Preparation Method Research Articles

Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Thienopyranone Heterocycles: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Application

Abstract: Thiophene and pyranone are valuable heterocyclic compounds that play a crucial role in the development of new drug molecules. The combination of thiophene and pyranone moieties in hybrid structures has opened exciting possibilities for various applications, leading to the discovery of thienopyranones (Thpyns), such as 5H-thieno[3,2-b]pyran-5-one, 2H-thieno[2,3-b]pyran-2-one, 4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyran-4-one, 7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-one, all of which exhibit intriguing properties. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the preparation methods and chemical reactivity of thienopyranones

Optimization and Experimental Study of Penetration Depth of Pocket Penetrometer

The pocket penetrometer has become an ideal tool for the rapid testing of soil parameters in the field due to its portability, ease of use, and cost effectiveness, but there is still room for improvement in its accuracy. In this study, a penetration test on red clay was investigated by increasing the penetration depth and combining the self-designed penetrometer, sample preparation method, and data analysis method. The improved sample preparation technique performs well in improving sample uniformity and preparation efficiency. The quantitative processing of the penetration curves improves the objectivity and accuracy of the test results. The penetration test results of various reshaped soils showed that the relationships between liquidity index, shear strength, and penetration resistance were less affected by the liquid–plastic interface. In addition, the penetration test results of remolded soils and in situ soils showed that the empirical formulas are still informative in evaluating the shear strength of soils despite the differences in the test soils.

Modification Mechanism and Performance of High-Content Polyurethane-Modified Asphalt

To explore the influence of the polyurethane blending ratio on the micro-characteristics of polyurethane-modified asphalt, three samples of the modified asphalt with different blending ratios (40%, 50%, and 60%) were prepared. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to elucidate the modification mechanism of polyurethane-modified asphalt. To investigate how the preparation method affects the performance of polyurethane-modified asphalt mixtures, two different preparation methods, namely internal blending and external blending, were adopted. The road performance of the polyurethane-modified asphalt mixtures was evaluated through the utilization of rutting tests, low-temperature trabecular bending tests, and freeze–thaw splitting tests. The FTIR test results indicate that during the modification of polyurethane, there is a change in both the intensity and position of the absorption peak, which affects the local arrangement of the molecular structure. Upon reaching a polyurethane blending ratio of 50%, a cross-linked network structure that is similar to polyurethane is formed. The results of the AFM test demonstrate that an increase in polyurethane content results in a corresponding increase in surface roughness. At a polyurethane content of 50%, the curing reaction is most effective, which is beneficial for enhancing the bonding performance between the asphalt and the aggregate, thereby enhancing the overall water stability of the mixture. The results of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests indicate that the microstructure is more stable when the polyurethane content is 50%. The results of the performance test of the polyurethane-modified asphalt mixture indicate that the dynamic stability of the polyurethane-modified asphalt mixture is approximately four times that of the SBS-modified asphalt mixture. The flexural tensile strength and maximum flexural strain of the polyurethane-modified asphalt mixture are, respectively, 1.5 and 3.2 times those of the SBS-modified asphalt mixture, indicating that its anti-deformation ability is stronger in a low-temperature environment, and it is found that the low-temperature performance of the mixture prepared with the internal blending method is better than that with the external blending method. The splitting strength of the polyurethane asphalt mixture before and after freezing and thawing is greater than that of an SBS asphalt mixture: before freezing and thawing, by about 3.8 times; after freezing and thawing, by about 3 times. Although the freezing and thawing of the polyurethane mixture has damage, it still meets the requirements of the use of pavement materials. It can be observed that the incorporation of polyurethane alters the internal structure of the asphalt, which markedly enhances the properties of the asphalt mixture and offers a novel perspective on the development of modified asphalt materials.

Cold-spray repair of CuCrZr crystallizers: Effect of substrate pretreatment

Cold spraying is a promising technique for repairing damaged CuCrZr crystallizers, and the interface between the repair coating and the substrate plays a critical role in determining the heat transfer efficiency of the repaired crystallizers. In this study, two coating/substrate interfaces were prepared through polishing and grit-blasting the CuCrZr substrate surface. Effect of substrate pretreatment on microstructure and performance of the CuCrZr coating was studied using electron backscatter diffraction, adhesive shear strength and thermal conduction tests. Results show that the surface preparation method does not affect the microstructure and hardness of the CuCrZr coating, but the coating sprayed on the grit-blasted substrate has a lower shear adhesive strength and heat conductivity than the coating sprayed on the polished substrate. This difference is attributed to the formation of a work hardening zone during the grit-blasting process. After releasing this work hardening by annealing at 500°C, the difference in heat conductivity then disappears, but the average shear adhesive strength of the annealed coating on the polished substrate is still higher than that on the grit-blasted substrate. Therefore, polishing the substrate could serve as a more viable option for the cold spray repair of CuCrZr crystallizers.

Migration of toxic elements from recycled paper food contact materials to food simulants: compatibility and influence of sample preparation methods

Migration of toxic elements from recycled paper food contact materials to food simulants: compatibility and influence of sample preparation methods

A REVIEW ON SANDHANA KALPANA

Sandhana Kalpana is an Ayurvedic method of medicinal preparation that has been used for centuries to promote health and wellness. This kind of medicinal preparation is made by fermenting a mixture of herbs, minerals, and other natural ingredients. The longer fermentation period helps to create a more potent and concentrated prepara-tion. This article aims to provide a nuanced understanding of fermentation in Ayurveda, bridging the gap be-tween traditional knowledge and modern scientific inquiry.

COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SURYAPAKI PRITHVISARA TAILA, I.E. WITH AND WITHOUT SODHANA

Sneha Kalpana is a unique dosage form in Ayurveda pharmaceutics. The method of Sneha preparation is of two types: Agnipaka Vidhi and Surya paka vidhi. Agnipaka vidhi Taila preparations are more well-documented, whereas Suryapaka vidhi taila preparations are less and less documented. Methods: Prithvisara taila is told in Chakradutta Kusta roga Chikista. This Taila contains Visha Dravya’s, contemplating this a pharmaceutical and analytical study was conducted on this Taila i.e. with two batches with and without Shodhana. Results: The analytical study of both batches of Prithvisara Taila is the same except for the peroxide value and saponification value, which is higher in the Ashodhita batch, which might affect their shelf life and more prone to Rancidity compared to the Shodhita batch. Conclusion: The outcome is that the Shodhita Taila have more shelf life compared to Ashodhita Taila

CLINICAL STUDY OF HEMADRI RASA IN TAMAKA SHWASA – A UNIQUE FORMULATION

Ayurveda offers treatment for all disorders known to men. One of the ancient diseases that often troubles humankind is Tamaka Shwasa or Bronchial Asthma. Hemadri rasa is a formulation postulated by Rasendra Chinthamani containing Shuddha Parada, Shuddha Gandhaka, Shuddha Tamra and Shuddha Manashila, with a unique preparation method. Inclusion Criteria - Symptoms of Shwasa Krichratha, Kasa, Kanta ghurghuratha, Asino Labhate Soukhyam, and Ura Shula were considered. Objective criteria – ESR, AEC, DEC, FEV ratio and Chest X-ray. Results - Shwasa Kruchratha – 100%, Kanta ghurghuratha – 82.2%, Kasa – 56.59%, Asino Labhate shoukhyam – 100%, Ura Shula – 100%, ESR – 40.47%, AEC – 60.93%, DEC – 53.57%, FEV ratio - 2.7%. Overall effect of therapy – No improvement – 0%, Mild improvement – 07%, Moderate improvement – 03%, Marked improvement – 60%, Significant improvement – 30%.

Controlling Magnetization in Ferromagnetic Semiconductors by Current-Induced Spin-Orbit Torque

In this paper, we review our work on the manipulation of magnetization in ferromagnetic semiconductors (FMSs) using electric-current-induced spin-orbit torque (SOT). Our review focuses on FMS layers from the (Ga,Mn)As zinc-blende family grown by molecular beam epitaxy. We describe the processes used to obtain spin polarization of the current that is required to achieve SOT, and we briefly discuss methods of specimen preparation and of measuring the state of magnetization. Using specific examples, we then discuss experiments for switching the magnetization in FMS layers with either out-of-plane or in-plane easy axes. We compare the efficiency of SOT manipulation in single-layer FMS structures to that observed in heavy-metal/ferromagnet bilayers that are commonly used in magnetization switching by SOT. We then provide examples of prototype devices made possible by manipulation of magnetization by SOT in FMSs, such as read-write devices. Finally, based on our experimental results, we discuss future directions which need to be explored to achieve practical magnetic memories and related applications based on SOT switching.

Investigation of the general state of oral hygiene in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment

Relevance. In patients with orthodontic structures, plaque accumulating for a long time around a non-removable device can lead to enamel demineralization, rapidly progressing to a carious cavity and the development of gingival inflammation. An important aspect of the management of such patients is measures to reduce the risk of caries and improve the effectiveness of oral hygiene. The aim of the study was to assess the level of oral hygiene in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in groups with different methods of enamel preparation before fixing braces. Materials and methods. A randomized, controlled trial was conducted involving 60 patients aged 18–30 years. To assess the level of oral hygiene and the intensity of caries, we determined: the DMF index, the index of oral hygiene of OHI-S. The assessment of the enamel condition after removal of braces was carried out using the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). Universal Bond adhesive system (Tokuyama Dental), SHIELD FORCE PLUS varnish (Tokuyama Dental), double-curing adhesive fixing cement ESTECEM PLUS (Tokuyama Dental) were used to fix the braces. The effectiveness of oral hygiene was evaluated before treatment and 12 months after the start of orthodontic treatment. Results. There was a statistically significant decrease in the index of ОНІ-S in patients with ceramic and metal braces, the enamel surface of which was treated with varnish. The index of ОНІ-S before the start of the study in patients with ceramic braces was 1.5 ± 0.12, with metal ones – 1.4 ± 0.47. After 12 months, the index values were 1.6 ± 0.36 and 1.5 ± 0.46, respectively, p = 0.002. In the group of patients whose surface was not treated with varnish, the index values were statistically not significant, p > 0.05. When assessing the resistance of teeth to the development of caries using the DMF index, a statistically significant difference was also found in groups where bracket systems were fixed with pretreatment of the enamel surface with varnish. The value of the DMF index before the start of the study in the group of patients with ceramic braces was 1.7 ± 0.22, in the group with metal braces – 1.4 ± 0.14. After 12 months, the index values were 1.8±0.16 and 1.5 ± 0.23, respectively, p = 0.0012. Conclusion. The use of varnish before fixing braces helps to improve the condition of the oral cavity, which is expressed in improved hygiene, as well as in the absence of pathological changes on the enamel surface in the form of demineralization. In this regard, further studies are needed to assess the degree of influence of varnishes on the condition of the oral cavity in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Bubble Mediated Spray-Antisolvent Crystallization Method for Preparation and Control of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Ultrafine Powder

Bubble Mediated Spray-Antisolvent Crystallization Method for Preparation and Control of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Ultrafine Powder

Structural Optimization of Natural Plant Products: Construction, Pesticidal Activities, and Toxicology Study of New 2-Isopropanol-4-methoxy-7-alkyl/aryloxycarbonyl-(E)-vinyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans.

Recently, the structural optimization of natural bioactive products has been one of the important ways to discover new pesticide candidates. Based on osthole as a lead compound, herein, a series of new 2-isopropanol-4-methoxy-7-alkyl/aryloxycarbonyl-(E)-vinyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran derivatives were synthesized. Steric configurations of compounds 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 29, and 31 were confirmed by X-ray monocrystallography. Notably, an efficient method for preparation of 2-isopropanol-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans from osthole by the epoxidation and rearrangement reactions was developed. Against Plutella xylostella Linnaeus, compound 31 (R = CH2CH2Ph; LC50: 0.759 mg/mL) displayed a 1.9-fold insecticidal activity compared to that of osthole; against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, compound 34 (R = (CH2)9CH3; LC50: 0.401 mg/mL) exhibited a 3.3-fold acaricidal activity and good control effects compared to those of osthole. By the scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging method, it was demonstrated that the acaricidal activity of compound 34 may be related to the damage of the cuticle layer crest of T. cinnabarinus. Compound 34 could be further studied as a potential acaricide.

Two-Dimensional Material-Based Nanofluidic Devices and Their Applications.

Nanofluidics is an interdisciplinary field of study that bridges hydrodynamics, statistical physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, and other fields to investigate the transport of fluids and ions on the nanometric scale. The progress in this field, however, has been constrained by challenges in fabricating nanofluidic devices suitable for systematic investigations. Recent advances in two-dimensional (2D) materials have revolutionized the development of nanofluids. Their ultrathin structure and photothermoelectric response make it possible to achieve the scale control, friction limitation, and regulatory response, all of which are challenging to achieve with traditional solid materials. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the preparation methods and corresponding structures of three types of 2D material-based nanofluidic devices, including nanopores, nanochannels, and membranes. We highlight their applications and recent advances in exploring physical mechanisms, detecting biomolecules (DNA, protein), developing iontronics devices, improving ion/gas selectivity, and generating osmotic energy. We discuss the challenges facing 2D material-based nanofluidic devices and the prospects for future advancements in this field.

Emerging Artificial Synaptic Devices Based on Organic Semiconductors: Molecular Design, Structure and Applications.

In modern computing, the Von Neumann architecture faces challenges such as the memory bottleneck, hindering efficient processing of large datasets and concurrent programs. Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the brain's architecture, emerges as a promising alternative, offering unparalleled computational power while consuming less energy. Artificial synaptic devices play a crucial role in this paradigm shift. Various material systems, from organic to inorganic, have been explored for neuromorphic devices, with organic materials attracting attention for their excellent photoelectric properties, diverse material choices, and versatile preparation methods. Organic semiconductors, in particular, offer advantages over transition-metal dichalcogenides, including ease of preparation and flexibility, making them suitable for large-area organic films. This review focuses on emerging artificial synaptic devices based on organic semiconductors, discussing different branches within the organic semiconductor material system, various fabrication methods, device structure designs, and applications of organic artificial synapse. Critical considerations and challenges for achieving truly human-like dynamic perception in artificial systems based on organic semiconductors are also outlined, reflecting the ongoing evolution of neuromorphic computing.

Chromic Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers: Preparation, Applications, and the Future.

Physical understanding and determination of different analytes without the need for advanced and additional equipment are highly important, which can be achieved by using stimuli-induced chromic materials. Physical and chemical incorporation of responsive chromophores into different polymers results in the fabrication of chromic polymers. Chromic electrospun nanofibers are prepared using the electrospinning technique, and their stimuli-responsivity is improved due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. This Perspective focuses on recent studies and developments on stimuli-induced chromic electrospun nanofibers. Within this Perspective, these nanofibers are divided into different classes of photochromic, thermochromic, electrochromic, mechanochromic, halochromic, solvatochromic, hydrochromic, and ionochromic according to the stimuli to which they respond. In addition, the preparation methods, chromic compounds, electrospinning conditions, response mechanisms, and different applications of chromic nanofibers will be discussed. The main applications of such chromic nanofibers are food packaging sensors, health monitoring sensors, anticounterfeiting materials, ink-free rewritable media, and smart clothing. Several new strategies are also proposed for different applications in future studies. The preparation of multiresponsive nanofibers that combine different chromic properties in a single system and also multifunctional nanofibers that merge stimuli-responsive chromic properties with other smart functionalities can be considered in the future. This Perspective aims to assist researchers and scientists in the preparation and development of new multifunctional chromic electrospun nanofibers for advanced applications, including multimode anticounterfeiting materials, multiresponsive sensors for food packaging, and shape memory-assisted dual-mode encryption of important data.

Future Prospects and Regulatory Pathways for Invasome Technologies in Transdermal Drug Delivery.

Skin is one of the largest organs in the human body. It acts as an outer protective cover and comprises the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Liposomes are formed by phospholipids and have a vesicular character that improves the encapsulation of lipophilic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic drugs. The invasome structure is flexible as opposed to regular liposomes; this is due to the presence of ethanol and terpene that increases lipid fluidity in the vesicle structure. Terpenes, ethanol, or terpene mixes are potential carriers that invasomes' tiny liposomal vesicles used to improve skin penetration. Terpenes that are primarily derived from natural sources are the most efficient and secure kind of penetration enhancers (PEs). There are some methods for the preparation of invasomes, but mostly the techniques used for the preparation of invasomes are mechanical dispersion and film hydration methods. Although PEs are effective when applied topically, only a small number are clinically approved due to concerns about skin irritation and toxicity. Invasomes exhibit a higher rate of skin penetration than liposomes and ethosomes. This review examines the structure, components, preparation methods, and applications of invasomes in pharmaceutical formulations, focusing on their potential to treat skin disorders and improve therapeutic outcomes. The primary objective is to assess the future potential of invasome technologies in transdermal drug delivery, alongside an exploration of the regulatory challenges and pathways for their development and approval. Graphical abstract illustrating the composition, mechanism of action, and therapeutic applications of invasomes in transdermal drug delivery systems.

Forensic characteristics of the prevalence, subject and method of illegal drug trafficking committed using the Internet

The article reflects such elements of forensic characteristics of illegal drug trafficking committed using the Internet as prevalence, subject and method of criminal encroachment using the example of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Statistical data are studied; objective patterns characterizing the subject and methods of preparation, commission and concealment of illegal drug trafficking using the capabilities of the Internet are identified, summarized and presented. The presented in the article can form the basis for improving the methodology for investigating these crimes, developing practical recommendations for agencies investigating crimes in the field of illegal drug trafficking.

Vertical Quantum Confinement in Bulk MoS2.

We experimentally observe quantum confinement states in bulk MoS2 by using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The band structure at the Γ̅ point reveals quantum well states (QWSs) linked to vertical quantum confinement of the electrons, confirmed by the absence of dispersion in kz and a strong intensity modulation with the photon energy. Notably, the binding energy dependence of the QWSs versus n does not follow the quadratic dependence of a two-dimensional electron gas. Instead, a linear behavior is observed that is consistent with a parabolic-like quantum well. This confinement arises from the mechanical exfoliation preparation method, which leads to the detachment of a multilayer stack from the underlying bulk. This is confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The quantum confinement in bulk-like MoS2 not only offers the opportunity to explore intersubband transitions to exploit optical properties but also provides a means to study fundamental quantum phenomena in multilayer stacks of different thicknesses.

Niosome Preparation Techniques and Structure—An Illustrated Review

A comprehensive review of recent research on niosomes was conducted using a mixed methodology, including searches in databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS). Articles were selected based on relevance. The current review examines the historical development of niosomes focusing on the methods of preparations and the contemporary strategies and prospective advancements within the realm of drug delivery systems, highlighting innovative approaches across transdermal, oral, and cellular delivery. This review reported the method of niosomes preparations including a new and novel approach for the preparation of niosomes known as the ball milling method (BM). This technique allows for the precise manipulation of size and shape, leading to improvements in drug release, encapsulation efficiency, and uniformity compared to traditional methods. Niosomes can serve as carriers for delivering various types of drugs, including hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic. This improves the efficiency of encapsulating different drugs, the size of targeted particles, and the desired zeta potential. This is achieved by using a specific charge-inducing agent for drug delivery and targeting specific diseases. These efforts are crucial for overcoming the current limitations and unlocking the full therapeutic potential of modern medicine.

Recent advances in research on biomass-based food packaging film materials.

Although traditional petroleum-based packaging materials pose environmental problems, biodegradable packaging materials have attracted extensive attention from research and industry for their environmentally friendly properties. Bio-based films, as an alternative to petroleum-based packaging films, demonstrate their significant advantages in terms of environmental friendliness and resource sustainability. This paper provides an insight into the development of biomass food packaging films such as cellulose, starch, chitosan, and gelatine, including their properties, methods of preparation (e.g., solution casting, extrusion blow molding, layer-by-layer assembly, and electrostatic spinning), and applications in food packaging. Through these preparation methods, the paper analyzes how the properties of the films can be effectively tuned and optimized to meet specific packaging needs. It was found that biomass film materials for food packaging not only possess functional properties such as antimicrobial, preservation, and indication, but also that their continued material innovation and technological improvements offer promising prospects for their use in commercial applications. These advances could help advance the global sustainable development goals, while showing great potential for improving food safety and extending shelf life. Future research will further explore new functions and applications of biomass films, providing additional solutions for environmental protection and sustainability.