding the concept of readiness of a specialist to a certain type of activity - personal and functional are analyzed. It was established that the readiness of the future social worker for research activities is an integral system of professional and personal qualities of a specialist, a solid theoretical and methodological knowledge and research skills, an active personal position in the process of realization of research roles, which is expressed through a positive and conscious attitude to the scientific-research as a component of professionalism. The range of qualities that a social worker must possess: professional competence from a wide range of social problems, high level of general education and culture, knowledge of the related scientific fields, kindness, love for people, sincerity, kindness, sensitivity, mercy, empathy, sociability, flexibility, the ability to support the others and to stimulate them for the development of their own forces, organizational skills, etc. Motivational-value, cognitive, activity and emotional-volitional components are determined in the structure of readiness of social workers for research activities. The motivational-value component implies the presence of interest in SRA (scientific-research activity) in the process of solving professional problems, the desire to deepen scientific research knowledge, and the attitude towards the SRA (scientific-research activity) as a value. The cognitive component defines knowledge of the theory and methodology of scientific knowledge, interdisciplinary research methods. Activity component involves the formation of a number of research skills; emotional-volitional - a sense of intellectual satisfaction from SRA (scientific-research activity), emotional stability, persistence, responsibility, organization, ability to self-reflection.

New Questions of Methodology of Scientific Knowledge and History of «Research Programs» (Methodological Approaches of Lakatos, Popper, Kuhn and Duhem)

New Questions of Methodology of Scientific Knowledge and History of «Research Programs» (Methodological Approaches of Lakatos, Popper, Kuhn and Duhem)

Economic and legal component of mortgage market development in Ukraine

The development of the economic and legal component of the mortgage lending system in Ukraine is traced. It was determined that the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Property» was the first step towards the formation of the mortgage market in the country. The mortgage system is studied as a factor influencing the accumulation of free funds, their redistribution and risk reduction. The role of mortgage lending in solving socio-economic problems of the country is considered. The necessity of studying the experience of other countries and taking into account national peculiarities for effective development of the mortgage system in Ukraine is substantiated. It was emphasized that the level of development of the mortgage lending market shows the maturity of the financial system development and the degree of confidence of the population of the country in the financial and credit system. The subject of the study is evolution of the economic-legal component of the mortgage market in Ukraine. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the logic of the economic and legal aspect of the formation and development of the system of mortgage lending in Ukraine. To achieve the goal, the system approach was used - to integrate the methodology of scientific knowledge of the history of the development of the financial system in Ukraine as part of the world financial system, which made it possible to establish the need to take into account world experience, current problems and taking into account national specificity; logical-critical analysis - in determining the sequence and extent of the importance of separate legal acts in Ukraine. The practical significance of the results is the possibility of their use to improve the theoretical basis of the formation of the system of mortgage lending in Ukraine. Conclusions. 1) The modern market of mortgage lending is the result of a long, gradual, logical development of the financial market; 2) The level of development of the mortgage lending market indicates the maturity of the financial system and the degree of confidence of the population of the country in the financial and credit system; 3) For a long historical period, the Ukrainian lands belonged to different state formations; accordingly, the laws and the procedure for the formation of the financial system changed, which contributed to its «lagging» in development from the western countries; 4) The first step in shaping the system of mortgage lending in independent Ukraine was the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Property», because private property issues are the cornerstone of the country's mortgage system; 5) Mortgage should become an effective financial mechanism that overcomes the problem of accumulation of financial resources of our country in conditions of high inflation; will help to solve the problem of introduction of technological innovations, modernization of agriculture, industrialization of industry, solving chronic and large-scale problems of residential unfinished projects.

Brand vote as component of brands system of the national economy

The subject of the study is the potential of branding, as an instrument of economic development of the branding object, for its possible application to non-traditional objects. The purpose of the study is to analyze the new object of branding – «the voice» and determine its role in promoting the national brand of the country. The practical implementation of the research results is to broaden the theoretical horizons of branding theory and to use the new object of branding - voice in the creation and promotion of a national brand of the country. The study required the use of such methods as: a systematic approach - to integrate the methodology of scientific knowledge of the history of the development of forms of the brand; comparative analysis - to compare the functional load inherent in the traditional and new forms of the brand; quantitative and qualitative assessment of the brand; analysis of associative perception of voice as a new branding object. Conclusions: 1) The study of the theory of the brand has very broad horizons, because the brand is considered by us as a system-creating factor for the economic development of the object of branding; 2) The brand remains the most effective tool for economic development in all its forms, integrating the potential of the national economy, revealing new sources to its economic growth and increasing the competitiveness of the world market; 3) The results of the study allow us to suggest the opening of a new object of branding - voice.

Methodology of scientific knowledge: objective necessity of research of development safety of an enterprise as an economic system

The paper defines that the current state of the economy of Ukraine as a whole and its individual economic entities is characterized by the loss of controllability. This led to a sharp deterioration of the economic conditions of individual microlevel entities and, as a consequence, the deterioration of macroeconomic indicators. The way out of the current situation in the economy of Ukraine is rather revolutionary measures than evolutionary, the changes that would lead to the comprehensive development of all levels, and above all, the activities of economic entities. The notions on the methodology of scientific knowledge have been clarified as an objective necessity of researching the development safety of quasi-homeostatic socio-economic systems, which include individual enterprises. The author summarizes the influence of the philosophical aspect of cognition on the hierarchy and development of scientific knowledge as a component of the methodology for researching the safety of enterprise development. The paper substantiates the importance of the principle of historicism, along with the basic general scientific principles of the theory of knowledge, such as objectivity, recognizability, active creative reflection, dialectics, and concreteness of truth. The principle of the historicism of the theory of cognition provides the possibility of a logical combination of the definition of categories of «safety» and «development» within the epistemological aspects of knowledge of the nature of their occurrence and interconnection in modern conditions through the study of causes and factors of influence on the development of economic entities, determining the historical and epistemological aspects of their safety. The article deals with the specific principles and methods inherent in the theory of knowledge of development safety of socio-economic systems, namely: adequate uncertainty and system-centrism.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ НАУКОВОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СУДОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

An independent, legitimate, effective judicial power in the state is a prerequisite for sustainable development of society, as a guarantee of proper implementation of justice as an important component of establishing and developing a democratic regime. As the international institutions rightly stress, "justice is aimed at resolving disputes between the parties and, through decision-making, to play a" normative "and" enlightening "role, giving citizens appropriate guidance, information and guarantees regarding the law and its practical application. Therefore, in the context of ongoing judicial reform, which destabilizes the activities of the judiciary in general and law enforcement practice in particular, important are the fundamental things that enable the Institute of Judicial Protection to perform the functions assigned to it. Among them prominent place is given to scientific providing of judicial activity. After all, science is able predict directions of development of social relations and judicial practice, to resolve issues of legal conflicts and existing in legislation of gaps. Therefore, science should be an integral the "companion" of the activity of the court, prominent place in which allotted enforcement. The purpose of the article is to analyse the content of the category "scientific support of judicial activity" and wording the relevant concept. As a result of the analysis, the following conclusions are obtained: Scientific support of judicial activity is based on the intellectual creative activity of certain subjects, which possess special knowledge and skills aimed at creation of knowledge and/or finding ways of their application for the needs and for the benefit of judicial activity. Unlike other areas of organizational support, scientific support of courts always involves the use of methodological tools in conjunction with theoretical developments and empirical data. It allows to use innovative approaches in the process of administration of justice and direct the development of judicial system in the direction of a public request. Thanks to him, there is a change of worldview judges and law enforcement practice. In addition, scientific support of judicial activity is a manifestation of interrelations of the judicial system with the "outside world", thereby developing its transparency. Thus, the notion of scientific support of judicial activity arises as a system of subjects, types of their intellectual activities and means, based on the methodology of scientific knowledge and scientific principles, functioning of which is aimed at satisfying the needs arising in the activities of the courts.

PHILOSOPHY OF COSMISM: MORAL-ETHICAL ASPECT

Introduction. The article deals with the foundations for the formation of a unique direction of philosophical thought - cosmism that arose at the turn of the XIX - XX cc. and continued to develop rapidly in the XXI c., when the negative human-induced impact on nature reached such a level that it became a threat to the existence of mankind. Aim and tasks: The aim of this work is to identify the role of the philosophy of cosmism in the process of harmonizing the relationship of the man-world system, the search for new methodological approaches to the attempts to combine modern scientific knowledge with the rich moral and ethical experience of mankind.Research methods: theoretical and methodological basis of this research are general scientific and special methods and approaches. Among them, the system approach, synergistic and dialectical, should be called, because processes in non-equilibrium complex sys-tems have dialectical character. Research results. Nowadays, as a result of the sharp expansion of cognitive and technological capa-bilities of a person, the transformation of the spiritual life of society takes place and a number of ideological moral and ethical problems arose. In this context, there is an actual rethinking of the human attitude to nature, the ethical aspect of biotechnology and its predicted positive or negative effects. The idea of the unity of and the in the cultural and historical dimension of the red thread passes through the views of the ancient philosophers, representatives of Russian cosmism, and others, as well as a variety of modern doctrines in which researchers search for new methodological approaches to harmonize the relation man-world and a combination of natural sciences and moral and ethical knowledge of the noosphere and the cosmos. Discussion At this stage of the development of science, there is a change in the methodological approaches to the realization of nature in the modern philosophy of cosmism and the methodol-ogy of scientific knowledge. The key principles of post-classical ontology are proclaimed, in particular: humanity, through which the prism is proposed to consider nature, system approach, synergetic, etc. Conclusion. In the context of the actual significance of the cosmic philosophy, the emergence of new sciences such as environmental ethics, ethics of responsibility, etc. is considered, indicating the search for new methodological approaches to attempts to combine modern scientific knowledge with the rich moral and ethical ex-perience of mankind. We see the prospect of a further research in finding the latest methodological approaches to solving the problem of man – world harmonious development.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗНАННЯ У КОНТЕКСТІ ПРИРОДНИЧОЇ ОСВІТИ В СУЧАСНІЙ ШКОЛІ

The article analyzes the place and role of methodological knowledge in the system of natural education of the modern school. It is shown that methodological knowledge is an important didactic category, an integral criterion for the effectiveness of natural education. School natural science has a powerful didactic potential for the formation of methodological knowledge. There is a close link between methodological knowledge and creative learning activities. Methodological knowledge is a means and product of creative bulk-cognitive activity. Creative educational and cognitive activity is an effective mechanism for the formation of methodological knowledge. Creative educational and cognitive activity of students is an activity directed by a teacher with the help of the appropriate system of educational means; is aimed at formulating problems and performing creative tasks; provides for the search and explanation of natural relationships and relations of observable facts, phenomena, processes through the application of methods of scientific methods of cognition, as a result of which students discover new knowledge and actively acquire them, get acquainted with the methodology of scientific knowledge, develop cognitive skills and skills, form cognitive motives and organizational qualities. The priority of the creative function of teaching is a necessary didactic condition for the formation of methodological knowledge in the process of studying natural subjects in a modern school.