Rolling Method Research Articles

Современные тенденции экономического развития прокатных производств черной металлургии

The aim of the work is to determine the directions for further economic development of the Russian metallurgical industry, and rolling production in particular. In the article, based on the current existing state of rolling production, a classification of rolling mills is proposed into the following categories: by rolling temperatures, by the direction of metal movement, by cross-sectional size of rolled profile, by number and location of mills. Based on deductive methods of analysis, the main trends in the development of rolling production are considered: rolling precision, automation, robotization of auxiliary operations, digitalization. The obvious advantages of each trend, possible disadvantages and difficulties during implementation are shown. Based on statistical data, a forecast is made for the development of rolling production in the coming years. The production volumes of special products using rolling method are extremely small, as is the production of large-sized I-beams and shaped profiles, which are mostly produced in welded form, taking into account the small volume of consumption. The leading role, according to production volumes, is played by sheet and small-section products, which are the most universal. Significant changes are taking place in the Russian economy, which may affect both the construction and energy industries. In 2022 the production of seamless pipes increased in contrast to the previous eight years. A number of large-scale projects are expected to be launched for the fullscale development of Siberia and the Far East, the restoration of the economies of regions where construction and transportation will be required, including railways and pipelines. This means that this will fully affect the development of the metallurgical industry to obtain mass production profiles and to create further infrastructure in these regions. It has been determined that, with further large-scale development of the economy and volumes of consumption of mass profiles for their production, it is possible to build specialized mills, as is happening in the PRC with the maximum level of automation and productivity, which is currently inherent in single sheet rolling mills in Russia. Otherwise, on the contrary, it is necessary to carry out technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing production facilities in order to expand the range, for their maneuverability in an economically unstable situation and to avoid long-term downtime of mills.

Autofocus and motion error compensation methods for gantry machine in ultra-precise laser machining applications

Error compensation by applying motion control methods makes auto-focus easy and reliable in micro-machining applications. We present a method for dynamic roll and yaw compensation in gantry machines.

Настройка функции временной регулировки чувствительности ультразвуковой аппаратуры по боковому цилиндрическому отражателю при диагностировании деталей подвижного состава

To increase the efficiency of the use of rolling stock, methods and means of technical diagnostics have been developed, which are used during maintenance and repairs, as well as an independent technological process. Diagnosis makes it possible to increase the availability coefficient, the probability of trouble-free operation, repair and control suitability of rolling stock, reduce the cost of its operation and the complexity of technological processes. The complex of test diagnostic measures includes operations of ultrasonic non-destructive testing of railway rolling stock parts and assemblies for the absence of internal unacceptable irregularities. Pulse-echo method, which refers to reflection methods, has become the most wide-spread among ultrasonic control methods. One of the most important operations in the process of ultrasonic testing is to adjust the sensitivity of ultrasonic equipment. The article focuses on the results of a study on the development of a non-etalon method for adjusting the function of temporary sensitivity ultrasonic equipment setting when diagnosing rolling stock parts, taking into account the attenuation of ultrasound along a lateral cylindrical reflector. To implement the method, a new mathematical apparatus has been developed, which is based on the key laws of physical acoustics, as well as the methods of mathematical and physical modeling. The non-standard adjustment of the temporary sensitivity setting function allows to get rid of the disadvantages when using tuning samples with artificial reflectors. A program NDTRT TSA SCR F-BCR has been developed to automate calculations when diagnosing railway rolling stock parts using the ultrasonic method and taking into account the attenuation of the ultrasonic wave along a lateral cylindrical reflector.

Constructing sodiophilic interconnected ion-transport channels towards a stable Na-metal anode

Tuning the electrochemical behaviors of Na metal anodes via building Na+-conducting channels through a facile rolling and folding method.

Effects of Foam Rolling Prior to Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Hamstring Flexibility and Thigh Skin Temperature.

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (PNFS) is suggested to improve the range of motion and flexibility as an active warm-up. Recently, the foam rolling (FR) methods have also emerged as a passive warm-up. However, the combined effects of PNFS and FR are still unclear, and no reports have compared their effects using thermal imaging. This study investigated the acute effects of combining nonvibration FR (NVFR) and vibration FR (VFR) prior to PNFS, in comparison with PNFS alone, on hamstring flexibility and thigh skin temperature. Randomized controlled trial. Participants (n = 60) were randomly assigned to PNFS, NVFR + PNFS, VFR + PNFS, and control group (CG). Active knee-extension (AKE), sit and reach (SR) test, and thermal imaging were evaluated before (pre-int), immediately after (post-int), and 30-minutes after (post30-int) intervention. All intervention groups had a significant increase at all time periods (P < .001) except the CG in terms of AKE and sit and reach test (P > .05). Combined (NVFR + PNFS/VFR + PNFS) groups had also a significant increase in the post30-int compared with pre-int and post-int values of thigh skin temperature (P < .001). Combined groups, over time, had the best post30-int effect on increasing skin temperature. The study found a significant interaction effect between interventions and time across several measurements (P < .05). Combined groups showed more significant improvements in AKE compared to CG at post-int (P < .05). There is a similar change in AKE, SR test, and skin temperatures between combined groups and PNFS alone at both post-int and post30-int (P < .05). These findings indicate that using FR, with or without vibration, before PNFS does not provide an additional benefit in improving hamstring flexibility and thigh skin temperatures compared with PNFS alone.

Fault diagnosis method of rolling bearing based on Variational Modal Decomposition Multisynchrosqueezing Transform Combined with Long Short-term Memory Networks

Fault diagnosis method of rolling bearing based on Variational Modal Decomposition Multisynchrosqueezing Transform Combined with Long Short-term Memory Networks

Digital twin-assisted dual transfer: A novel information-model adaptation method for rolling bearing fault diagnosis

Rolling bearing fault diagnosis is of great importance to the safety management of mechanical equipment. The scarcity of labelled fault data makes it difficult to adequately perform the training process of intelligent diagnosis models, and this will result in these intelligent models not being effectively and widely used in practice. Although some recent studies have verified that the addition of dynamic model response to the training process will greatly improve the ability of the model with low cost and high efficiency, it is still stuck in poor effect caused by large information distribution difference between dynamic model response and real measured data. Focusing on this issue, a digital twin-assisted dual transfer (DTa-DT) method with information and model adaptation was proposed for rolling bearing fault diagnosis. Different from the traditional digital-analogue driven transfer methods, the proposed DTa-DT aims to simultaneously synthesize data information transfer and feature model transfer together with domain transfer error minimization. In particular, it should be noted that the DTa-DT architecture consists of a dual transfer learning process, including digital twin-driven information transfer (DTd-IT) and digital-analogue-driven model transfer (DAd-MT), where the information is collaborated with the model to improve the integrated transfer diagnosis effect under sampling. On one aspect, with the employment of bearing dynamic model responses, DTd-IT is innovatively designed to establish the transfer of dynamic information and measured information. The information distribution difference between these twin data and real measured data is effetely adjusted with the introduced actual inference components, where the twin data with low information distribution difference can be well fusion generated by the information transfer digital twin (ITDT) model. On the other aspect, considering the truth that there are still small sample cases of real measured data and information distribution differences will affect the quality of the twin data, a digital-analogue driven model transfer (DAd-MT) method is further proposed, where the deep branch transfer network (DBTN) model with improved convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to achieve an accurate fault diagnosis effect with the help of digital twin data. Experiments and wear analysis verified that the proposed DTa-DT can significantly reduce the distribution difference between the dynamic model response and the real measured data, thus achieving low-cost and efficient rolling bearing transfer diagnosis compared to other ten state-of-the-art deep learning models. It can be predicted that the proposed dual transfer architecture provides more opportunities for the practical application of intelligent fault diagnosis under small sample sizes.

Coordinate regulation mechanism of primary recrystallization texture and microstructure of grain-oriented silicon steel

Texture control, which is affected by composition, hot rolling, cold rolling, and annealing, is the core element to improve the magnetic properties of grain-oriented silicon steel and is one of the key scientific problems in developing electrical steel technology. The research and control of first factors have been very mature, and the integrated regulation of upstream and downstream processes has become a breakthrough point for improving texture. For the common grain-oriented silicon steel based on the “two-stage cold rolling method”, primary recrystallization is the stage achievement of smelting, hot rolling, first cold rolling, and decarburization annealing. The grain size and texture characteristics of the primary recrystallization are the only standards to measure the pre-process technology and is the pointer of whether the secondary recrystallization can occur in the subsequent process or not, which are extremely important to improve the magnetic properties. This paper studied the hot rolling, the first cold rolling and decarburization annealing of grain-oriented silicon steel by using XRD, EBSD technologies. The results showed that the hot rolled plate is not as thinner as better, only the optimum ratio of the thickness of hot rolled plate and the first cold reduction rate can obtain optimal primary recrystallization. The minimum iron loss value and maximum magnetic induction intensity are obtained under the primary cold rolling reduction rate controlled at 77.27%, the average grain size of the primary recrystallization is 14 µm, the iron loss P1.7/50 is reduced to 1.02 W/Kg, and the magnetic induction intensity B8 can reach 1.910 T.

Modeling the Evolution of Casting Defect Closure in Ingots through Radial Shear Rolling Processing

This paper investigates the behavior of transverse defects under significant total strain in conditions of complex vortex metal flow implemented through the radial shear rolling (RSR) method. The aim of this study is to assess the applicability of RSR processing for the in-depth transformation of small ingots of special steel into bars, particularly for the manufacturing of structural elements in specialized construction projects such as nuclear power plants. Although a substantial total strain is anticipated to enhance the steel structure and contribute to defect closure, the question of the development or closure of potential casting defects remains unclear. To address this issue, model tests were conducted to simulate the implementation of RSR processing. Defect behavior data under very complex vortex metal flow and high strain conditions were obtained for the first time and have scientific merit. A small steel ingot with a 32 mm diameter, containing a simulated artificial defect in the form of a transverse through-hole with a 5 mm diameter, was employed. During rolling, the workpiece diameter was progressively reduced by 2 mm with each subsequent pass, reaching a final diameter of 20 mm. Additionally, to provide a more detailed visualization of the defect evolution process, the same defect was modeled in an aluminum bar over six passes, and changes in defect volume and shape were analyzed after each pass. A highly detailed 3D visualization of the actual defect evolution was achieved based on cross-sections from experimental workpieces. These data corresponded to the total strain levels obtained by finite element method (FEM) simulation. Notably, a consistent similarity was observed between the test results for both metals, revealing a reduction in defect volume of up to 67.7%. The deformational welding of defects in the outer sections, encompassing one-third of the rod’s radius, occurred in the initial passes. However, defects in the axial zone of the rods remained unclosed, lengthening and gradually decreasing proportionally to the elongation of the rod, akin to conventional rolling. Consequently, the radial shear rolling (RSR) method is unsuitable for ingots with substantial discontinuities in the axial zone post-casting. Nevertheless, the method ensures the total welding of defects located in the outer zones of the ingots, even with minor applied deformations and a slight decrease in the diameter of the deformed ingot. Such data were obtained for the first time and should contribute to future investigations in this field.

The influence of the structural condition of high-strength steel on the fractographic characteristics of the fracture structure when testing the specimens with a falling load (VPV, DWTT)

Problem. The fracture structure of samples tested by a falling load (VPV, DWTT) of steel type 10G2FB, Х70 produced by the method of thermomechanical rolling with accelerated cooling was investigated. The DWTT fractures of high-viscosity ferrite-bainite sheet steel of thermomechanical rolling differ significantly from the fractures of ordinary hot-rolled or normalized steel. The results of a fractographic study of the topography of the DWTT samples fracture surface are presented in the paper. Metodology. The paper presents the results of a factographic study of the topography of the fracture surface of VPV sample. Steels with a ferrite-bainite structure after thermomechanical treatment were studied. Result. In the structure of fractures, elements of the "dimensional arrow" type were found. However, the current standards for the falling load test (DWTT) do not take into account the peculiarities of the structure of such fractures, which makes it difficult to identify them by the amount of viscous component. Fractures with splits and fractures of the "dimensional arrow" type can probably be recognized as a type of ductile fracture of high-viscosity thermomechanically rolled steel with a ferrite-bainite structure. Currently, the presence of splits in the fracture of VPV samples of high-viscosity steel is considered an unambiguous indicator of its generally viscous failure. Therefore, based on the similarity of the mechanisms of local destruction that form fractures with splits and fractures of the "dimensional arrow" type, the latter can probably be recognized as a specific type of viscous fracture of high-viscosity thermomechanically rolled steel with a ferrite-bainite structure. Enterprises need the creation of sample break scales for product quality control. Practical value. The conducted research made it possible to draw up scales that are used in the assessment of product quality at manufacturing plants.

Enhancing the electrochemical performance of Sn-Zn alloy anode foil for lithium-ion batteries through microstructure design via accumulative roll bonding technique

In this study, we introduce a novel method for designing microstructures of Sn-45Zn alloy foils utilizing the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) technique, which is one of severe plastic deformation techniques that have been used for refining the microstructures of bulk metals. The electrochemical properties of Sn-Zn foil anodes with various microstructures achieved through the ARB method followed by annealing are investigated in lithium-ion batteries. The degree and characteristics of microstructural damage during electrochemical cyclic tests are also examined in detail to provide insights into the microstructural parameters that critically influence the capacity and cyclic behavior of the Sn-Zn alloy foil anode. Our findings suggest that the ARB-processed Sn-Zn alloy foil, characterized by nearly ultrafine grains composed of Sn and Zn phases with the Zn phase forming a continuous network, exhibits superior battery capacity and cycle life compared to the sample processed using the conventional rolling method. This superiority can be attributed to its unique microstructure obtained through ARB, which reduces pore density, suppresses pore interlinkage, decreases charge transport resistance and nucleation overpotential, and enhances Li-ion diffusivity in the electrode.

Моделирование применимости метода радиальносдвиговой прокатки для закрытия дефектов литой структуры стального слитка

The aim of this work was to investigate the applicability of radial shear rolling method for deformation treatment of steel ingots containing cast structure defects. The radial-shift rolling (RSR) method is the most suitable for this purpose from the point of view of absence of restrictions on the billet length and realisable vortex flow of metal under conditions of favourable stress-strain state. An ingot with a diameter of 32 mm with an artificial transverse through defect was taken as the basic material. According to the results of the experiment, a 3D model of the final view of the defect cavity was built and the morphology of welding of its different zones was analysed. The volume of the defect was reduced from 620 mm3 to 380 mm3 . The experimental result showed that the RSR method is well suited for the closure of superficial defects with a depth of 1-3 mm. In the presence of axial defects, RSR method does not weld the defects, but stretches along the rolling direction changing the shape

Investigation of the character of change of geometrical dimensions of a tubular billet at its deformation by rolling method

Obtaining bent pipe bends is an urgent scientific and technical task, for the solution of which it is necessary to determine the influence of the deformation process on the geometric dimensions of the billet. It is especially important to control the thinning of the outer wall of the bend, as this parameter is critical for the service characteristics of the bend. At the Department of Machine Building Technologies, Machine Tools and Instruments of South Ural State University (National Research University) works on studying the process of deformation of a tubular billet by the method of rolling with high tension are carried out. The article covers the influence of this deformation method on the wall thickness of the deformed billet, presents data on the character of wall thickness of a tubular billet when it is deformed by the method of rolling with high tension. The data on wall thickness change were obtained in two ways: computer modeling and measurements of experimental deformed pipe billet were carried out. Modeling was carried out using the software package MSC.Mars. The physical experiment on deformation of the tube billet was carried out on the laboratory installation for obtaining the experimental bent branch by the method of rolling with high tension. For the research work, a welded tube billet made of St2 steel, 57 mm in diameter and 4 mm wall thickness was used. In the course of modeling, calculated data on wall thickness change as a result of deformation into a tube bent branch were obtained. The wall thickness of the experimental bend was measured with an ultrasonic thickness gauge. Comparison of experi-mental data and modeling data showed a data discrepancy of 5–8 %. Such a discrepancy indicates the possibility of using computer modeling to predict the thinning of the outer wall in the process of deformation of pipe bends by rolling with high tension.

Laminated tin–aluminum anodes to build practical aqueous aluminum batteries

Aqueous aluminum metal batteries (AAMBs) have emerged as promising energy storage devices, leveraging the abundance of Al and their high energy density. However, AAMBs face challenges such as unsuccessful Al deposition during charging or poor anode reversibility, passivation layer formation, and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A promising approach to alleviate these issues is introducing foreign metals to interact with Al. In this study, Sn is selected for its appropriate standard reduction potential (−0.13 V), work function (4.42 eV), and compatibility with Al, facilitating Al underpotential deposition and enhancing anode reversibility. We first determine the feasibility of Al deposition on Sn substrate after three-electrode testing, which, however, results in low capacity. To increase the contact interface between Sn and Al and thereby improve capacity, we employ a scalable folding and rolling method to prepare Sn–Al laminate electrodes (Sn@Al). The Sn@Al heterostructure can effectively facilitate Al stripping/plating, reducing internal resistance. The Sn@Al electrodes demonstrate stable cycling for over 900 h in symmetric cells and superior performance in full cells when coupled with AlxMnO2 or KNHCF cathodes. To further enhance Sn@Al anodes, a polymer coating is applied to suppress HER. After 700 cycles, the p-Sn@Al||KNHCF cell shows 82 % capacity retention compared to the 10th cycle. This study presents a strategy for designing effective and low-cost anodes for AAMBs and may provide insights into developing metal anodes for other aqueous batteries.

RUL prediction method for rolling bearing using convolutional denoising autoencoder and bidirectional LSTM

Remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of rolling bearing plays an important role in maintaining the safety of the equipment. However, the data collected from industrial scene often contains noises, which affects the RUL prediction precision of rolling bearing. To overcome the above problem, a data-driven scheme for RUL prediction of rolling bearing is proposed based on convolutional denoising autoencoder (CDAE) and bidirectional long short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM). In the proposed method, the vibration signal is directly used as input of the prognostics network model. Then, a denoising network model based on CDAE is built to reduce the effect of noise. Through stacking the convolutional autoencoder, the noise component is automatically removed from the raw data. Finally, the network model based on Bi-LSTM is established to extract the high-dimensional degradation characteristics of bearing and estimate the RUL of the rolling bearing. The experimental results on the Xi’an Jiaotong University bearing dataset show that the proposed method has satisfied performance of RUL prediction.

Characterization of Fe-6Si Soft Magnetic Alloy Produced by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing

Commercial electrical steels, Fe-Si alloys with < 4 wt.% Si, are inexpensive and efficient materials for electrical power conversion. Further efficiency improvements require increasing the silicon concentration to 6 wt.%, at which point the material becomes brittle and difficult to form by conventional rolling and sheet fabrication methods. Additive manufacturing stands to overcome challenges with commercial manufacturing techniques by leveraging near-net-shape fabrication. The wide array of process conditions provides additive manufacturing with increased flexibility, enabling control over the microstructure and mechanical properties. This work explores the microstructures and magnetic properties of ring-shaped Fe-Si alloys produced using concentric and cross-hatch tool paths on a laser-directed energy deposition additive manufacturing system. Concentric-built samples exhibit elongated grain structures while cross-hatch-built samples comprise lower aspect ratio grain structures. Thermal finite element analysis simulations model the stress conditions produced by the different scan path geometries. Microhardness measurements probe the mechanical properties as a function of anneal temperature, providing a qualitative understanding of the intergranular defect density. Soft magnetic properties measured under quasistatic and AC conditions show frequency- and microstructure-dependent coercivity and permeability. Finally, analysis of the core loss quantifies how the build strategies and thermal treatments influence efficiency in electrical power conversion applications. Understanding the influences of scan path geometry and thermal treatment provides a pathway towards application of additively manufactured soft magnetic materials.

Using the Radial Shear Rolling Method for Fast and Deep Processing Technology of a Steel Ingot Cast Structure.

In advancing special materials, seamless integration into existing production chains is paramount. Beyond creating improved alloy compositions, precision in processing methods is crucial to preserve desired properties without drawbacks. The synergy between alloy formulation and processing techniques is pivotal for maximizing the benefits of innovative materials. By focusing on advanced deep processing technology for small ingots of modified 12% Cr stainless steel, this paper delves into the transformation of cast ingot steel structures using radial shear rolling (RSR) processing. Through a series of nine passes, rolling ingots from a 32 mm to a 13 mm diameter with a total elongation factor of 6.02, a notable shift occurred. This single-operation process effectuated a substantial change in sample structure, transitioning from a coarse-grained cast structure (0.5-1.5 mm) to an equiaxed fine-grained structure with peripheral grain sizes of 1-4 μm and an elongated rolling texture in the axial part of the bar. The complete transformation of the initial cast dendritic structure validates the implementation of the RSR method for the deep processing of ingots.

An Evaluation of Treatment Effectiveness for Reclaimed Coral Sand Foundation in the South China Sea

Mega land reclamation projects have been carried out on the coral reefs in the South China Sea. Coral sand was used as a backfill material through hydraulic filling, with fill heights ranging from 6 to 10 m. To enhance foundation stability, vibro-flotation and impact rolling have been employed. However, the uneven distribution of coral sand, irregular particle shape, lower single-particle strength, and paucity of engineering cases for reference have posed challenges in evaluating the effectiveness of these foundation treatments. In this study, the effectiveness of vibro-flotation and impact rolling on the densification and bearing capacity of coral sand foundations has been investigated. In situ tests, including the plate load test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, density measurements, dynamic penetration test (DPT), and settlement monitoring, were conducted at four distinct zones: an untreated zone, a vibro-flotation zone at a 5 m depth, a vibro-flotation zone at a 10 m depth, and an impact rolling zone. The findings suggest that coral sand exhibits promising characteristics for foundation construction. Seepage and self-weight consolidation following land reclamation formation significantly enhance the compaction degree of the coral sand foundation, thereby meeting the requirements for areas with lower bearing capacity demands. Both vibro-flotation and impact rolling techniques could significantly enhance the foundation-bearing capacity, with marginal differences between them. Since the machinery is simple and construction speed is quick, the impact rolling method is considered to be the most efficient for the treatment of coral sand foundation. The DPT results suggest that the reinforcement effect of both vibro-flotation and impact rolling on the deep foundation is not as substantial as the surface layers. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing foundation treatments for land reclamation projects on the coral reefs.

Comparison of Single-Pass Differential Speed Rolling (DSR) and Conventional Rolling (CR) on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg5Zn

Background: The primary hot rolling method implemented is differential speed rolling (DSR). The material is rolled and grains are strained, producing fine dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains that improve material strength and ductility. Objective: The material introduced and under investigation in this paper is an Mg-based alloy, Mg5Zn (wt. %), whose microstructure is enhanced through a combination of heat treatments with proper temperature and holding time and subsequent plastic deformation through hot rolling to evaluate the effect on mechanical properties Methods: The method involves preheating the material to various temperatures in a range from 250ºC to 350ºC and rolling to various thickness reductions to analyze the effect of single-pass differential speed rolling (DSR) and conventional rolling (CR) on the DRX process and its influence on mechanical properties. Results: The effect of single-pass differential speed rolling (DSR) and conventional rolling (CR) on the DRX process shows that the process produces increasing amounts of finer DRX grains at higher rolling reductions, thereby improving the strength and ductility of the material. Conclusion: This investigation demonstrated that single-pass DSR can improve the mechanical properties and formability of Mg5Zn more effectively than CR in terms of grain refinement analyzed through OM, SEM, and EBSD resulting in enhanced tensile strength and ductility [1].

Mechanical properties of three typical aluminum alloy strips prepared by twin-roll casting

Twin-roll casting (TRC) is a near-net shape processing technology that has found widespread application across various series of Al alloys. In this study, the process-structure-property relationships of 2099, 3003, and 6082 Al alloy strips prepared by TRC and traditional rolling (TR) methods were investigated. It shows that the tensile strength and fatigue strength of 2099-TRC are lower than 2099-TR, which is attributed to the reduced solid solubility of copper (Cu) elements resulting from the precipitation of Cu-rich micron phases and the presence of microstructure inhomogeneities. While both 3003-TRC and 3003-TR materials exhibit similar yield and tensile strength, the occurrence of casting micro-void defects in 3003-TRC leads to an accelerated accumulation of fatigue damage, consequently diminishing its fatigue strength. Conversely, 6082-TRC demonstrates an enhanced fatigue strength relative to 6082-TR. This improvement is primarily linked to the higher yield strength and comparable fatigue resistance observed in the former. In light of these findings, the TRC process holds promise for enhancing the fatigue performance of 6xxx Al alloy strips with good elongation. However, for 2xxx and 3xxx alloy strips with comparatively lower elongation, the TRC process enhancements may be necessary to realize similar benefits. The insights gleaned from this study could offer valuable reference and guidance for optimizing both the TRC process itself and the fatigue performance of Al alloy strips.