Solid Waste Management Methods Research Articles

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH AMPAS TAHU DESA NGASINAN ETAN, GEBANG, MASARAN, SRAGEN

Ngasinan Etan Village is one of the villages located in Gebang Village. The livelihood as a small businessman from this village is very possible because of the very strategic location close to the Gebang traditional market and the traditional Pucuk padar. The increase in tofu production in Gebang village has positive and negative impacts, the positive impact is that it has increasingly increased the MSMEs of Gebang village and can improve the welfare of the community. The negative impact is the amount of tofu waste that is released, causing unpleasant odors. The main problem asked by these entrepreneurs is the accumulation of dense waste that often affects the environment which causes air pollution as it is delicious. With the consideration of the community specifically tofu entrepreneurs, and with the thought of solutions based on existing theories and research results, the first priority that needs to be done is to improve the management of solid waste management in tofu. Improvements to the tofu mill's solid waste management methods, by providing an understanding of how to manage tofu's basic waste into food products. Utilization of tofu waste can be done by drying and made with a variety of processed products that can be consumed by the community, for example, processed into tempe gembus, beef food, fish feed sources, nata de soya production, tofu waste as organic fertilizer, tofu waste, tofu waste to poultry feed and tofu pulp into processed crackers.Tofu, Gebang, Masaran, Sragen waste

Industrial waste management using the rapid impact assessment matrix method for an industrial park

Due to the growth of population and industrialization, a great number of problems associated with producing industrial wastes have been created for both the environment and human beings. The industrial waste management in Brujen industrial park, located in the western part of Iran, has been investigated in this study using the environmental rapid impact assessment matrix technique. For this purpose, the effective activities and components were classified. The determination of the best scenarios with the least impact on the environment was performed by developing the scenarios for possible industrial waste disposal and making calculations by the rapid impact assessment matrix method. The components of the environment were first classified into physical/chemical, economic/operational, biological/ecological, and social/cultural items. Afterward, with respect to the criteria of the rapid impact assessment matrix method, the importance of environmental impacts was determined by standard scoring of the developed scenarios. Ultimately, the environmental score of each component for the scenarios was calculated using the rapid impact assessment matrix method, and the best scenario with the least environmental impacts was selected through a quantitative comparison. According to the results, scenario 3 (pyrolysis) and scenario 1 (recycling) were found to have the most negative impact and the most positive impact on the environment. Scenario 4 (incineration), with its severe air pollution, obtained a high negative score and was excluded from the options. As a result, two systems of recycling (scenario 1) and the sanitary landfill (scenario 2) were identified as complementary to each other and were selected as a solid waste management method.

Market town household solid waste management: a case study of Embu, Kenya

Household solid waste management directly impacts human health and the environment. Globally, increasing quantities and complexity of household solid waste has become a menace in many market towns. The aim of this study was to establish the status of household solid waste management in the market town of Embu in Kenya. The objectives were to identify the methods used by households to manage solid waste and to establish the factors that influenced the households’ choice of solid waste management method. A survey design was deployed and questionnaires were used in data collection. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. 37% of the households discarded their solid waste in open places, 32% burnt and 24% recycled it. About 8% households reused the solid waste. Employment, education and access to waste collection services were the major factors influencing household solid waste management strategy. Sustainability of household solid waste management depended on awareness on health and environmental benefits of improved household solid waste management, reduction in household solid waste generation and establishment of a household solid waste management policy for Embu market Town. It was concluded that the current practices for household solid waste management are inadequate. High level of unemployment and low education level hinder proper household solid waste management. Awareness on the health and environmental benefits and policy could improve household waste management in the market town. Keywords: Recycling, Solid waste, Environmental impact, Sustainability

Analysis of Urban Solid Waste Management System of Bangladesh and Germany Waste Management System

Bangladesh is a low-lying riverine country. Unplanned growth of urban population causes audacious generation of solid wastes and strives immense pressure on existing services and environment. At present days, urban solid waste management is considered as most immediate and demanding environmental problems vexing Municipal authorities or urban governments in developing Asian countries like Bangladesh. Cities are now clashing with the serious problems of high amount of waste. The traditional concepts and inferior technologies of collecting waste are becoming incomplete as well as incompetent resulting more than half of the engendered solid wastes remain uncollected, disposed of regionally, forging the environmental view of cities quite murky and disheartening for the future. In waste management system, Germany is a role model for the world and the New German Closed-Cycle management is aiming to curve the waste management into resource management. The main intent of this research study is to categories in the solid wastes, discussing the issues of waste generation, a popular method for solid waste management, gasification schematic and waste-management model for Bangladesh. This study also explains Germany Closed-Cycle Management Act as well as waste treatment facilities, recovery, and disposal rate in Germany. Germany keeps very high-quality to preserve soil, air and water from the emissions integrated with waste storage and treatment.

Динаміка поширеності методів поводження з твердими побутовими відходами в ЄС

Determining regression dependencies that describe the dynamics of the prevalence of methods for handling municipal solid waste is an urgent scientific and technical task, as one of the components for solving the problem of creating a scientific and technical basis for designing highly efficient working bodies of machines for cleaning and primary processing of municipal solid waste. The purpose of the study is to determine the regression dependencies that describe the dynamics of the prevalence of methods for handling municipal solid waste. Among the main methods of handling municipal solid waste, the following were considered: landfill, incineration, recycling, and composting. During the study, the method of regression analysis of the results of one-factor experiments and other paired dependencies was used with the choice of the best type of function from the 16 most common options according to the criterion of the maximum correlation coefficient. The regression was performed on the basis of linearizing transformations that allow reducing the nonlinear dependence to a linear one. The coefficients of the regression equations were determined using the least squares method using the developed computer program "Reganaliz", which is protected by a certificate of registration of the copyright to the work. Adequate regression dependencies were obtained that describe the dynamics of General methods of handling municipal solid waste and allow predicting the prevalence of such methods of waste management as landfill, incineration, recycling, and composting. Graphical dependencies describing the dynamics of the prevalence of municipal solid waste management methods are constructed and allow us to clearly illustrate this dynamics and show sufficient convergence of theoretical and actual results. It was found that the prevalence of disposal of municipal solid waste decreases linearly, incineration-increases hyperbolically, processing and composting-increases linearly. At the same time, the prevalence of municipal solid waste incineration increases most intensively. It is predicted that the prevalence of solid waste management methods will increase in the EU in 2021: landfill ― 14,15 %, incineration ― 40,32 %, recycling ― 34,19 %, composting ― 19,74 %.

Viability of ‘Dilute and Attenuate’ Landfill as a Final Disposal Method for Solid Waste in Nigeria

The predominant disposal method of solid waste management in the world is landfilling while that of Nigeria remains open dumping and open burning. The aim of this study is to evaluate the viability of ‘Dilute and Attenuate’ landfill as a final disposal method for solid waste in Nigeria. A ‘dilute and attenuate’ landfill was evaluated by assessing groundwater and landfill gas. Water samples for laboratory tests were collected upstream and downstream of the landfill site. Laboratory tests are pH, Conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), volatile suspended solids, ammonia and heavy metals. The landfill gas was assessed onsite from seven (7) gas sampling points across the landfill site using an infrared gas analyser. The presence of methane and carbon dioxide at all the gas sampling points except Cell D shows that the landfill has not reached full stabilization and therefore, has a mild potential to contaminate the surrounding. There is no significant difference between the values of pH, conductivity, COD, BOD and Ammonia of groundwater in the wells upstream and downstream of the landfill site the values generally within acceptable limits for potable water. Keywords: ‘Dilute and Attenuate’ Landfill, Nigeria, final disposal, solid waste, contained landfill DOI : 10.7176/CER/11-10-07 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Aerobic Municipal Solid Waste Compost Quality According to Different Layers of Composting Bioreactor

Composting is one of the methods of solid waste management (SWM) where the organic component of solid waste stream is biologically decomposed under controlled conditions. A bioreactor tank was designed to contain 59.2 kg of mixed organic municipal solid waste, the organic matter was degraded under aerobic condition for 30 days. The tank was 45 cm in diameter, 130 cm total height and a 0.2 cm wall thickness. Three circular openings with screwed cover having diameter of 12 cm were leveled at (20, 40 and 80) cm respectively to withdraw samples. Temperature, moisture and pH were measured for three layers as process guideline indicators. Maximum temperature ranged between (34.79 to 46.91) ºC. Initial pH value was 6.53, ended within a range of (7.4 to 7.44). Chemical analysis for the composts in the three levels proved that the final C/N ratio ranged between (13.8 to16.1), TOC ended within a range of (17.33% to 25.24 %), final nitrification index (N-NH4/N-NO3) ranged between (0.22 to0.31), final of P% ranged between (0.89% to 1.23%), final of K% ranged between (1.69% to 1.81%) and results of germination index (GI %) ranged between (76.54%, to 88.35%) for three layers respectively. At the close of the experiment results proved that aerobic in-vessel composting could reduce the large amounts of wastes by 40% as a total mass. A satisfactory degree of decomposition was apparent in all levels, and the material was characterized by a pleasant earthy odor, and the obtained compost can be classified as mature compost. In conclusion, the three different layers do not have much effect on the quality indices of the final product.

Selection the Best Technique for Solid Waste Management at Misurata City, Libya

The paper presents a proposal for selecting the appropriate waste treatment method for Misurata, reviewing key criteria for such a decision. Many countries use modern methods of solid waste treatment, which can be transformed from the source of pollution into an economic commodity. Libya continues to suffer from solid waste management processes in terms of aggregation, transport or treatment. This paper deals with an approach in the field of solid waste treatment in terms of the nature of these wastes and their methods of management. It also addresses environmental problems related to the subject of solid waste using different treatment methods. It also reviews some studies on this subject. The study concluded that the environmental standard criteria are the most important when making the decision, followed by the technical criteria. At the level of the proposed technique, the study showed that the anaerobic digestion technique is the most appropriate. For the purpose of selecting the best method for solid waste management, the swing weighting method was developed using Ms-Excel.

A multi-objective optimization model for municipal waste management system in Tehran city, Iran

This paper describes an application of a multi-objective optimization algorithm (i.e., the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II [NSGA-II]) and a fuzzy expert system (FES) to allocate municipal waste capacities to recycling, aerobic composting, incinerator, and landfill facilities with these objectives: (1) minimization of the economic cost; and (2) minimization of the environmental cost of the municipal solid waste management system. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II is used to find multi-objective solutions, and a FES is employed for the environmental cost evaluation. Tehran, the capital of Iran, is selected as the case study. In the proposed model, the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the municipal solid waste management issue are taken into account so that the economic and environmental objectives that typically arise in cities in this regard can be considered. To achieve economic and environmental cost objectives, five scenarios with different economic and environmental costs and four solid waste management methods (recycling, aerobic composting, incinerator, and landfill) are employed. The results show that while hybrid methods for municipal waste management can be used, recycling and aerobic composting are the principal methods—that is, the scenarios that utilized higher percentages of these methods resulted in the lowest economic and environmental costs. Additionally, the results of model validation using predicted and real data from the different scenarios demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed model.

Bulk synthesis of graphene nanosheets from plastic waste: An invincible method of solid waste management for better tomorrow

Waste plastic management and converting it into value added products is one of the greatest challenges before the scientific community. The present work reports a cost effective, environment friendly and mass production capable method for upcycling of solid plastic waste into value added product (graphene). A two step pyrolysis processes i.e. firstly at 400 °C in presence of nanoclay followed by at 750 °C under nitrogen atmosphere was performed to obtain a black charged residue. Raman spectroscopy was performed on the obtained residue, where the observed D and G bands at 1342 cm−1 and 1594 cm−1, respectively, confirm the synthesis of graphene nano sheets. In addition, a broad 2D band at 2790 cm−1 confirm the presence of few layer graphene nano sheets. The obtained graphene nanosheets were also confirmed through the computational data by Gaussian09, where the peaks at 1379 cm−1 and 1596 cm−1 for D and G band, respectively, make a good agreement with experimental data. TEM, FT-IR and EDX spectroscopy were also performed to confirm the synthesis of graphene nanosheets including the functional group identification and quantitative analysis for elements, respectively.

Ending composting during the thermophilic phase improves cultivation substrate properties and increasing winter cucumber yield

In the world, 10 billion tons of solid wastes were produced each year. Composting is a better method for solid waste management. Vegetable production now tends to be soilless cultivation. However, completed compost is not suitable for vegetable cultivation. So we studied bagasse (BS), corncobs (CC) and sawdust (SD) as composting materials and investigated stopping in the thermophilic phase for different durations (35, 45, and 65 days). Subsequently, cucumbers were transplanted into nine composted samples mixed with vermiculite at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). The results obtained during the composting of the three composts (BS, CC and SD) showed that composting for 35 and 45 days increased the root temperature by 1.0–2.2 °C during January and February compared to the effects of composting for 65 days. In addition, microbial community numbers were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by composting for 35 and 45 days compared to those observed when composting for 65 days. Additionally, composting for 35 and 45 days resulted in the highest net leaf photosynthesis rate, total dry matter and cucumber yield among all treatments. Bacterial community numbers, net photosynthesis rate and physico-chemical parameters (bulk density, water-holding porosity, pH, total K (TK) and TOC) had a positive correlation with yield. Therefore, composting for 35 days creates a suitable substrate for cucumber production and facilitates the use of agricultural waste to achieve significant ecological and economic benefits.

The Discovery of Physical Properties of Food Waste in Composting Process

Composting as a method of solid waste management should be given attention. It gives means of producing a valuable end product, by treating of organic wastes in an environmentally friendly method which does not release any hazardous chemical which can affect human health without causing a major disruption to the surrounding ecosystem. Nevertheless, the issue of time-consuming arises and this correspond to the sink of market demand. The optimized pre-composting process was done through drying, grinding and controlled aeration resulted in the fast-compost formation and cost-effective. This study aimed to discover the physical properties of food waste in composting process. The controlled parameter of the composting which is aeration time where pre-composting processes applied was drying and grinding. The manipulated parameter of composting process happened within two durations: rotation and rest. Each container has been rotated for 15 minutes yet different resting time was applied which are 15, 25, 50, 150 minutes namely A, B, C and D. The data collection has been done in hourly basis for the total of 72 hours. Based on the statistical analysis, results show that mass reduction of samples (A=38.6%, B=32.6%, C=24.6%, D=22.6%). The compost temperature ranged between (23°C - 39°C) while the compost pH was (5.12 – 5.85). Peak level of surrounding temperature was (35.7°C) while surrounding relative humidity (53%) in normal condition. Among the highest moisture content was (52.63%) while the lowest discovered in sample D (24.81%) respectively. Results show that with the longer the aeration time, the better physical properties of compost formed. The obtained data will provide evidence on its significances application to the agencies, the public and the industrial player to cope up with this major environmental threat. This study found a significant relationship between physical factors and compost formation which contribute to better analysis, especially to food waste management.

Composition Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste A Case Study in Benghazi, Libya

Benghazi, like other cities in Libya, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The uncertainty of the types of municipal solid waste (MSW) it is the challenge that, hinders chosen the best method for solid waste management. This study deals composition analysis of the city’s MSW as, sustainable waste management options. To specify types of MSW the samples collection in wet seasons and dry seasons. Number of samples collected as 40 samples per season. And to get a representative sampling, in this case employed a range of sampling techniques including stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. The samples was collected, mixed and then weighed as, kilogram (Kg). The samples were characterized. as, paper, glass, metals, plastics, textiles, non-food, food and putrescibles, misc-combustibles, misc. non-combustibles, household hazardous waste. And then the samples weighed again to determine the proportion of each type. Finally, this study forwarded some important conclusion and recommendations towards improving the current situation.

Cost Reduction Technique in Infrastructural Improvement Method for Slum Rehabilitation in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The poor state of sanitary services is a major environmental challenge in urban centres of Nigeria. The situation has reached a crisis proportion in the absence of basic sanitary services like modern toilet, good sewage management method, functional drainage system, good roads, environmentally- friendly solid waste disposal method, potable water, electricity and social amenities. The aim of the study is to show how infrastructural improvement method of slum rehabilitation can be applied to reduce costs for improving environmental quality of a major slum area in Yenagoa. Basic Research Methodology was applied using questionnaire, direct observation and personal interview techniques to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied to analyse data through the use of tables and charts. The findings in the study showed that poor condition of sanitary services seriously degrades the environmental quality of the study area. The standard of living in the area is very poor as the people lack access to basic sanitation and social amenities. It showed that only 2% of the households exclusively use water closet (wc) toilet; 4% have well-maintained septic tanks; none of the houses are on road with functional drainage system; 10% of the houses are on tarred roads of 10 or more metres right-of-way and none of the households use environmentally-friendly solid waste management method.

Public-Private Partnership Arrangement in &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;In-Situ&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Housing for Slum Rehabilitation in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The provision of decent accommodation is a major challenge to government in the developing nations. It is a common phenomenon in the urban centres of the developing nations where most houses are in deplorable conditions. The houses are overcrowded with little or no air space between them. There is no basic sanitation in the urban centres as they lack flush toilet, some of the few available flush toilets are piped into seasonal streams, most houses lack defined kitchen areas and healthy sewage disposal method. The cities lack good access roads and functional drainage system with a common practice of environmentally-unfriendly solid waste management methods that create various health challenges to urban dwellers. The aim of the study is to show how in-situ Housing method of slum rehabilitation can be applied through Public/Private Partnership to upgrade houses within a major slum area in Yenagoa. This shall be done with an agreement between the property owners, Real Estate investors and the state government. Basic Research Methodology was applied using questionnaire, direct observation and personal interview techniques to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied to analyse data through the use of tables and charts. The findings in the study showed that poor housing condition seriously degrade the environmental quality of the study area. The standard of living in the area is very poor as the people lack access to decent accommodation, basic sanitation and social amenities.

Preparation and characterization of hierarchical porous carbons derived from solid leather waste for supercapacitor applications

Utilization of crust leather waste (CLW) as precursors for the preparation of hierarchical porous carbons (HPC) were investigated. HPCs were prepared from CLW by pre-carbonization followed by chemical activation using KOH at relatively high temperatures. Textural properties of HPC’s showed an extent of micro-and mesoporosity with maximum BET surface area of 716m2/g. Inducements of graphitic planes in leather waste derived carbons were observed from X-ray diffraction and HR-TEM analysis. Microstructure, thermal behavior and surface functional groups were identified using FT-Raman, thermo gravimetric analysis and FT-IR techniques. HPCs were evaluated for electrochemical properties by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by three electrode system. CLC9 sample showed a maximum capacitance of 1960F/g in 1M KCl electrolyte. Results achieved from rectangular curves of CV, GCD symmetric curves and Nyquist plots show that the leather waste carbon is suitable to fabricate supercapacitors as it possess high specific capacitance and electrochemical cycle stability. The present study proposes an effective method for solid waste management in leather industry by the way of converting toxic leather waste to new graphitic porous carbonaceous materials as a potential candidate for energy storage devices.

Research and development of a new waste collection bin to facilitate education in plastic recycling

ABSTRACTPlastic recycling has been an alternative method for solid waste management apart from landfill and incineration. However, recycling quality is affected when all plastics are discarded into a single recycling bin that increases cross contaminations and operation cost to the recycling industry. Following the engineering design process, a new eight-compartment plastic waste collection bin is designed to facilitate plastic recycling and sorting at source, which also provides insight to educators about problem solving on environmental issues. The volumes of plastic wastes collected match the design dimensions well. Further education about plastic recycling is required to improve the recycling quality.

Application of TOPSIS and VIKOR improved versions in a multi criteria decision analysis to develop an optimized municipal solid waste management model

Selecting a suitable Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method is a crucial stage to establish a Solid Waste Management (SWM) system. Main objective of the current study is to demonstrate and evaluate a proposed method using Multiple Criteria Decision Making methods (MCDM). An improved version of Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) applied to obtain the best municipal solid waste management method by comparing and ranking the scenarios. Applying this method in order to rank treatment methods is introduced as one contribution of the study. Besides, Viekriterijumsko Kompromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR) compromise solution method applied for sensitivity analyses. The proposed method can assist urban decision makers in prioritizing and selecting an optimized Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) treatment system. Besides, a logical and systematic scientific method was proposed to guide an appropriate decision-making.A modified TOPSIS methodology as a superior to existing methods for first time was applied for MSW problems. Applying this method in order to rank treatment methods is introduced as one contribution of the study. Next, 11 scenarios of MSW treatment methods are defined and compared environmentally and economically based on the waste management conditions. Results show that integrating a sanitary landfill (18.1%), RDF (3.1%), composting (2%), anaerobic digestion (40.4%), and recycling (36.4%) was an optimized model of integrated waste management. An applied decision-making structure provides the opportunity for optimum decision-making. Therefore, the mix of recycling and anaerobic digestion and a sanitary landfill with Electricity Production (EP) are the preferred options for MSW management.

Assessment of occupational safety risks in Floridian solid waste systems using Bayesian analysis.

Safety risks embedded within solid waste management systems continue to be a significant issue and are prevalent at every step in the solid waste management process. To recognise and address these occupational hazards, it is necessary to discover the potential safety concerns that cause them, as well as their direct and/or indirect impacts on the different types of solid waste workers. In this research, our goal is to statistically assess occupational safety risks to solid waste workers in the state of Florida. Here, we first review the related standard industrial codes to major solid waste management methods including recycling, incineration, landfilling, and composting. Then, a quantitative assessment of major risks is conducted based on the data collected using a Bayesian data analysis and predictive methods. The risks estimated in this study for the period of 2005-2012 are then compared with historical statistics (1993-1997) from previous assessment studies. The results have shown that the injury rates among refuse collectors in both musculoskeletal and dermal injuries have decreased from 88 and 15 to 16 and three injuries per 1000 workers, respectively. However, a contrasting trend is observed for the injury rates among recycling workers, for whom musculoskeletal and dermal injuries have increased from 13 and four injuries to 14 and six injuries per 1000 workers, respectively. Lastly, a linear regression model has been proposed to identify major elements of the high number of musculoskeletal and dermal injuries.

Impact on knowledge and behaviour of the general population of two different methods of solid waste management: An explorative cross-sectional study.

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate knowledge among general population about the risks factors of waste management, to estimate the feeling of anxiety concerning the waste, and to compare knowledge of two different methods for collecting municipal solid waste (MSW): a street separate collection system and a door-to-door separate collection system. A cross-sectional study was performed, administering an anonymous questionnaire to 180 inhabitants in Aprilia, Latium, Italy. The study sample consisted of 183 citizens: 64 in the intervention group and 119 in the control group. The intervention was represented by a campaign of door-to-door collection. The correct implementation of separate collection of waste was 87.5% in the intervention group and 63% in the control group (p<0.001). For both groups, the favourite type of waste collection was door-to-door (p=0.013); a high difference concerning the quality of information was found (p<0.0001): in the intervention group, 84% declared to be satisfied (67% sufficient and 17.2% good), while in the control group, 21% declared to be satisfied (16.8% sufficient and 4.2% good). The advice mainly reported from the control group respondents was to increase the size of the information pack (80.7%, p=0.024). The information campaign seemed to increase people's awareness about the problem, improving the management of waste and household waste. The door-to-door collection was appreciated and preferred by both groups. The adoption of a door-to-door scheme seems to be a winning option mostly because it is supported by an information and education system for the citizens.