Soil Treatment Methods Research Articles

Leveraging extensive soil, vegetation, fire, and land treatment data to inform restoration across the sagebrush biome

ContextWidespread ecological degradation has prompted calls for massive global investments in ecological restoration, yet limited resources necessitate efficient application of restoration efforts. In western North America, altered fire regimes are increasing the scale of restoration needed to preserve the sagebrush (Artemisia species) biome but prioritizing and implementing effective restoration is complicated by the vast and heterogeneous sagebrush landscape, which includes gradients in climate, disturbance, and species composition.ObjectivesTo develop spatially explicit and context-dependent estimates of treatment efficacy and sagebrush recovery rates.MethodsWe leveraged a suite of spatio-temporally extensive datasets to evaluate the influence of restoration treatments and environmental conditions on trends in post-disturbance sagebrush cover, with an emphasis on understanding differences between sites recovering naturally and sites receiving restoration treatments. We used estimates from these models to develop spatially explicit projections for sagebrush recovery, conditional on disturbance, restoration practice, and environmental conditions.ResultsWe found seeding Artemisia spp. increased sagebrush cover over time relative to natural recovery, but this relationship depended on spring soil moisture availability and treatment methods. Natural recovery was positively influenced by soil moisture and sagebrush cover and negatively influenced by cumulative burns and annual herbaceous cover, while the influence of perennial herbaceous cover varied with soil moisture.ConclusionsOur results provide biome-wide insights and spatially explicit tools that can inform economic cost-effectiveness analyses, restoration prioritization tools, and other scientific endeavors to ensure managers have the tools and information needed to effectively steward the sagebrush biome in a rapidly changing world.

Study of biotechnological potential of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria from oil-contaminated soils of the Uzen oil field

Background: Oil-contaminated soils are one of the significant environmental concerns in Western Kazakhstan. Cleaning soils from oil contamination is becoming extremely important. Biological soil treatment, which uses hydrocarbon-oxiding bacteria for microbiological remediation, is a more environmentally friendly and delicate method of soil treatment than any other currently used technology (physical, chemical, biological). One of the important aspects of microbiological remediation is the use of bacteria endomimic to the treated soil. This guarantees the most effective soil purification, as the bacteria perform in relatively optimal conditions for themselves. The soil of the Mangistau region, especially the coastal regions, is distinctive due to its high mineralisation and low moisture content, which have helped to form a specific microflora that is adapted to these conditions. Aim: The study aims to search and isolate highly effective hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria that are native to highly mineralized soils of the Uzen oil field. Materials and methods: The research employs a variety of analytical techniques, including water chemistry analysis and infrared spectrometry, as well as the microbiological culture of aerobic bacteria on liquid and dense media in environments (temperature and salinity) that closely resemble their native ecotopes. Results: Four enrichment cultures of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria were obtained, and three pure cultures of oil-oxidizing bacteria were isolated. Their hydrocarbon-oxidizing efficiency has been studied. On the basis of heavy, extremely viscous paraffinic oil from the Uzen field, their hydrocarbon-oxidizing efficiency was examined. Conclusion: In this study, active enrichment cultures of halophilic hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria as well as active accumulative cultures of halophilic and moderately thermophilic aerobic bacteria were obtained. These bacteria are capable of oxidising a wide range of hydrocarbons, including high-molecular polycyclic and sulfur-containing compounds. Their high biotechnological potential will be studied in further studies.

Investigation of Residue Dissipation of Fluxapyroxad and Its Metabolites in Chinese Cabbage and Spring Scallion Using Different Application Methods.

Fluxapyroxad, a persistent fungicide in soil, was investigated for differences in residue dissipation in Chinese cabbage and spring scallion through the application methods of soil, foliar, and systemic treatment. Soil application of 0.4% granule fluxapyroxad resulted in residues up to 0.09 mg kg-1 in the scallion, while it did not contribute to the residues in the harvested cabbage. The 50% dissipation time (DT50) of fluxapyroxad in the scallion was 6.8 days. The residues from systemic treatment were highly correlated with foliar application in both the cabbage and the scallion, and the initial residue and DT50 values were similar for foliar and systemic treatments. In comparing the residues from the systemic treatments between the two crops, the initial residue was 3.11 and 0.22 mg kg-1 in the cabbage and the scallion after the systemic treatment, respectively. The DT50 values were 2.6 and 12.2 days in the cabbage and the scallion, respectively. The theoretical dilution effect due to crop growth was higher for the cabbage (4-fold) than for the scallion (1.2-fold), and the half-lives of fluxapyroxad without considering the dilution effect were 6.4 days in the cabbage and 17.8 days in the scallion. Thus, the residue difference was drastically reduced after 14 days from the last treatment.

Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Three Excavated Soil and Rock (ESR) Treatment Methods: A Case Study in Shenzhen City

This study aimed to quantitatively assess the environmental impacts of different methods used for treating excavated soil and rock (ESR) in Shenzhen, namely landfilling, sintering, and non-sintering, using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The findings indicate that recycling ESR through sintering or non-sintering processes offers more sustainable alternatives than landfilling. The recycled products derived from ESR can effectively replace traditional building materials, thereby reducing their environmental impacts. However, when comparing the environmental impacts of sintering and non-sintering processes, the latter demonstrated more significant impacts, particularly in terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). Furthermore, it is worth noting that the environmental impacts of the sintering processes are influenced by fuel type and exhaust gas emissions, with natural gas combustion yielding more substantial overall environmental benefits. Moreover, ESR landfilling poses constraints on sustainable development and land resource occupation. This study contributes to a better understanding of the environmental impacts associated with ESR landfilling and recycling, provides management departments with optimal ESR management suggestions, and alleviates environmental pressure from urban development.

Soil Strengthening by Using Cement and Binders for Concrete Constructions at Mudar Al-Janabi’s school in Kufa

There are many methods and devices needed to stabilize the ground, and the commonly used method around the world is to inject soil (cement and additives) in the spaces inside the structure, or to displace liquids and gases of within it. The benefit of this method lies in its economic feasibility by reducing the high costs of the soil replacement process and reducing the risk of collapse of some existing buildings, due to irregular subsidence of the structure. There are many factors that cause the irregular subsidence, such as: high groundwater, degree of acidity, percentage of organic materials, percentage of salts and the composition and components of the soil. More important than that is the building’s load on the soil for existing buildings. Therefore, it is good to inject the soil with soil stabilizing chemicals under the foundations at specific locations depending on the type of project. These materials form a secondary foundation under the original foundation of the building. It helps stabilize the building and resists changes in the soil that cause collapses. Choosing the correct method for deep soil stabilization depends on several conditions such as the type and alternative layers of soil, loading volume, location and type of project and other things. In this research, the latest methods of soil treatment, especially gypsum soil, and the techniques necessary for it using sodium silicate as binder were reviewed and studied. Soil was injected into the Mudar Al-Janabi School, and the cost of this school amounted to more than one and a half billion Iraqi dinars. It was in danger of collapsing because its soil was gypsum, and recommendations were made to demolish it. In terms of economic feasibility, the soil was treated after careful technical and advisory evaluation at a total cost that did not exceed 10 million Iraqi dinars. The injection showed satisfactory results through our follow-up for a year by reducing the collapse of the building through a decrease in the width of the shear cracks in the building walls by 50% and 100% after six months of the first and second phase of the injection, respectively.

Prospects for the formation of investment support for the technological growth of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy in the post-war period

During the war and after its end, Ukraine needs to restore its economy, in particular the agri-food sector, which is one of the key sectors of the national economy. Investment support for the technological growth of the agro-food sector can be of decisive importance for this, because it allows to achieve high productivity, competitiveness and sustainable development of this industry, which in turn will contribute to ensuring the food security of the country, raising the standard of living of the population and reducing the outflow of labor force abroad. The purpose of the article was to analyze and determine promising ways of attracting investments to support the technological development of the agro-food sector in post-war Ukraine. Using the analysis of literary sources and statistical data, the state of the agricultural sector of Ukraine in the pre-war and post-war periods is considered and analyzed. The structure and investment attractiveness of Ukrainian enterprises are investigated. The state of business subjects in the field of agriculture was analyzed and with the help of expert assessments, it was established that small entrepreneurship is the driving force of the development of the economy and economic relations, although it is risky for investment. Using statistical analysis, the structure of foreign investment is investigated and it is established that the main problem of attracting foreign investment is outdated equipment and technologies, so it is necessary to integrate innovations into agriculture. So, after analyzing the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, it was established that appropriate financing can help implement modern resource-saving technologies in agro-food production, promote the implementation of innovative approaches, namely the introduction of modern methods of soil treatment, the use of rational water use, the introduction of automation and mechanization of production processes, the use of drones and modern monitoring systems, as well as the introduction of modern methods of storage, processing and sales of products, which will ensure increased production efficiency, reduced environmental consequences and increased competitiveness of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises on the international market. The practical value of the research lies in the ability to provide recommendations on creating a favorable investment climate, improving legislation, ensuring the protection of investors' rights, as well as infrastructure development and support for research projects in the field of agro-food production

Effect of low-temperature stress on the survival of Meloidogyne incognita and its application in greenhouse of northern China.

We examined the effects of low temperature on egg hatching and killing rate of the 2nd instars of Meloi-dogyne incognita (J2) in the laboratory. We further evaluated the effects of two soil treatment methods on the survival rate of M. incognita in northern China in a field experiment. The results of laboratory experiment showed that survival rate of J2 was 0 after being subjected to -7 ℃ for 24 hours, and that egg hatching was completely inhibited 24 hours after being subjected to -9 ℃. The survival rate of J2 was 0 after being subjected to -1, -2, -3, and -4 ℃ for 8, 5, 3, and 1.5 d, respectively. Egg hatching was completely inhibited after being subjected to -2, -3, -4, and -5 ℃ for 9, 6, 4, and 1 d, respectively. Results of the fitting analysis showed that both the relationships between the temperature and the lethal time of J2 as well as the temperature and the non-hatching time of the eggs followed exponential functions. The results of field test showed that death rate of M. incognita in 0-50 cm soil layer after ridging treatment and 0-30 cm soil layer after leveling treatment could reach 100%, while the disease index of the former in 30-40 cm and 40-50 cm was 84.9% and 75.8%, respectively, which was lower than that in the greenhouse. Our results suggest that preventing and controlling M. incognita in greenhouses through low-tempe-rature in winter could achieve a better control effect in Yulin City and the northward region. The proposed technique is convenient and has high potential for popularization.

A review of heavy metals accumulation and control in active agricultural soil

Agricultural soil is contaminated with dangerous heavy metals (HMs) from anthropogenic activities and natural processes. These HMs are passed to humans through the consumption of crops produced in the contaminated soil. Crop production in a contaminated field and irrigation with raw untreated sewage and industrial effluents exposed food crops to HMs contaminations. Consumption of foods contaminated with HMs can be dangerous due to their persistent nature and tendency to accumulate in human tissues. HMs contamination in humans can lead to serious health problems and, in severe cases, can cause death. This review article aimed to compile soil treatment methods reported to be effective in reducing HMs uptake by food crops in active agricultural fields, outline research gaps and suggest areas for future research. Soil treatment with biochar is the most effective control method reported, was found to mitigate the uptake of Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Cu in different crops. Other control measures are the application of inorganic sorbents, chelating agents, and nanomaterials to soil and hydroponic water; the use of microorganisms and their products; gene modification of the food crop; and soil washing and filtration. The control methods reported in soil and the hydroponic solution were found to significantly lower Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Hg, and Fe uptake in cereal grains and different types of vegetable and tuber crops.

Investigation of Enzyme–Based Soil Stabilization in Field Application

The low bearing capacity of expansive soils often results in serviceability issues and premature failures of infrastructure built upon them. Various studies have demonstrated the use of different soil treatment methods using mechanical or chemical approaches to stabilize the weak ground as a precaution. Most of the reported studies are limited to either lab-based investigations or field monitoring works without the scientific connection between theory and translation. This study aims to verify the field application of a novel soil stabilization method by conducting laboratory-controlled experiments and field performance testing as verification. Enzyme–based soil stabilization was adopted for in-situ clay soil in combination with ordinary portland cement as a sustainable stabilization approach. Soil samples were collected at different regions from the field to evaluate the effectiveness and the mechanism of soil stabilization in the field by the means of replicating stabilization at the laboratory scale using identical mixing proportions of the additives. The mechanical behavior of stabilized soil was assessed through the unconfined compression strength and California bearing ratio test methods. In addition, the changes in the chemical composition of the soil due to the additives were evaluated through the X-ray diffraction testing technique and microporosity test using 2D images translated to 3D profiles from X-ray micro CT tomography. The efficacy of field stabilization was evaluated by conducting the falling weight deflectometer test in the stabilized site. Results from the study are useful to understand the efficacy of field soil stabilization and enhance the reliability of enzyme–based stabilization in practice.

Bioremediation approaches for oil contaminated soils in extremely high-mountainous conditions

Development of methods for bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum products is one of the most urgent tasks of our time. This task is more difficult to perform in high-mountainous landscapes, at an altitude of more than 4 000 m a.s.l. Moreover, these high-mountain ecosystems are the most vulnerable to various kinds of anthropogenic impacts, and therefore the relevance of bioremediation is obvious. The research was conducted in the high-altitude ecosystems of the Kyrgyz Republic at the Kumtor mine. In this study was carried out on the bioremediation of oil contaminated soil using biostimulation, bioaugmentation and biostimulation + bioaugmentation remediation techniques for 90 days in the climatic conditions of high mountain region. The biostimulation treatment showed the highest total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) biodegradation percentage 62.78% compared to the bioaugmentation 50.63% and biostimulation + bioaugmentation 49.11%. Thus, the method of biostimulation proved to be the most effective method for bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum products. The application of this method could be one of the successful methods of recycling contaminated soils. This study demonstrated the possibility of restoring TPH-polluted soils using biological methods of soil treatment in climatic cold conditions of high mountains.

The thermal degradation and soil recovery of thermal treatment of field-weathered decabrominated diphenyl ether-contaminated soil

A farm at Taoyuan in Taiwan was highly contaminated with decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), a widely used commercial brominated flame retardant and persistent in the environment, more than 10 years. Since crops are able to absorb and accumulate BDE-209 from soils in our previous research, posing a hazardous risk for humans, it is essential to develop a practical method of soil treatment. Thermal treatment was studied among different approaches. In our previous study (Ko et al., 2022), we found that heating to 450 °C for 30 min achieved a complete removal of BDE-209 in soil. However, the high temperature significantly decreased the original soil organic matter (SOM) from 2.47% to 0.27%, altering the soil texture, damaging microbial biomass, and thus affecting the revegetation after the thermal treatment. Sugarcane bagasse, a common agricultural residue, served as an amendment to restore soil fertility. Current results indicate that 2.5% bagasse can improve the SOM in soil by up to 2.73% and restore its bacterial composition, making the plant growth conditions similar to those of the untreated contaminated soil. In light of the high removal efficiency provided by the 450°C-thermal treatment and the high recovery efficiency of sugarcane bagasse, the strategy presented in this study serves to be a promising method for sustainable remediation.

SIMULATION OF THE SOIL PROCESSING UNIT WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF WORKING BODIES

Analysis of research and development of pre-sowing machines and units shows that there are many trailed, semi-trailer combined units with different design and technical characteristics. In general, the significant disadvantages of these aggregates are the insufficient quality flatness of the microreliefs and the fragmentation of the soil. Compared to the basic complex with the use of a machine, the use of the proposed unit contributes to: a decrease in the density of the soil at the level of 0...20 cm by 15.6...17.1%, an increase in porosity by 34.7...37.9%, which will have agrotechnical significance. The content of the soil aggregate increased by 19.7...33.3%, the sawdust fraction decreased by 1.8...5.9 times. It was determined that the unit should move at a speed of 9...10 km/h. The object of the study is the modeling of the selection of working bodies of the combined tillage unit. The principle of alternation of tools, which are carried out by the tillage machine used in performing the necessary operations, is the basis of the technology of combined tillage. The choice, alternation of methods of soil treatment and adjustment modes depends on the conditions and characteristics of the field. In order for soil tillage machines used for combined tillage to meet the criteria for their efficiency with predetermined quality to perform soil tillage operations, it is necessary to provide optimal modes of adjustment of working bodies. In this regard, it is necessary to develop mounted combined tillage units, which are characterized by simple design and low cost and are able to perform many technically interconnected operations at the same time: high-quality leveling of the microrelief and grinding of the soil to remove plant residues, in a word, to ensure timely and high-quality preparation of the soil for sowing, while reducing energy consumption.

Promising biological methods for treating oil-contaminated soils

The article analyses promising methods for treatment of oil-contaminated soils. The main tried and tested groups of oil-contaminated soil treatment methods are reviewed and concrete examples are given. The most promising group of currently used methods has been identified. The authors performed an analysis of accidents accompanied by an accidental oil or oil product spill, considered the main causes of such accidents and their consequences for the environment components using concrete examples of real organizations. The analysis established that the most frequent accidents are caused by failure and depressurization of devices as well as by human errors expressed in the violation of industrial safety requirements and the requirements of the organization of hazardous works. The analysis of the main methods of oil-contaminated soil treatment is presented, the main drawbacks and the negative impact on the environment components are identified. Based on the obtained data, the most promising method with the highest efficiency and the least impact on the components of the environment has been identified. The main groups of methods used to clean the contaminated soil are chemical and biological methods. It is revealed that the most promising group of methods are biological methods, which is associated with a minimal impact on the atmospheric air, as well as a high degree of purification. In addition, modern bioremediation and phytoremediation methods are considered in the article. The considered methods are based on the use of modern biopreparations and agrotechnical methods. These methods are based on an integrated approach, which leads to high efficiency. However, it should be noted that a high degree of treatment requires the maintenance of certain soil parameters such as temperature, moisture, acidity and mineral matter concentration.

THE IMPACT OF AGROTECHNICAL FACTORS ON THE CONTENTS OF CHROMIUM AND NICKEL IN GRITS OF SELECTED VARIETIES OF SPRING BARLEY

Fertilization and soil tillage have an important position in agriculture, because the modification and availability of nutrients from the soil to plants, as well as heavy metals are related to these mentioned treatments. The main negative impact of heavy metals on the environment is their non-degradability. In our study, the samples of barley grits were analysed, where chromium and nickel contents were determined depending on different agrotechnical methods of growing cereal plants. The field trials were based on a plot of land in the cadastral territory of Dolná Malanta near the city of Nitra in the Slovak Republic. The plot area was 14 m2. In the experiment, three different dosages of macroelements into the soil were applied, and two methods of soil treatment by ploughing were also performed. Barley grits were obtained by grinding of grains of four varieties of spring barley: KM2084, Lédi, Xanadu and Marthe. The lowest content of chromium and nickel in barley grits was determined in the KM2084 variety. The amounts of chromium in the barley grits of our tested samples were in the range 0.17-0.77 mg.kg-1 dry matter and nickel 0.05-0.76 mg.kg-1 dry matter, respectively. According to the Food Code of the Slovak Republic, the maximum permissible amount of chromium (0.77 mg.kg-1) was exceeded, mainly in the Lédi variety, in the case of nickel, its exceeding of the maximum permissible amounts (0,76 mg.kg-1) was not determined in any variety. NPK fertilization in the ratio 16:1:4 (70 kg N ha-1) in combination with minimization ploughing, as well as fertilization in the ratio 2.5:1:1.5 (60 kg N ha-1) in combination with conventional ploughing had an effect on an increase in chromium contents in barley grain in all varieties, but at the same time caused a decrease in nickel contents, except for the Xanadu variety. The same values were determined in the fertilized variant with the addition of limestone after the application of conventional ploughing. The application of conventional ploughing on unfertilized areas had an effect on the increase of nickel contents in all varieties and the decrease of chromium contents in three varieties of spring barley.

Variety and action of soil microorganisms in diverse Ukraine climatic zones

The study aims to summarize the important results of the long-term studies of soil microorganisms: structure, interaction, functioning, activity, and diversity in the main types of soils in different natural and climatic zones of Ukraine. Methods for the study are the generalization and analysis of literary sources and scientific papers, and materials, as well as our own research. The initial information for the assay’s calculations, matheanalysis were the resokution of many year discovering of soil microorganisms in the period 2005-2021. The researches have shown a powerful action and diversity of soil microorganisms of the ecosystems. The Chernozem of the Steppe zone was characterized by a more stable and balanced structure of microbiocenosis, processes of mineralization-immobilization, decomposition of organic matter, and humus accumulation than the sod-podzolic, forest soils of Polesie. Studies of soil microbiome showed a direct correlation between natural conditions and soil treatment methods and the activity of microbiocenoses, a decrease in the biodiversity of bacterial groups through the use of plowing. The increase in the proportion of micellar organisms occurred with the prolonged application of mineral fertilizers.

Soil Reinforcement with Geocells and Vegetation for Ecological Mitigation of Shallow Slope Failure

Soil reinforcement using geocells and vegetation is one of the best forms of soil protection for shallow slope failure control. The geocell supports the vegetation growth and the vegetation cover provides protection against the surface erosion. This work proposed a soil treatment method using geocells for supporting the vegetation growth and stabilizing the shallow slope. A step-by-step installation of the geocells in the field and the development of vegetation growth were also described. The authors developed nine physical models that were reinforced with different sized geocell structures (no reinforcement and small and large geocell reinforcement). The models were placed under three rainfall intensities (50, 75, and 100 mm/h). The stability of the slope under the rainfall and the performance of the geocell reinforcement were assessed from the the development of slope failures, the soil erosion and the slope displacement. The results showed that the stability of geocell reinforced slopes were better off than the unsupported slope. The small geocell-reinforced slopes showed less measured soil erosion and also smaller slope displacement. In general, small geocells outperformed large geocells in terms of the erosion control and slope stabilization. The rainfall intensity dramatically increased the soil erosion on slopes. The geocell- and vegetation-treated slope in the field showed good resistance against the surface erosion.

Low-complexity mapping of soil temperature for thermal treatment follow-up

Thermal desorption is a method of soil treatment that heats soil in order to vaporize and extract contaminants. It relies on temperature measurements to assess the progress of the remediation, but these measurements are generally not numerous because of cost constraints. This paper proposes a low-complexity method to interpolate sparse temperature data over the whole site to generate visual representations that ease the treatment follow-up. The temperatures of the points that are not monitored are approximated by a weighted average of the 3 closest measurements, then a third-degree polynomial is fitted to the data via a finite element method. The resulting approximations yield an overall Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the temperature estimation of 35 K, which allows for realistic representations of the temperature at each point of the map with reduced sensor deployment.

Assessment of using solid residues of fish for treating soil by the biosolarization technique as an alternative to soil fumigation

Organic food-waste is an ever growing environmental, economic, and social problem. One way to address this problem is to find new ways to valorise food waste in a circular economical manner. In this study, the concept of separating food from waste at its source in eateries was applied to obtain separated fish waste residues from the general waste of our university's canteen. This study is the first known attempt to use separated fish residues as soil amendments for soil biosolarization (SBS), a soil treatment method which is an environment-friendly alternative to chemical fumigation of soil. In this study a unique laboratory simulation system was used which mimics the conditions of field temperature, monitors the soil respiration and the follows the temporal profile of emitted volatile organic compounds. The fish waste residues were used as soil amendment in 2% wt. and the results showed elevated levels of aerobic soil respiration without unwanted CH4 emission. A different profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was also identified in the soils treated with fish residues. The profile of volatiles found in the soil with fish residues included changes in the amounts of compounds such as: Dimethylsulfide, Methanethiol and C9-aldehydes that have been found to supress soilborne plant pathogens. This is the first indication that VOCs can be used as indicators for the SBS process. Greenhouse studies and analyses of soils treated by fish residues showed no soil residual phytotoxicity affecting later growth of lettuce seedlings while not hindering the herbicidal effect of SBS on unwanted Bidens (Bidens pilosa) weeds. These results indicate that fish waste residues can be used as a soil amendment in the SBS process.

Recent development in termite bait and baiting methodology: A mini review

Abstract Termite baiting has evolved as a successful method of control globally. The methods hold significance as climate change, urbanization and international trade are spreading termites across the globe. The methodology uses minimal insecticide, precise application, and kills the colony compared to the soil treatment method. The subject is well reviewed, and the intent of this mini review is to provide updated information on some of the critical aspects of this technology, such as bait efficacy and criteria for evaluating colony elimination.

Basic soil treatment methods influence on its agrophysical properties and sunflower productivity

Basic soil treatment methods influence on its agrophysical properties and sunflower productivity