Ultrasonic Extraction Method Research Articles

Pharmaceuticals, Pesticides, and PFAS: Quantifying Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Plastics and Fish Tissues Using Solvent Extraction and LC-MS/MS.

The rise of plastic pollution in marine environments has been heavily documented, with particular focus on the physical impacts the plastics can have on biota. But, plastics also sorb a range of hydrophobic chemical pollutants, acting as vectors for the transportation of these compounds throughout marine environments. Therefore, an analytical method that can target both marine biota and plastic matrices will be key to advance our understanding of the link between chemicals in the environment, plastic pollution, and effects on biota. Here, an efficient method for the detection and quantification of a broad suite of compounds in marine samples was developed. Five extraction methods were trialed for the analysis of 21 pesticides, PFAS, and pharmaceuticals in biota and plastics. This included three ultrasonic extraction methods and two QuEChERS methods. Ultrasonic extraction in acetonitrile with a microcentrifuge step then concentration by Bond Elut Carbon SPE resulted in best recovery across most compounds. Of the 21 compounds trialed, 16 were efficiently quantified. Method limits of quantification and detection were between 0.02 and 4.81ppb (mLODs) and between 0.06 and 14.60ppb (mLOQs). This method is widely applicable to a range of marine environments and supports routine evaluations of environmental safety and monitoring protocols.

УДАЛЕНИЕ СЛОМАННЫХ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ ИЗ КОРНЕВЫХ КАНАЛОВ: АНАЛИЗ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОГО МЕТОДА И ЕЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ

The goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of methods for extracting broken files from root canals and their impact on tooth strength. Materials and methods. The study used 25 chlorhexidine-treated double-rooted maxillary premolars. Samples were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent complex procedures for extracting damaged instruments with various localizations, the results of which were analyzed using statistical methods. Results. In the experimental group, 80% of broken instruments were successfully extracted, especially effectively in the middle part of the root. Although the control group required slightly more effort to break down the root, no significant differences in strength were noted between the groups. Conclusions. The ultrasonic extraction method is effective for removing broken instruments, minimally affecting tooth strength. Careful planning of procedures, taking into account the configuration of the channels, significantly increases the chances of successful deletion.

Innovative CO2-NBs-assisted ultrasonication for the phytochemical extraction of peanut (Arachis hypoga) shells: Synthesis and characterization of CO2-nanobubbles.

This study was designed to obtain the maximum extraction yield of peanut shell (PS) polyphenols using a novel carbon dioxide nanobubbles (CO2-NBs) assisted ultrasonic extraction method. CO2-NBs were generated in distilled water with a self-developed high-pressure nano-jet homogenization method and characterized by size, zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The obtained nanobubble's mean size and zeta potential were 229.96±17.44nm and -15.9±1.27mV, respectively. Later, these CO2-NBs, combined with ultrasonic method, were used for the extraction of polyphenols, achieving the highest polyphenol content (3619.21±113.07 µg GAE/mL) as compared to ultrasonic extraction (2914.69±145.45µg GAE/mL) and conventional extraction (2340.11±80.02µg GAE/mL). Response surface methodology (RSM) provided optimization parameters, including ultrasonic power of 358.76W, surfactant concentration of 4.54%, and extraction time of 41.41min. HPLC analysis identified distinct peaks corresponding to polyphenolic compounds such as gallo-catechin, catechin gallate, resveratrol, and luteolin, confirming their presence and concentrations in the peanut shell extract (PSE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant structural disruption and increased porosity in peanut shell powder, supporting the enhanced extraction of polyphenols through CO2-NBs-assisted ultrasonic extraction process. This research establishes theoretical and practical foundation for generation of CO2-NBs and CO2-NBs ultrasonic extraction technology to efficiently extract polyphenols from waste PS, thereby enhancing the extraction efficiency of valuable compounds for use in functional food products and promoting sustainable practices in food industry.

OPTIMIZING THE EXTRACTION METHOD OF TANNINS FROM ALHAGI KIRGISORUM SCHRENK AND THEIR BIOACTIVITY

Plants are a raw material source for obtaining various biologically active complexes, and their isolation can be used to obtain new drugs with diverse biological activities. As sources of biologically active substances, plants of the genus Alhagi, the species Alhagi Kirgisorum Schrenk (zhantak – Kyrgyz camel thorn), are of great interest. Alhagi Kirgisorum Schrenk, which was collected during the flowering period in the Shelek district, Almaty region, in 2023, is an aboveground part of the plant species. Analysis of biologically active substances in plant raw materials, consideration of effective technological parameters for extracting biologically active complexes from plants using ultrasonic extraction, and study of the pharmacological activity of the obtained medicinal preparations are important issues. In order to isolate the complex of tannins from plant raw materials: 50% ethanol solvent and ultrasonic extraction and maceration methods, a ratio of raw materials: extractant – 1:8 was proposed. The composition of this plant is very rich in secondary metabolites, including tannin substances, and it is known that their share is 4,92%. The complex obtained by using two different methods: maceration and ultrasonic extraction was subjected to component analysis, and it was found that the extract obtained by ultrasonic extraction contained more tannin substances. The anticholinesterase biological activity of the complex showed 48,20±4,39% against AChE, 4,21±0,39% against BChE, antidiabetics by the α-Amylase inhibitory activity against was 2807,63±0,10, α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was 183,51±0,80. Also, against oxidation process: ABTS+ assay 12,52±2,16 (6,25-50 µg/mL), DPPH assay 15,70±0,46 (3,125-25 µg/mL), CUPRAC 20,82±0,02 (6,25-50 µg/mL) and according to β- carotene/linoleic acid analysis showed 38,73±0,75 (3,125-25 µg/mL) activity.

Study of Antioxidative and Antibacterial Activity of Extracts of Plant Species Lysimachia vulgaris L. and Lythrum salicaria L.

Two highly invasive plant species, Lysimachia vulgaris and Lythrum salicaria are well-known for its anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, and antidiaroic activity. These plants are most widespread on the territory of Euroasia, where their traditional medicinal use has been reported. Due to their invasiveness, they are undesirable plants in other parts of the world. Till this day, many studies were conducted regarding the biological and pharmacological activity of L. salicaria. In this study, the polyphenol content of plant extracts was examined using the Folin-Ciocalteou method. Antioxidant activity of selected plant species was also determined, using DPPH and FRAP methods. Extracts of different polarities were prepared using methanol, water, and acetone. Extraction was performed by maceration and ultrasonic extraction. The results of the study show that both plant species possess antioxidant activity. Lythrum salicaria extracts show a significant polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity, with results notably higher than the results of studies conducted so far. The different antioxidant activity of the prepared extracts confirms the influence of solvents and extraction methods on the utilization of the antioxidant potential of plants. Additionally, for the aqueous extracts prepared by ultrasonic extraction method, an in vitro study of antibacterial activity was conducted. Both plant species show antibacterial activity, with an emphasis on the very strong antibacterial activity of L. salicaria extracts against selected bacterial strains.

Research on the Extraction Conditions of Naringin, Antioxidant, Antibacterial Properties From Duong La Cam Pomelo Peel, Vietnam

Objective Naringin was known to be a flavonoid compound with many biological activities and was present in pomelo peel. Duong La Cam pomelo was a speciality grapefruit in Tan Trieu commune, Vinh Cuu district, Dong Nai province. This study evaluated Duong La Cam pomelo extract's naringin content and antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Method Duong La Cam pomelo extract was extracted by ultrasonic method. Naringin content was determined based on the naringin standard curve. Biological activities were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, Agar disk-diffusion method and The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results The research results of enriching the Naringin component in the Duong La Cam Pomelo extract were recorded with a content of 114 mg/gDW. Duong La Cam Pomelo extract was extracted by ultrasonic method with solvent and raw material ratio 1 g/10 mL, time 60 min, temperature 70 °C and using 80% Ethanol solvent. The results showed antioxidant capacity with IC50 values of 0.127 mg/mL (ABTS); 14 511 mg/mL (DPPH). Besides, the antibacterial ability of the sample was also recorded at the minimum inhibitory concentration of Escherichia coli of 2.5 mg/mL and Staphylococcus aureus of 5 mg/mL. Conclusions The study showed that the ultrasonic extraction method saves time but still ensures high naringin content and good activity in extraction. It can be seen that naringin extract from Duong La Cam grapefruit has great potential for application in the medical field.

Antioxidant Activity and Tyrosinase of Brown Seaweed Extract Using Ultrasonic and Magnetic Stirrer Extraction Methods

Antioxidant Activity and Tyrosinase of Brown Seaweed Extract Using Ultrasonic and Magnetic Stirrer Extraction Methods

Flavonoids from Ougan (Citrus suavissima Hort. ex Tanaka) peel exert hypoglycemic potency through inhibiting insulin resistance in HepG2 cells and regulating gut microbiota in diabetic mice

To fully and value-addedly utilize the citrus peel resource, flavonoids were extracted and purified from peel powder of Ougan (Citrus suavissima Hort. ex Tanaka) using an ultrasonic assisted ethanol solution extraction method and AB-8 macroporous resin purification. The obtained flavonoid extract from peel of Ougan (FEPO) was used for the hypoglycemic experiments in vitro and in vivo on glucose consumption in insulin resistance model HepG2 cells and streptozotocin induced diabetes model mice. A significant reduction of glucose consumption in the model cells while a significant increase in the treated were found in a dose-dependent manner, compared to 5.2241 ± 0.2201 mmol/L of the normal cells (P < 0.05). When the FEPO concentration was 80 μg/mL, the cell glucose consumption was 4.4055 ± 0.1772 mmol/L. Compared with those in the model group (diabetic mice), the fasting blood glucose in the FEPO intervened mice was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). FEPO intervention caused decreased levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and increased HDL-C and insulin contents in the serums as well as ameliorative histopathology of the liver, kidney, and pancreas in diabetic mice. FEPO improved the gut microbiota structure of diabetic mouse by regulating its composition, especially significantly increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Ileibacterium, unclassified_f_Lachnospiracea, Romboutsia, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Faecalibaculum and Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002 (P < 0.05), while decreasing that of norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Candidatus_Saccharimonas. In conclusion, FEPO had good hypoglycemic efficacies both in vitro and in vivo as well as gut microbiota regulating effect.

Identification and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Vaccinium uliginosum L. and Its Lipid-Lowering Activity In Vitro.

Vaccinium uliginosum L. (VU), rich in polyphenols, is an important wild berry resource primarily distributed in extremely cold regions. However, the detailed composition of Vaccinium uliginosum L. polyphenols (VUPs) has not been reported, which limits the development and utilization of VU. In this study, VU-free polyphenols (VUFPs) and VU-bound polyphenols (VUBPs) were, respectively, extracted using an ultrasonic, complex enzyme and alkali extraction method; the compositions were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and lipid-lowering activity in vitro was evaluated. The results showed that 885 polyphenols and 47 anthocyanins were detected in the VUFPs and VUBPs, and 30 anthocyanin monomers were firstly detected in VU. Compared with the model group, the accumulation of lipid droplets and the total cholesterol and triglyceride contents in the high-concentration VUP group reduced by 36.95%, 65.82%, and 62.43%, respectively, and liver damage was also alleviated. It was also found that VUP can regulate the level of Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1, a new target for lipid lowering. In summary, this study provides a detailed report on VUP for the first time, confirming that VUP has lipid-lowering potential in vitro. These findings suggest new strategies and theoretical support for the development and utilization of VU, especially in the field of functional foods.

Comparison and Optimization of Three Extraction Methods for Epimedium polysaccharides

Epimedium is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Epimedium polysaccharides have a variety of physiological properties. This study compared three different processes for the extraction of polysaccharides from Epimedium spp., including ultrasonic, aqueous enzymatic, and microwave extraction, to optimize the extraction conditions and determine the optimal extraction method. The optimal parameters for each method were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal process for ultrasonic extraction was an ultrasonic power of 250 W, an extraction time of 60 min, a temperature of 50 °C, and a solid–liquid ratio of 1:35. The optimal conditions for the aqueous enzymatic method were a papain concentration of 70 U/mL, extraction time of 70 min, a temperature of 50 °C, and a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:30, while those for microwave extraction were a microwave power of 650 W, an extraction time of 50 min, a temperature of 40 °C, and a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:25. The polysaccharide yields were 4.85%, 4.72%, and 3.98% for the three methods, respectively, indicating that ultrasonic extraction resulted in the highest yield of polysaccharides from Epimedium brevicornum. After purification with DEAE-cellulose, the polysaccharide yields were 4.13%, 3.67%, and 3.12%, respectively. A comprehensive comparison demonstrated the superiority of the ultrasonic extraction method in terms of both extraction yield and purification efficiency. Characterization of the extracted Epimedium polysaccharides showed the presence of five monosaccharides, i.e., glucose, galactose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and rhamnose, and a number average molecular weight Mn of 1.65 × 105 Da and weight average molecular weight Mw of 6.61 × 105 Da. These results provide a scientific basis for the in-depth study and application of Epimedium polysaccharides.

Unlocking the Antioxidant Potential of Calendula Officinalis: A Comparative Study of Extraction Methods

Calendula officinalis which is also known as marigold is a species of plant in the daisy family that has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, and antitumor properties. In this study we tried to analyze the antioxidant activity of calendula officinalis flowers extract. Three different extraction methods that are soxhlet, maceration, and ultrasonic procedures are applied to the calendula officinalis flowers and antioxidant activities for each extract is analyzed and compared. Methods: In this study, soxhlet, maceration and ultrasonic extraction methods and ethanol solvent are used to obtain calendula officinalis extracts. The antioxidant activity of the extracts with different concentration are investigated under DPPH solution. Results: DPPH radical scavenging activity for the extract obtained using soxhlet procedure is higher than the other two procedures that are maceration and ultrasonic. With increasing calendula officinalis extract concentration, it is observed that the antioxidant activity is also increased as expected. Conclusions: In conclusion, calendula officinalis flowers perform very high antioxidant property and the soxhlet method can be considered as the best method for the extraction. Further researches for the application of the extract can be studied.

OPTIMISATION METHOD FOR OBTAINING A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES FROM THE PLANT PETROSIMONIA BRACHIATA

Kazakhstan is rich in medicinal plants, so it needs to be studied. Ten species of the Petrosimonia belonging to the Chenopodiaceae family are growing in Kazakhstan. These plants have been adapted to harsh climatic conditions in the country’s salty, saline, and desert areas. Petrosimonia plants are a new species that has not been fully studied. Chinese scientists studied Petrosimonia sibirica species and found that the plant contains alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids and has antibacterial activity (Wen, 2015; Ying, 2016). The qualitative and quantitative compositions of biologically active substances in P. sibirica, P. Glaucescens, P. triandra, and P. brachiata growing in Kazakhstan were studied. To prepare phytopreparations from P. Sibirica, P. Glaucescens and P. triandra plants were extracted using the classical maceration method, and individual representatives of biologically active compounds were isolated (Toktarbek, 2021; Seitimova, 2022). In this study, a phytochemical study of P. brachiata was conducted. The method for obtaining biologically active complexes with high efficiency was optimised by using supercritical fluid and ultrasonic extraction methods. These methods have a short extraction time, can be carried out at room temperature, are cost effective, and are a modern green chemical approach. Using supercritical fluid CO2 extraction (180 bar, 2 hours), the plant was purified from lipophilic substances. Further, a biologically active complex was obtained by pouring 70% ethanol-water solvent into the plant raw material and performing ultrasound extraction. The obtained complex was analysed by thin-layer chromatography using different organic solvent systems. Based on our analysis, steroids, terpenes, phenolic acids, and flavonoid glycosides were found in the extract. Hexane and ethyl acetate fractions were obtained as a result of liquid-liquid extraction of the extract using organic solvents. Stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, isovanillic acid, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside were isolated by washing the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions in a silica gel column with an organic solvent system. The isolated compounds will be tested for biological activity.

Investigating Variables of Time, Extraction Solvent Composition and Ratio of Solvent-to-plant on Antioxidant and Antibacterial Characteristics of Striata Plants and Olive Leaves Using Microwave and Ultrasonic Extraction Methods

Investigating Variables of Time, Extraction Solvent Composition and Ratio of Solvent-to-plant on Antioxidant and Antibacterial Characteristics of Striata Plants and Olive Leaves Using Microwave and Ultrasonic Extraction Methods

Development Anti-Acne Emulgel containing White Tea Extract and Pomegranate Seed Oil

Acne is an inflammatory condition in the pilosebaceous glands due to many factors, including colonization of Propionibacterium acnes. White tea and pomegranate seed oil (PSO) contain many phytochemical constituents with antibacterial properties. This study aims to develop emulgel preparations containing white tea extract and PSO with good physical characteristics and stability. The study was also conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of extracts and emulgel preparation against the acne-causing bacteria P. acnes. White tea was extracted using 70% ethanol by ultrasonic extraction method. Antibacterial activity tests were conducted using agar well diffusion. Emulgels were prepared using PSO as the oil phase, stearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA) as the emulsifier agent, and viscolam mac 10 as a gelling agent. The emulgels were evaluated by organoleptic, pH, viscosity, spreadability, centrifugation, and freeze-thaw tests. The white tea extract has potent antibacterial activity against P. acnes with a MIC value of 0.05%. The extract at 1% and 2% concentrations has been successfully developed into an emulgel system with good physical characteristics based on organoleptic, pH, viscosity, and spreadability tests. The emulgel was stable base on the centrifugation and freeze-thaw tests. Emulgel containing 2% white tea extract has optimum antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 12.80 ± 0.20 mm, The white tea emulgel has potent antibacterial activity and can be further developed as anti-acne product

Alkaline electrolyzed water-assisted ultrasonic extraction of lutein from daylily (Hemerocallis spp.): Structural preservation and activity evaluation

During lutein extraction, isomerization from all-trans to cis form reduced stability and antioxidant capacity. Alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW), with its reduced-state and small molecular clusters, effectively extracted bioactive substances and inhibited oxidation. Thus, an AEW-assisted ultrasonic extraction method was used to extract lutein from daylily. Compared to ultrasonic extraction alone, AEW treatment increased the lutein yield by 60 %. Structural analysis confirmed the preservation of all-trans lutein by AEW. Assess AEW extraction's impact on lutein's bioactivity by examining its protection against blue light cell damage. The results showed that that lutein extracted using AEW exhibited enhanced antioxidant capacity, significantly boosting the viability of ARPE-19 cells and the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes, thereby mitigating oxidative stress damage to the retina caused by blue light exposure. This study provided an effective method for efficiently extracting bioactive substances and preventing the impact of the extraction process on their structure and function.

Sustainable ultrasonic extraction of antibacterial Basella alba fruit dye for cotton, silk, and leather

Alternative to synthetic dyes containing harmful compounds, dyes derived from natural sources are gaining popularity due to their safer and eco-friendly nature. This study focuses on extracting red dye from Basella alba fruit and optimising the extraction methods, including ultrasonic bath, ultrasonic probe, and direct heating. The extracted dye was then used for dyeing cotton, silk, and leather without needing a mordant. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of the extracted red dye were evaluated against skin bacteria. The UV–Visible spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the maximum red colour in the methanol extract (λmax 270 and λmax 542 nm) was achieved at 60 °C for 30 min using the ultrasonic water bath extraction method, followed by the ultrasonic probe and direct heating methods. The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of flavonoids, betacyanin, and gomphrenin-I in the extracted dye. The ultrasonic dyeing process at 50 °C yielded a K/s value 6.3 for the dyed cotton, silk, and leather without using a mordant. Additionally, the fatness test indicated a high grade of 0.5–1.5 for the ultrasonic dyeing method compared to other dyeing techniques. The extracted dye exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all Pseudomonas sp. after extraction in methanol, with the highest inhibition observed against Pseudomonas sp. with a MIC of 1.56 mg/ml.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FLAVONOIDS IN EXTRACT FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS OF CAMEL TONE (ALHAGE PSEUDALHAGI)

This review analyzes the qualitative and quantitative content of biologically active substances in the raw material of camel thorn (Alhage pseudalhagi). During the study, the extract from the plant material Alhage pseudalhagi was obtained with the help of ultrasound. The method of determining the amount of flavonoids, antioxidants and other important biologically active compounds in plant raw materials with biological properties is considered. It has been established that the ultrasonic extraction method allows obtaining a large amount of flavonoids and extractive substances. The technology of ultrasonic extraction is developed and the obtained extract is identified by the method of high performance liquid chromatography. The obtained results give information about the high possibilities of ultrasonic processing to increase the output of biologically active compounds from raw materials.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of withanolides from Tubocapsicum anomalum: Process optimization, isolation and identification, and antiproliferative activity

Tubocapsicum anomalum, a Chinese medicinal plant rich in anti-tumor withanolides, requires efficient extraction methods. In this paper, an HPLC method was first established for the detection of withanolides, and gradient elution was carried out using a methanol–water solvent system. It was found that the content of withanolides was the highest in the leaves of T. anomalum, followed by the stems and fruits, and almost none in the roots. During the actual picking process, the quantity of leaves collected was relatively small, while the number of stems was the highest. Therefore, the Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of withanolides from the stems of T. anomalum. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: the liquid–solid ratio was 20:1, the extraction solvent was 70 % ethanol, the ultrasonic power was 250 W, the ultrasonic time was 40 min, and the ultrasonic temperature was 50 °C. Under these conditions, the average yields of tubocapsenolide A (Te-A) and tubocapsanolide A (Ta-A) can reach 2.87 ± 0.12 mg/g and 1.18 ± 0.05 mg/g, respectively. We further compared extraction rates of two withanolides from different parts of T. anomalum using ultrasonic and traditional extraction methods. Ultrasonic extraction significantly increased rates, with the highest yields from leaves, followed by stems and fruits. The results show that ultrasonic optimization can improve extraction rate, reduce time, lower costs, enhance quality, and increase yield. Therefore, the optimized ultrasonic-assisted extraction process was adopted to extract the aerial parts of T. anomalum and separate the components. After optimization, the extract underwent several chromatographic separations to isolate eight previously undescribed withanolides (1–8) and two artificial withanolides (9–10), in addition to fifteen known compounds (11–25). Their structures were established through extensive spectroscopic data analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative effects against multiple cancer cell lines, including human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2, Hep3B, and MHCC97-H), human lung cancer cells (A549), human fibro-sarcoma cancer cells (HT1080), human chronic myeloid leukemia cells (K562), and human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7). Compounds 1–3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15–16, and 22 displayed significant activity with IC50 values of 5.14–19.87 μM. The above results indicate that ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology can be used to obtain new withanolides more efficiently from T. anomalum, thereby enhancing the utilization rate of T. anomalum resources.

An Extraction Process Based on the Collaborative Extraction of Coptis chinensis Franch. Phytoconstituents Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent and an Organic Solvent

A low-cost method for the simultaneous extraction of alkaloids and water-insoluble flavonoids and esters from Coptis chinensis Franch. (Abbrev. C. chinensis) was explored to provide a reference for the production of green plant-based preparations and traditional Chinese medicine formula granules. A combined extraction method with the deep eutectic solvents (DESs) of choline chloride and urea (molar mass ratio of 1:2) and organic solvent ethanol was used, supplemented by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ultrasonic power: 150 W; ultrasonic temperature: 60 °C; treatment time: 15 min). The extraction efficiency of the 50% DES (choline chloride and urea) aqueous solution for berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, and magnoflorine was found to be the highest and was superior to traditional ultrasonic extraction and water bath reflux extraction methods. Furthermore, the flavonoids and esters from C. chinensis residue were extracted using ethanol. The results from high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry indicated a high extraction efficiency overall.

Green ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues by response surface methodology

Flammulina velutipes residues, the by-products of Flammulina velutipes industry, cause environmental pollution. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues by an ultrasonic assisted snailase enzymatic extraction (UAEE) method, following the principles of green chemistry, mainly solvent and energy saving. The optimized parameters obtained by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were determined as follows: ultrasonic power at 150 W, extraction time of 90 min, and extraction temperature of 55 °C. The experimental extraction yield (109.54 ± 5.44 mg/g) was closely matched the predicted yield (110.92 mg/g). Polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues (UE-FVRP) had the molecular weight of 170 kDa and a composition comprising 8 monosaccharides, primarily xylose (Xyl, 24.71%), mannose (Man, 17.29%), arabinose (Ara, 11.48%), and galactose (Gal, 15.63%). FT-IR analysis suggested that UE-FVRP likely contained pyranose with α-glycoside bonds. In vitro antioxidant activity assays revealed that UE-FVRP displayed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing ability. Additionally, UE-FVRP demonstrated the ability to promote the growth of two Lactobacillus strains, indicating its potential as a novel polysaccharide with high in vitro prebiotic properties. Therefore, these findings proposed a novel, green, and efficient extraction method for extracting polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues, highlighting the potential of utilizing Flammulina velutipes residues as a valuable ingredient in both food and feed applications, contributing to the sustainable reuse of agricultural by-products.