Value Analysis Method Research Articles

Effect of nonstationary extreme wind speeds and ground snow loads on the structural reliability in a future Canadian changing climate

Extreme wind speeds and ground snow loads for many regions across North America exhibit non-stationarity in projected future climates. The adequacy of conventional return period design values estimated in the past for the future design life needs to be investigated. Nonstationary extreme value analysis methods were used in several previous studies to evaluate the nonstationarity of extreme wind and snow loads based on the latest future projections for Canada in the RCP8.5 (where RCP denotes the representative concentration pathway) emission scenario. These methods have not been considered in nonstationary reliability analyses. This study will examine the effect of including these nonstationary extreme value analysis methods in the reliability analysis. Investigations were conducted by applying the design value estimated in past stationary climate to the reliability analysis considering nonstationary climatic load effects in the future design life. Two non-stationary extreme value analysis methods were then used to determine the design level value in the nonstationary future climates for mitigating the climate change impact. These two approaches target different risk levels. Both nonstationary methods provide design level values greater than the conventional return period values and can maintain the probability of failure close to the target value at the end of the design life. Analyses were also conducted to examine the climate change impact on the structural reliability for considering principal wind load effects or snow load effects with the companion live load effects.

ANALYSIS TESTING WEBSITE NEW INSTALLATION PLN ELECTRICITY USING BOUNDARY VALUE ANALYSIS AND FUNCTIONAL TESTING

The website contains a lot of information and data that must protect. Input and output aspects of communication have a significant role in a service website to provide accurate information and avoid misinformation due to an imperfect system. Various system tests have been tried to identify the advantages and disadvantages of a web-based data system. This study uses a black box checking out procedure. In black field checking out, there are several testing techniques. This check uses boundary value analysis and functional testing. The boundary value analysis method plays tests based on the most suitable and minimum variety of digits to create fair and invalid values. The early tiers of this test are figuring out the functionality of the shape to be processed and ensuring the most excellent and minimum range of entering characters. The consequences of this research are in the form of records containing the harm to the device so that machine managers can improve the machine's quality in serving users or customers.

Design of Control Schedules for Interturbine Burner Turbofan Engine Considering Ignition and Flameout Characteristics

Abstract The interturbine burner (ITB) engine, which is introduced between high and low pressure turbines (LPTs), is a relatively new concept for increasing specific thrust and lowering high altitude specific fuel consumption (SFC) than engine with afterburner (AB). Although ITB engines have outstanding performance improvements, they also present a challenge to the design of control laws for ITB engines under unknown matching mechanisms and multiple constraints. This study proposes a self-scheduling control law design method for ITB engine mode transition that considers ITB ignition and flameout characteristics, as well as cooling air volume. This method derives the control law based on the global optimal algorithm and shapley additive explanation (SHAP)-value analysis method, which avoids manual analysis and reduces the number of adjustment of variable geometric components. An ITB transient model is established to verify the control laws under the transition of ignition and flameout modes. During the mode transition process of opening and closing the ITB, the flow fluctuation of the precritical point and rear-critical point does not exceed 2%, and the comprehensive thrust fluctuation index composed of three typical state points does not exceed 5%. Through simulation analysis with constrained constraints, at most one variable geometry component is adjusted.

Explainable artificial intelligence reveals environmental constraints in seagrass distribution

Seagrass is a globally vital marine resource that plays an essential global role in combating climate change, protecting coastlines, ensuring food security, and enriching biodiversity. However, global climate change and human activities have led to dramatic environmental changes severely affecting seagrass growth and development. Therefore, it is crucial to understand accurately how environmental changes, affect seagrass distribution. In this study, we selected the seagrass distribution area in Hainan, China, as the study area and proposed an ensemble model combining five machine learning models to predict the potential distribution of seagrass. Fifteen environmental variables were entered into the model, and the study results showed that the ensemble model provided the highest accuracy (Area Under Curve (AUC) = 0.91). The environmental variables were then classified into regional and site explanations with the help of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods. The difference in the contribution of regional and site environmental variables is demonstrated, and the model provides a more reasonable explanation for the site. The Shapley value (SHAP) and Partial dependency plot (PDP) analysis methods explain the importance of environmental variables in the seagrass distribution model and the effect of multiple environmental variable interactions on the prediction results, which implies opening the black box model for machine learning. More evidence that explainable artificial intelligence can explain the effects of environmental variables in seagrass distribution models will help to improve environmental understanding in seagrass conservation processes.

DLMP-Based Quantification and Analysis Method of Operational Flexibility in Flexible Distribution Networks

With high penetration of flexible resources, operational flexibility of flexible distribution networks (FDNs) is important to ensure high-quality electricity services. This paper proposes a value quantification and analysis method for operational flexibility in FDNs based on distribution locational marginal pricing (DLMP). First, flexibility constraints are formulated from the perspective of node integration, branch transfer, and network aggregation of flexibility. Then, a unified analytical framework for quantifying the operational flexibility is established, in which spatial-temporal transfer of flexibility is modeled with the derivation of flexibility sensitivity factors. Further, a DLMP-based flexibility value quantification model is proposed with nodal net power as the unit for flexibility pricing. The obtained flexibility price can not only quantify flexibility value but also be used to guide the flexible resources. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on a modified IEEE 33-node distribution system and a modified IEEE 123-node distribution system. Results verify that the proposed method can quantify the impact of nodal net power on operational flexibility and effectively improve the overall flexibility performance through the guide of flexibility price.

PERBANDINGAN METODE EQUIVALENCE PARTITIONS DAN BOUNDARY VALUE ANALYSIS PADA PENGUJIAN BLACK BOX Literatur Review

This review literature reviews the Equivalence Partitioning and Boundary Value Analysis methods published between 2019 and 2020. Insights that arise from this review can guide researchers in their ongoing investigation of the implementation of Black Box, especially the Equivalence Partitioning and Boundary Value Analysis. From the review of 10 journals, this study found several substantive changes in the field of Black Box research. This includes an increase in the use of theory in research. This review literature aims to study software testing techniques in black box and improve better quality jeminan goals.

Boundary Value Analysis and Decision Table Testing Methods in Software Testing

Product quality is very important in the software development industry. The quality of the resulting product is strongly influenced by software testing before a software is deployed to customers. If a software has passed the test, it will be able to minimized the occurrence of obstacles when the software is used or operated. There are many software testing methods that can be used, from the black type to box testing and types of white box testing. in this study, a method of the black box testing type is used, namely boundary value analysis and decision table testing. The sample form being tested is part of the software used for the management of pension funds for a pension fund management institution employee. The sample form being tested is the periodic pension benefit claim submission form. then the test is carried out using the boundary value method analysis and decision table testing. Based on the business process rules of entry and form validation, a test scenario and data are created to be used for testing. After going through the testing process, the results showed that there were still things that needed to be improved on the sample form.

Acoustic emission characteristics of concrete cylinders reinforced with steel-fiber-reinforced composite bars under uniaxial compression

An experimental study of the acoustic emission characteristics of concrete cylinders reinforced with steel fiber-reinforced composite bars (SFCB) under uniaxial compression was performed. SFCB-reinforced concrete cylinders, plain concrete cylinders, and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bar-reinforced concrete cylinders were tested under uniaxial compression. The entire failure process of different concrete cylinders was monitored in real time using acoustic emissions (AE). Damage characteristics of the cylinders were analyzed using the AE hit number distribution, Ib value analysis method, and AE event location and energy. The Ib value characteristics were closely correlated with the microcracks and their extension inside the concrete cylinders. For the reinforced concrete cylinders, the damages were predominantly microcracks of the concrete observed before the first turning point of the load-displacement curve. Subsequently, damage to the longitudinal SFCBs and FRP bars occurred. The AE characteristic of FRP reinforcement damage was similar to that of the macroscopic crack damage in concrete, that is, with a small Ib value. According to the AE event location analysis, the plain concrete cylinder demonstrated obvious shear failure, which was primarily suppressed in the reinforced concrete cylinders owing to the confinement effect of the spiral. The AE energy released by the compression damage of the longitudinal FRP bar was higher than that released by the tensile damage of the FRP spiral. This could trigger a distinguishable high AE location source amplitude for detecting the compression damage to the FRP bar. The analysis of the AE event distribution characteristics proves that the SFCB has a stable post-yield stage, and the compressive damage process of the SFCB is relatively stable and mild compared with the FRP bars in concrete cylinders.

Process & Software Selection for Robotic Process Automation (RPA)

Robotic process automation (RPA) is a technology for office automation to imitate human behaviour when interacting with computers to perform digitized tasks manually, such as opening and closing applications, reading documents, entering data, and sending e-mails. As with any new digital technology answering the question of where to start and what is the right software, is challenging. In the case of RPA, the question of where to start depends on the selection of the business process to be automated and optimized. There are approaches for process selection in research, but they are relatively complex and have not been validated in practice. To fill this gap, we have simplified the process selection method and validated it on a practical example. We also present a simple method to select the appropriate RPA software. The criteria selection and evaluation were done with the Pairwise Comparison and Benefit Value Analysis method. This approach is relatively easy to follow and to apply in practice and thus also closes a gap in applied research.

Design strategies for the recovery and enhancement of lighthouse: some case studies of the Ligurian Sea

This paper presents the first results of ongoing research analysing some coastal lighthouses in the territorial jurisdiction of the Northern Maritime Command of La Spezia, located between the Island of Elba and the Gulf of La Spezia. The research is inspired by the “Valore Paese - Fari” initiative, launched in 2015 by the Agenzia del Demanio, with Difesa Servizi S.p.a, to promote in the real-estate market several currently disused lighthouses by granting them to overcome the management and maintenance problems. Some of the lighthouses on the Italian coasts are now affected by a gradual abandonment caused by the spread of current geo-localisation technologies and remote control and management systems. The research aims to highlight the historical and cultural importance of lighthouses, identifying possible valorisation strategies and development potential in terms of flexibility and ability to adapt to a radical functional transformation. The article firstly outlines a typological atlas of lighthouses and highlights their technical constructional characteristics. Subsequently, the design strategies of the lighthouses under study are defined for their recovery and valorisation in compliance with architectural and economic requirements. Starting from an organic and systematic classification that filled the great lack and fragmentation of available information, a detailed survey was carried out using HBIM throughout the knowledge phase, and the Value Analysis method was used to define design solutions that meet pre-established financial requirements and limits. In summary, the research shows how the lighthouse architectures are linked to the coastal context area, especially to the construction techniques concerning the different local cultures, and can lead to interesting economic and social revitalisation processes of the surrounding areas.

Climate change impacts to the coastal flood hazard in the northeastern United States

It is widely accepted that climate change will cause sea level rise and increase the coastal flood hazard in many places. However, climate change also has significant implications for hurricane climatology. While the effect of climate change on hurricane frequency is inconclusive, there is a general consensus among climate scientists that hurricane intensity will increase over the coming decades. A number of studies indicate that hurricane size and translation speed may intensify with climate change as well. Each of these properties influences storm surge generation and propagation, and thus has significant implications for the coastal flood hazard, particularly in the densely populated northeast region of the U.S. As coastal populations grow, increasing the resilience of the built environment will become an increasingly necessary priority. Local, detailed, and comprehensive flood hazard assessment is a central aspect of such efforts. In this work, we integrate global climate data, statistical-deterministic hurricane modeling, physics-based numerical storm surge modeling, and extreme value analysis methods to comprehensively assess the present day and end of century flood hazard due to hurricanes for several coastal communities along the U.S. North Atlantic coastline. We find that by the end of the century, annual exceedance probabilities of the 100-year flood may increase by factors as great as 7 due to sea level rise, and on average projected changes to tropical cyclone climatology cause these probabilities to double. For truly effective long-term resilience efforts, coastal engineers, planners, and other stakeholders must account for climate change impacts to both sea level and tropical storm climatology.

Black Box Testing pada Aplikasi Pencatatan Peminjaman Buku Menggunakan Boundary Value Analysis

The book borrowing recording application can record activities related to borrowing books in the library, such as recording a track record of borrowing a book. However, applications that have been made in such a way need to go through a test flow to find out how far the performance and quality of the application itself is. Therefore, it is necessary to have a test to find out how the quality is. So, the purpose of this research is to carry out a testing on the book lending recording application to identify whether the application is in accordance with user needs or not. The test, which is one of the stages of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology carried out on this book lending recording application, applies Black Box Testing with the Boundary Value Analysis method which focuses on aspects of input validation, observing input content, and input results. The test results show that in the book borrowing recording system, discrepancies were found in the input process in the loan registration feature and book borrowing form so that it needed to be corrected before being used by the user.

Today’s 100 year droughts in Australia may become the norm by the end of the century

Accumulating evidence on the impact of climate change on droughts, highlights the necessity for developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. Changes in future drought risk and severity in Australia are quantified by analyzing nine Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 climate models. Historic conditions (1981–2014) and projections for mid-century (2015–2050) and end-century (2051–2100) from four shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) are examined. Drought events are identified using both the standardized precipitation index and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. The spatial-temporal evolution of droughts is addressed by quantifying the areal extent of regions under moderate, severe and extreme drought from historic to end-century periods. Drought characteristics derived from the models are used to develop severity–duration–frequency curves using an extreme value analysis method based on ordinary events. Under SSP5-8.5, a tenfold increase in the area subject to extreme droughts is projected by the end of the century, while a twofold increase is projected under SSP1-2.6. Increase in extreme droughts frequency is found to be more pronounced in the southern and western regions of Australia. For example, frequency analysis of 12 month duration droughts for the state of South Australia indicates that, under SSP5-8.5, drought severities currently expected to happen on average only once in 100 years could happen as often as once in 3 years by the end of the century, with a 33 times higher risk (from 1% to 33%), while under SSP1-2.6, the increase is fivefold (1%–5%). The significant difference in the increase of drought risk between the two extreme scenarios highlights the urge to reduce greenhouse gases emission in order to avoid extreme drought conditions to become the norm by the end of the century.

Analysis of Ramp on Off Costs And Time Using the Earned Value Analysis (EVA) Method

In the construction of a project, the contractor has problems where the project is delayed. Therefore, it is necessary to make a system that is made to control costs and time so as not to experience delays and losses. In this study, the control is carried out using earned value analysis which aims to control costs and time with BCWS, BCWP and ACWP, which then calculates the cost and time performance index to determine the estimated cost and time to complete the project. The results of this study show that at the end of the 91st week, the calculation of costs is still below the budget. Estimated cost for project completion of Rp 75,803,028,234.56 is still smaller than the contract value. To return the project costs to the position according to the plan, a CP1 value of 0.95992 is needed. The estimated time required to complete the project is 127.43 weeks, while the completion time according to the contract value is 117 weeks. So the estimated project completion requires an additional 10.43 weeks or 74 days from the end of the planned schedule. To restore the project schedule according to the plan, an SPI value of 1.25133 is required.

Penggunaan Teknik Boundary Value Analysis untuk Pengujian Aplikasi Stok Barang

The application of data collection of goods in a store has many uses in running a sales business. By using a data collection application, errors will be minimized and management is better and controlled. In recording goods, business owners can monitor what items are needed when the availability of goods is running low. To minimize errors that occur testing the application is very necessary. This application will be tested in a GUI to check whether the GUI in the application has an error that causes the application to crash. For example, the price on the goods is listed with other characters that are difficult to remove, then before the test occurs, it must be done. Of the several testing methods, Black Box testing is the most commonly used. By using the Boundary Value Analysis method that is suitable for the application of the availability of goods. The method tests the maximum and minimum digits to produce valid values and is easy enough to test an application. The result of the analysis of the method used is the quality of the application that is in accordance with the function, and can be used properly by the user.

Analyzing extreme precipitation and temperature in Central Asia as well as quantifying their main and interactive effects under multiple uncertainties

Hydrometeorological extreme value analysis (EVA) is complicated with multiple-uncertain methodological choices, such as extreme event sampling (EES), stationary/non-stationary assumption (SNA), and parameter estimation (PE). In this study, a factorial extreme value analysis (FEVA) method is developed through integrating four EESs, four SNAs and two PEs into a mixed-level factorial experiment framework. FEVA can not only identify the main factors that influence the risk assessment of hydrometeorological extremes, but also reflect main and interactive effects of such complex uncertainties. FEVA is applied to Central Asia for analyzing maximum 1-day precipitation (Pmax), maximum daily temperature (Tmax) and minimum daily temperature (Tmin), where data from 32 long-term (1881–2018) observation stations are adopted and 32 scenarios are examined. Main findings are: (1) during the 20th century, the occurrences of precipitation and temperature extremes were increased in Central Asia, and minimum temperature extreme increases faster than maximum temperature extreme; (2) the dominated factor affecting the return levels of Pmax, Tmax and Tmin is EES, with average contributions of 32.9%, 47.0% and 53.5%, respectively; (3) the interaction between PE and EES has an obvious effect on the return levels, and its impacts occupy 17.8% for Pmax, 9.5% for Tmax and 4.5% for Tmin; (4) based on graphical and Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) metrics methods, appropriate threshold values of [11.57, 37.63] mm for Pmax, [34.15, 44.46] °C for Tmax and [−40.07, −10.83] °C for Tmin are obtained (larger than 99th percentile of the observed value) in Central Asia, which can improve the simulation and prediction accuracy of hydrometeorological extremes.

On An International Level, What Are The Functions Of An Individualized Education Program (IEP) Or Transition Plan (TP)?

More than 45 years of IEP/TP research and a few focused on IEP/TP functions or roles. Yet, the quality of an IEP/TP relies on the functions that it fulfills to satisfy the needs of its different users (Petitdemange,1985). The Quebec Ministry of Education (MEQ, 2004) and the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services within the U.S. Department of Education (in Eichler, 1999) explicitly identified and described six to seven IEP/TP functions. However, a literature review and practising environments highlighted a greater number of functions. The goal of this research is to identify the different functions that an IEP/TP should fulfill in regard to the different needs of its diverse users. With the use of pedagogical value analysis method (PVA), results show a synthesis of more than 700 functions organized in an IEP/TP Functional Specification Matrix (FSM). The IEP /TP FSM is useful to create, monitor and evaluate IEP/TPs.

Pengaruh Kesiapan Perencanaan Detail Bendungan Terhadap Kinerja Pelaksanaan Kontrak dari Aspek Biaya, Waktu dan Mutu (Studi Kasus Pelaksanaan Bendungan Tiga Dihaji Paket 2 Sumatera Selatan)

The Tiga Dihaji Dam Project is located on the Selabung River, Sukabumi Village, Tiga Dihaji, South Ogan Komering Ulu, South Sumatra. In the implementation of this project, several detailed dam planning is needed to support the construction process. Problems that occurred after the determination of the RMK (Rencana Mutu Kerja) as a project implementation guide are (1.) There are no synchronization work between packages (road and bridge access, diversion tunnel), (2.)There are design changes (grouting gallery, specification of main dam embankment material) and (3.) The quarry and borrow land acquisition. These three problems result in the potential for extension time and additional costs significantly.This research aims to examine the steps and methods needed to agree on the necessary contract amendments to overcome problems from the aspect of cost, time and quality. Fishbone analysis method is needed to analyze problems and impacts and to simulate improvement efforts for initial and post-repair conditions. The earned value analysis method is used to estimate the additional costs and extension of the contract execution time.The results of this research indicate a simulation process for the necessary improvement efforts by considering suggestions from competent parties, the Dam Safety Commission, which requires a significant increase in costs and additional implementation time. If the issue of the covid-19 pandemic and refocusing of the budget are also taken into consideration, then overall it will cost around 60% of the original contract and an extension of time for 41 months (estimated to be completed in 2027). Based on the simulation, the proposal for contract amendment from the aspect of cost and time is in progress.

Comparative Analysis of Combined Heating Systems Involving the Use of Renewable Energy for Greenhouse Heating

The continued use of fossil fuels is contributing to severe environmental pollution and the establishment of an abnormal climate; consequently, alternative renewable energy sources are being actively investigated worldwide. Further, following global trends, numerous countermeasures aimed at improving carbon neutrality, promoting sustainable agriculture, and reducing fossil fuel dependence are being implemented in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the application of renewable energies for greenhouse heating in the Republic of Korea. Three hybrid systems, numbered 1–3, were constructed using a pellet boiler, hydrothermal heat pump, and solar heat collection system, respectively. Thereafter, the heating performance, combined heat efficiency, energy consumption per temperature lifting, and energy cost per temperature lifting of the systems were compared. The combined thermal efficiency results showed no significant differences. However, in terms of energy consumption and cost, hybrid system 1 demonstrated 25.7 and 24.1% savings, respectively, compared with the other systems. Moreover, based on economic analysis via the net present value and life cycle cost analysis methods, the system reduced costs by 29.2 and 27.7%, respectively, compared with conventional fossil fuel boilers. Thus, hybrid system 1 was identified as the most economical system.

Framework of the Smart Finance and Accounting Management Model under the Artificial Intelligence Perspective

With the establishment of modern enterprise systems and the emergence of some large-scale enterprise groups formed through asset reorganization, industry alliances, and cross-industry mergers, new requirements have been put forward for the financial management mode of enterprise groups. This article mainly studies the development of the smart accounting management model architecture under the artificial intelligence perspective. On the accounting sharing service platform, the accounting sharing center does not belong to the logistics branch of any region. Through the accounting sharing center, it provides unified and standardized accounting, asset management, currency revenue and expenditure, etc., for the branches of the logistics company. At the same time, in the network environment, the financial and accounting sharing platform is not unilaterally closed. As each branch under unified management, it has the power to feedback, suggest, and supervise the financial and accounting sharing platform. When testing, one only needs to focus on the external properties of the program, without considering the internal logical structure and internal characteristics of the program at all. The system under test is regarded as a sealed black box, and the boundary value analysis method, the equivalence class division method, and causality are used. Technical methods such as the graph method and error speculation method are tested at the system interface to detect whether the function of each test can receive and output the results correctly. The implementation of the accounting management model of accounting shared services must ensure that the evaluation results of related work are objective and accurate. It is necessary to ensure that the evaluation index system has a high degree of quantification. In the specific scoring, the full score system can be used to score points by experts to ensure the objectivity of the evaluation results and accuracy while improving the operability and enforceability of the evaluation work. The average value of the operating net profit margin is 0.088731, and the median value is 0.082263. The results show that artificial intelligence technology has greatly promoted the development of the smart accounting management model architecture.