Method For Quantitative Analysis Research Articles

Quantitative Three-Dimensional Imaging Analysis of HfO2 Nanoparticles in Single Cells via Deep Learning Aided X-ray Nano-Computed Tomography.

It is crucial for understanding mechanisms of drug action to quantify the three-dimensional (3D) drug distribution within a single cell at nanoscale resolution. Yet it remains a great challenge due to limited lateral resolution, detection sensitivities, and reconstruction problems. The preferable method is using X-ray nano-computed tomography (Nano-CT) to observe and analyze drug distribution within cells, but it is time-consuming, requiring specialized expertise, and often subjective, particularly with ultrasmall metal nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, the accuracy of batch data analysis through conventional processing methods remains uncertain. In this study, we used radioenhancer ultrasmall HfO2 nanoparticles as a model to develop a modular and automated deep learning aided Nano-CT method for the localization quantitative analysis of ultrasmall metal NPs uptake in cancer cells. We have established an ultrasmall objects segmentation method for 3D Nano-CT images in single cells, which can highly sensitively analyze minute NPs and even ultrasmall NPs in single cells. We also constructed a localization quantitative analysis method, which may accurately segment the intracellularly bioavailable particles from those of the extracellular space and intracellular components and NPs. The high bioavailability of HfO2 NPs in tumor cells from deeper penetration in tumor tissue and higher tumor intracellular uptake provide mechanistic insight into HfO2 NPs as advanced radioenhancers in the combination of quantitative subcellular image analysis with the therapeutic effects of NPs on 3D tumor spheroids and breast cancer. Our findings unveil the substantial uptake rate and subcellular quantification of HfO2 NPs by the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). This revelation explicates the notable efficacy and safety profile of HfO2 NPs in tumor treatment. These findings demonstrate that this 3D imaging technique promoted by the deep learning algorithm has the potential to provide localization quantitative information about the 3D distributions of specific molecules at the nanoscale level. This study provides an approach for exploring the subcellular quantitative analysis of NPs in single cells, offering a valuable quantitative imaging tool for minute amounts or ultrasmall NPs.

Five commonly used traditional Chinese medicine formulas in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: A network meta-analysis.

Currently, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas are commonly being used as adjunctive therapy for ulcerative colitis in China. Network meta-analysis, a quantitative and comprehensive analytical method, can systematically compare the effects of different adjunctive treatment options for ulcerative colitis, providing scientific evidence for clinical decision-making. To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of commonly used TCM for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) in clinical practice through a network meta-analysis. Clinical randomized controlled trials of these TCM formulas used for the adjuvant treatment of UC were searched from the establishment of the databases to July 1, 2022. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were screened and evaluated for literature quality and risk of bias according to the Cochrane 5.1 standard. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using ReviewManager (RevMan) 5.4, and a funnel plot was constructed to test for publication bias. ADDIS 1.16 statistical software was used to perform statistical analysis of the treatment measures and derive the network relationship and ranking diagrams of the various intervention measures. A total of 64 randomized controlled trials involving 5456 patients with UC were included in this study. The adjuvant treatment of UC using five TCM formulations was able to improve the clinical outcome of the patients. Adjuvant treatment with Baitouweng decoction (BTWT) showed a significant effect [mean difference = 36.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.63 to 65.76]. For the reduction of tumor necrosis factor in patients with UC, adjunctive therapy with BTWT (mean difference = -9.55, 95%CI: -17.89 to -1.41), Shenlingbaizhu powder [SLBZS; odds ratio (OR) = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.08 to 0.39], and Shaoyao decoction (OR = -23.02, 95%CI: -33.64 to -13.14) was effective. Shaoyao decoction was more effective than BTWT (OR = 0.12, 95%CI: 0.03 to 0.39), SLBZS (OR = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.08 to 0. 39), and Xi Lei powder (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.13 to 0.81) in reducing tumor necrosis factor and the recurrence rate of UC. TCM combined with mesalazine is more effective than mesalazine alone in the treatment of UC.

Research on the distribution of educational resources from the perspective of public service equalization in China—Based on government responsibility and fiscal input

This paper explores the distribution of educational resources from the perspective of public service equalization in China, with a particular focus on government responsibility and fiscal input. Initially, the paper reviews the theoretical foundations and empirical studies concerning the distribution of educational resources, analyzing the role of government in educational equity and the impact of fiscal expenditure. By employing quantitative analysis methods, this study utilizes data on provincial education expenditures over several years to examine the relationship between government fiscal input and the equalization of educational resources. Empirical results indicate that increasing educational fiscal input and optimizing the allocation mechanism significantly enhance the level of equalization in educational resources. Furthermore, through case analyses of several local governments, effective policy recommendations are proposed to promote the fair distribution and optimization of educational resources. Lastly, the paper discusses potential obstacles in policy implementation and suggests corresponding strategies.

Did COVID-19 discriminate in the global South? Revealing heterogeneity of urban households’ livelihood resilience based on evidence from Bangladesh, China, India and Philippines

“Lives or livelihoods” is a hard trade-off when confronting COVID-19, especially for cities in the Global South. Countermeasures to protect people's lives may exert negative impacts on urban households and test their livelihood resilience. Did COVID-19 discriminate? Did livelihood resilience vary among different urban households within and across different countries and cities? Established studies focused on rural households' livelihood resilience under climate change or natural hazard based on single country context. Little is known about the variety of urban households' livelihood resilience under COVID-19 across countries and cities. This study aims to fill this gap by revealing heterogeneity of livelihood resilience at both individual urban household level and country level. First-hand questionnaire survey data (N ​= ​4374) were collected from seven cities from Bangladesh, China, India, and Philippines. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods, it's found that: COVID-19 did discriminate. Urban households with larger household size, no home ownership, no financial assets, and household heads with low education level, informal employed and no flexibility to transfer to work from home, were vulnerable groups. COVID-19 also discriminated across cities. Cities with a high ratio of informal workers, no effective economic relief policies and long stringent mobility restriction measures performed worse.

Development of Uv-visible and Hplc Analytical Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Antiulcer Drugs in Dosage Forms

Precise measurement of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in dosage forms is crucial in the pharmaceutical business to guarantee the quality, effectiveness, and safety of the product. This research is focused on creating and confirming analytical techniques for accurately measuring the amount of antiulcer medicines in different types of medication. The measurement of antiulcer medicines in their respective formulations was carried out using two analytical techniques: UV-Visible spectroscopy and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). UV-Visible spectroscopy is a straightforward and cost-effective method that allows for quick examination. It is particularly useful for regular quality control applications. HPLC, in contrast, offers exceptional sensitivity, specificity, and precision, facilitating the isolation and measurement of many constituents in complex matrices. The technique development procedure included optimizing experimental parameters, including solvent systems, detection wavelengths, column types, mobile phase composition, and flow rates. The reliability and robustness of the suggested procedures were ensured by validation studies done in accordance with ICH recommendations. The adequacy of the procedures for their intended purpose was assessed by evaluating parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness. The UV-Visible and HPLC techniques that were developed showed exceptional linearity over the examined concentration range, with correlation values (R²) above 0.99. The precision experiments showed low relative standard deviations (RSDs), suggesting excellent repeatability and moderate accuracy. The accuracy checks demonstrated that the recovery values were within acceptable ranges, therefore verifying the dependability of the methodologies used for quantitative analysis.

The Effect of E-WOM and Brand Image on Purchase Intention to Buy Samsung Phones with E-Satisfaction as a Moderation Variable in State One, Students of Feb USU Medan

This study uses E-Satisfaction as a moderator to identify and examine the effects of E-WOM and brand image on purchase intention. The primary data was collected directly from the 105 respondents who made up the sample. The sampling technique combines both the non-probability sampling technique and the Slovin sampling approach. Quantitative analysis methods were used to investigate survey responses from respondents, and SPSS was used as the analytical tool. Brand image does not significantly affect purchase intentions, but E-WOM and E-Satisfaction do, according to the study’s findings. The association between E-WOM and purchase intentions is likewise moderated by e-satisfaction, whereas the link between brand image and purchases is not moderated by e-satisfaction. Keywords: E-wom, brand image, E-Satisfaction, purchase intention

Hydroxy Fatty Acid Synthesis-Related mRNA as the Biomarker for Detecting Mislabeling of Honey Entomological Origin.

The authentication of the entomological origin of honey is a widespread concern, necessitating the prompt establishment of an effective approach for distinguishing between Apis cerana cerana honey (ACH) and Apis mellifera ligustica honey (AMH). Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) found in honey are bee-derived components synthesized by the mandibular glands of worker bees. We previously discovered significant variations in the hydroxy fatty acid composition between ACH and AMH, suggesting their potential as indicators for identifying the authenticity of the entomological origin of honey. Herein, we identified differentially expressed genes associated with HFA synthesis by conducting transcriptome sequencing of the mandibular glands of AC and AM honeybees. Subsequently, we proposed a method for the relative quantitative analysis of bee-derived RNA components using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, which was supplemented by multivariate statistical analysis to further discern differences in HFA synthesis-related mRNA between ACH and AMH. The results showed that the mRNAs of FAXDC2 (fatty acid hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2) and FAS (fatty acid synthase) may serve as indicators to discern the entomological origin of honey. This study presents two novel biomarkers for detecting mislabeling of the entomological origin in ACH and AMH based on variations in bee-derived components.

Microcrack characteristics of granite under circumferential strain-controlled uniaxial compression test using UDEC-GBM

Rockburst is one of the significant challenges for underground excavation stability. The post-peak behaviour of rock controls the way it fails, and the released energy is potentially involved in the rockburst. However, understanding of both microscopic and macroscopic behaviours of brittle rock in the post-peak stage is limited due to the lack of proper loading methods and quantitative microscopic analysis methods. This study proposes a circumferential strain-controlled loading algorithm in UDEC to control the failure process, which has been verified against previous literature. By employing the improved geometry generation method, the microcrack evolution is quantitatively assessed. Energy analysis reveals that up to 80% of the input energy is stored in the granite prior to complete failure, which could be released if the rock fails at this moment. Conversely, after the complete failure, intragranular cracks account for the majority of energy dissipation, indicating its importance in post-peak stability. A small portion of the peak stored strain energy needs to be extracted to achieve a controlled failure process. Furthermore, it is found that the significant increases in the formation of intergranular shear and low-angled microcracks potentially feature the complete failure of the specimen. The proposed model offers a complementary method to systematically investigate the post-peak behaviour of rock, including the evolution of microcracks and energy.

Methodologic and Data-Analysis Triangulation in Case Studies: A Scoping Review.

We sought to explore the processes of methodologic and data-analysis triangulation in case studies using the example of research on nurse practitioners in primary health care. We conducted a scoping review within Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework, considering studies that defined a case study design and used 2 or more data sources, published in English or German before August 2023. The databases searched were MEDLINE and CINAHL, supplemented with hand searching of relevant nursing journals. We also examined the reference list of all the included studies. In total, 63 reports were assessed for eligibility. Ultimately, we included 8 articles. Five studies described within-method triangulation, whereas 3 provided information on between/across-method triangulation. No study reported within-method triangulation of 2 or more quantitative data-collection procedures. The data-collection procedures were interviews, observation, documentation/documents, service records, and questionnaires/assessments. The data-analysis triangulation involved various qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis. Details about comparing or contrasting results from different qualitative and mixed-methods data were lacking. Various processes for methodologic and data-analysis triangulation are described in this scoping review but lack detail, thus hampering standardization in case study research, potentially affecting research traceability. Triangulation is complicated by terminological confusion. To advance case study research in nursing, authors should reflect critically on the processes of triangulation and employ existing tools, like a protocol or mixed-methods matrix, for transparent reporting. The only existing reporting guideline should be complemented with directions on methodologic and data-analysis triangulation.

Dynamics of Social Interaction, Social Support, and Psychological Well-Being in Urban Communities: Social Support Theory Perspective

This study aims to investigate the effect of Quality of Social Relationships on Social Welfare and Urban Community Quality of Life, using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) quantitative analysis method with the SMARTPLS tool. This research method involves collecting data from 600 samples representing various backgrounds and characteristics of individuals in an urban environment. The results showed that Quality of Social Relationships has a positive and significant influence on Social Welfare and Urban Community Quality of Life. The quality of strong and supportive social relationships is shown to play an important role in enhancing individual social welfare and improving the overall quality of life in urban communities. From the analysis using the SEM method with SMARTPLS, the findings suggest that social interaction, life satisfaction, social support, and the ability to adapt to environmental changes contribute positively to the quality of social relationships which in turn influence Social Welfare and Urban Community Quality of Life. The implication of these findings is the need to consider the importance of strengthening the quality of social relationships in developing social policies and programs aimed at improving social welfare and quality of life in urban environments.

Penyusunan Konsep Sustainable Village Melalui Analisis Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Desa di Kabupaten Jember

This article is designed to develop the concept of a sustainable village through an in-depth exploration of the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBDes) in Jember Regency. The primary focus of this research is to understand how Village Funds can be configured to support the concept of a Sustainable Village. This study uses descriptive quantitative analysis methods by processing APBDes data from 223 villages in Jember Regency to form the concept of a sustainable village. The results indicate that villages allocating funds with a priority on infrastructure spending, such as Yosorati, Mulyorejo, and Darungan, are more likely to implement the concept of a sustainable village compared to villages with lower allocations in the same category. This article highlights the importance of integrating sustainability principles into the planning and budgeting of Village Funds to ensure that development not only improves current living quality but also preserves the environment for the future.

Analysis of the Relationships between Variables and Their Applications in the Energy Saving Field

Energy saving is an important measure to promote social green transformation. The traditional energy-saving ideas usually only focus on a specific loss, and seldom consider the possible relationship and influence among various losses. In relatively complex energy-using systems, there are often many kinds of losses, and each loss may have many influencing factors. There may be some relationship between these losses and the influencing factors. To solve this problem, this paper presents an analysis method of the variable association in multi-variable systems. First, the basic relationships between variables and the representation methods are discussed. The basic concept of a path between variables is given, and the analysis method of variable association based on path statistics is provided. This paper focuses on the analysis of the influencing factors and paths of the observed variables, as well as which observed variables will be affected by a control variable. Then, based on the correlation matrix, the quantitative analysis method of the influence between variables is given. Variable correlation analysis is innovatively applied in the field of energy saving to determine the correlation of losses through variable associations, guiding the preliminary screening of energy-saving measures and analyzing the collateral effects of these measures. Based on the correlations between energy losses, a scientific process for formulating energy-saving measures is proposed. The variable correlation analysis method proposed in this paper is a generalized method, which can judge the correlation between variables from the perspective of theoretical analysis and avoid the dependence on data. In addition to good applications in the field of energy conservation, it can also be widely used in construction, transportation, climate change, and other fields. The proposed energy-saving ideas take into account the intensity of influencing factors on loss and the correlation between loss, which improves the effectiveness of energy saving measures.

Safety evaluation of human-caused errors in civil aviation based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method

PurposeAt present, the statistics of human error events in domestic civil aviation are limited, and the analysis indicators are difficult to quantify. The purpose of this study is to reduce the incidence of human error events and improve the safety of civil aviation.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, a safety prevention evaluation method combining analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) is proposed. The risk factors of civil aviation safety are identified through questionnaire survey and calculated by MATLAB software.FindingsThe results of the study are as follows: a safety risk evaluation index system including 4 first-level indicators and 16 second-level indicators is constructed; the AHP is used to calculate the weight of the influencing factors of human error and sort them; and the FCE method is used to quantitatively evaluate the safety prevention of civil aviation human error and put forward the countermeasures.Research limitations/implicationsThis study also has some limitations. While it provides an overall quantitative identification of civil aviation safety risk factors, the research methods chosen, such as the questionnaire survey method and the AHP, involve individual subjectivity. Consequently, the research results may have errors. In the preliminary preparation of the follow-up study, we should analyze a large number of civil aviation accident investigation reports, more accurately clarify the human error factors and completely adopt the quantitative analysis method in the research method.Practical implicationsThis study identifies the risk factors of civil aviation safety and conducts a reasonable analysis of human error factors. In the daily training of civil aviation, the training can be focused on previous man-made accidents; in view of the “important” influencing factors, the aviation management system is formulated to effectively improve the reliability of aviation staff; according to the evaluation criteria of human error in civil aviation, measures to prevent and control accidents can be better formulated.Social implicationsIn view of these four kinds of influencing factors, the corresponding countermeasures and preventive measures are taken according to the discussion, so as to provide the basis for the prevention of aviation human error analysis, management and decision-making, prevent the risk from brewing into safety accidents and improve the safety of aviation management.Originality/valueBased on the questionnaire survey, this study creatively applies the safety prevention evaluation method combining AHP and FCE to the study of civil aviation human error, integrates the advantages of qualitative and quantitative methods, flexibly designs qualitative problems, objectively quantifies research results and reduces subjective variables. Then, by discussing civil aviation safety management measures to avoid risk factors, reduce the incidence of human error events and improve the safety of civil aviation.

Research on batch multielement rapid quantitative analysis based on the standard curve-assisted calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy method

This study proposes a batch rapid quantitative analysis method for multiple elements by combining the advantages of standard curve (SC) and calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) technology to achieve synchronous, rapid, and accurate measurement of elements in a large number of samples, namely, SC-assisted CF-LIBS. Al alloy standard samples, divided into calibration and test samples, were applied to validate the proposed method. SC was built based on the characteristic line of Pb and Cr in the calibration sample, and the contents of Pb and Cr in the test sample were calculated with relative errors of 6% and 4%, respectively. SC built using Cr with multiple characteristic lines yielded better calculation results. The relative contents of ten elements in the test sample were calculated using CF-LIBS. Subsequently, the SC-assisted CF-LIBS was executed, with the majority of the calculation relative errors falling within the range of 2%–5%. Finally, the Al and Na contents of the Al alloy were predicted. The results demonstrate that it effectively enables the rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of multiple elements after a single-element SC analysis of the tested samples. Furthermore, this quantitative analysis method was successfully applied to soil and Astragalus samples, realizing an accurate calculation of the contents of multiple elements. Thus, it is important to advance the LIBS quantitative analysis and its related applications.

Quantitative analysis of the impurities in Etimicin using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector

Etimicin is a typical aminoglycoside antibiotic (AG). High performance liquid chromatography-evaporation light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) method is a commonly used method for determining impurities in Etimicin. However, due to the poor reproducibility, low sensitivity and narrow linear range of the ELSD, high-throughput quantitative analysis of impurities in Etimicin currently poses a challenge. In this study, a sensitive method using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector (HILIC-CAD) was developed for the analysis of the impurities in Etimicin. The liquid phase conditions for determination impurities in Etimicin were optimized using Box Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM), resulting in satisfactory separation and optimal CAD output signal. We also studied the influence of CAD parameters on the signal-to-noise ratio and linearity of Etimicin and its impurities. This method has also been proven to be effective in separating impurities from two other typical AGs, Isepamicin and Amikacin. In the method validation, the coefficient of determination (R2) of Etimicin, Isepamicin and Amikacin and their impurities were all greater than 0.999, within the range of 0.5–50 μg/mL. The average recoveries of the impurities of three typical AGs were 99.03 %-101.22 %, RSDs all were less than 2.5 % for intra-day and inter-day precision, with good precision and accuracy. The developed HILIC-CAD quantification method was sensitive, accurate and highly selective for quantitative analysis of impurities in the AGs without need ion-pairing reagents, which is ensure the public medication safety. The method is first reported application of HILIC-CAD method for quantitative analysis of the impurities in AGs.

Proprioception enhancement for robot assisted neural rehabilitation: a dynamic electrical stimulation based method and preliminary results from EEG analysis.

In recent years, the robot assisted (RA) rehabilitation training has been widely used to counteract defects of the manual one provided by physiotherapists. However, since the proprioception feedback provided by the robotic assistance or the manual methods is relatively weak for the paralyzed patients, their rehabilitation efficiency is still limited. In this study, a dynamic electrical stimulation (DES) based proprioception enhancement and the associated quantitative analysis methods have been proposed to overcome the limitation mentioned above. Firstly, the DES based proprioception enhancement method was proposed for the RA neural rehabilitation. In the method, the relationship between the surface electromyogram (sEMG) envelope of the specified muscle and the associated joint angles was constructed, and the electrical stimulation (ES) pulses for the certain joint angles were designed by consideration of the corresponding sEMG envelope, based on which the ES can be dynamically regulated during the rehabilitation training. Secondly, power spectral density, source estimation, and event-related desynchronization of electroencephalogram, were combinedly used to quantitatively analyze the proprioception from multiple perspectives, based on which more comprehensive and reliable analysis results can be obtained. Thirdly, four modes of rehabilitation training tasks, namely active, RA, DES-RA, and ES-only training, were designed for the comparison experiment and validation of the proposed DES based proprioception enhancement method. The results indicated that the activation of the sensorimotor cortex was significantly enhanced when the DES was added, and the cortex activation for the DES-RA training was similar to that for the active training. Meanwhile, relatively consistent results from the multiple perspectives were obtained, which validates the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed proprioception analysis method. The proposed methods have the potential to be applied in the practical rehabilitation training to improve the rehabilitation efficiency.

External Financial Flows and Domestic Credit Volatility Effect on Industrialization in Selected African Countries

Countries all over the world focus on industrialization as a foundation for rapid economic development and unemployment reduction. Without stable external and domestic finance, we cannot achieve this goal. Financial volatility has an impact on a country’s industrialization process. The aim of this study is to determine how external and domestic credit volatility affect industrialization in Africa. Data for some selected countries for 1992–2020 was used. The author used the Prais-Winsten regression method with Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) to estimate and analyze the model. Descriptive and quantitative methods of analysis were also used to analyze the long-balanced panel data set for the 17 selected African countries with available data. The results showed a combination of positive and negative effects of financial volatility on industrialization in Africa. The study concludes that domestic credit volatility has adversely affected industrialization in Africa and recommends the development of financial institutions on the continent through recapitalization, skilled manpower development and innovative development of different financial instruments.

A comparative study of technological pedagogical content knowledge between special education and general education in China

ABSTRACT This study examined the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) profiles of teachers at special education schools for the blind and at general elementary schools in China. A total of 113 teachers in special schools and 193 teachers in general elementary schools were enrolled. A questionnaire was used as a quantitative method of data collection and analysis. The modified scale is appropriate for this investigation and has great reliability and validity. The results revealed that, regarding each dimension of TPACK, the competence of the general school teachers was significantly superior to that of the teachers in special schools. Data showed that most pathways to TPACK as proposed were supported, but there were some differences between the two groups of teachers. This study hopes to contribute some insight regarding the assistive technology application in curriculum teaching and design for teachers both at special schools and at general schools.

Predicting tactile sensory attributes of personal care emulsions based on instrumental characterizations: A review.

Emulsions in the form of creams, lotions, gels or foams are the most widely used personal care formulations to improve the condition and feel of the skin. Achieving an optimal balance between their performance, effectiveness and sensory profile is essential, with the sensory profile being a key factor in consumer satisfaction and the success of these products in the market. Well-established methods using highly trained and semi-trained panels (e.g. Spectrum descriptive analysis, Flash Profile method, Quantitative Descriptive Analysis method and 'Check-all-that-apply') are available and commonly used for the sensory assessment of personal care products. Nevertheless, a common drawback among all these methods is their inherent cost, both in terms of financial resources and time requirements. In recent years, research studies have emerged to address this limitation by investigating potential correlations between tactile sensory attributes and instrumental data associated with the physical characteristics of topical formulations. In other words, significant efforts have been invested in the development of robust instrumental methods specifically designed to accurately predict the sensory description that a panel of assessors could establish. These methods are not only faster, cheaper and more objective compared to traditional sensory testing, but they can also be applied to formulations that have not undergone extensive safety and toxicological testing. This review summarizes the most relevant findings, trends and current challenges in predicting tactile sensory attributes of personal care emulsions based on instrumental parameters.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN TANAMAN SAMAMA(Anthocepalus macrophyllus) DI DEMPLOT SUMBER BENIH DESA HATUSUA KECAMATAN KAIRATU KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

The aim of this research is to determine the diameter increment and height increment, growth and development of Samama Plants (Anthocepalus marcophyllus) as well as environmental factors that influence the growth of Samama Plants (Anthocepalus marcophyllus). This research was carried out in Block III of Samama Plants (Anthocepalus marcophyllus) in the Seed Source Demonstration Plot in Hatusua Village, Kairatu District, West Seram Regency. Initial data was taken in January 2022 and continued with final data collection in July 2022. This research uses a quantitative analysis method by calculating the Average Annual Increment (MAI), current annual increment (CAI) and analysis simple regression. The results of further research show that the growth of Samama (AnthocepHalus marcopHyllus) plants in the seed source demonstration plot of Hatusua village, West Seram Regency with a Current Annual Rate (CAI) diameter in 2022 is 1.2 (cm/tnm/yr) and an average annual increase (MAI) diameter is 3.05 (cm/tnm/yr), current annual increment (CAI) is high, namely 1.77 (m/tnm/yr) and average annual increment (MAI) is high, namely 2.93 (m /tnm/yr). The development of the Samama plant in measurements in 2022, the walnut plant has developed. From the results of research in 2022, the growth of the Samama plant is at the pole and tree level. There are 8 trees on the pole with diameters ranging from 14.5 – 20.