Prefabrication Method Research Articles

Effective and sustainable construction by prefabrication method

The construction activity in which the building components are made offsite in a factory and then transported to the location for assembling process is Prefabrication construction. This type of construction is already been practiced in developed countries but for developing and underdeveloped countries this type of construction methodology is still unknown. Prefabrication construction is carried out in many different ways depending according on the methodology, structure, materials etc. We will be discussing about Prefabrication and dividing it based on its structure and materials used. As there are many advantages of the modern Prefabrication construction technique it also has a few drawbacks. The aim of Prefabrication technique is to built a well design house without spending much money and time. This construction technique has been proven to the best technique in saving the cost and money. In this paper we are going to discuss about how prefabrication is a effective construction technique, its application areas, its advantages and disadvantages.

Studi Eksplorasi Desain Rumah Prafabrikasi Berdasarkan Bentuk Modul Komponen sebagai Alternatif Desain Rumah Sederhana

The needs for rapid housing construction has become a very important issue nowadays because of very high housing backlog. Housing construction in the community still use conventional construction systems that have many weaknesses, one of it weakness is the problem of delays in construction time that often occurs due to project managerial problems and poor HR capacity. One alternative for accelerating development is the usage of prefabrication method. Prefabrication method allows the creation of a system to speed up the house building construction is commonly called a prefabricated house. The prefabrication industry in Indonesia is less rapidly developing because its components tend to have rigid designs that make it unattractive, and the costs are relatively more expensive when compared to conventional house. There are four types that includes in prefabricated houses that have been known before, they are RISHA, RUMANAGA, DOMUS, and DUBLDOM. The four prefabricated houses have been assessed in terms of building components and design through industrial research and development. This research is aimed to conduct a study of exploration of prefabricated house design by evaluating the weaknesses of prefabricated houses, especially in terms of module shape and components. In addition, it also examines the minimum size of house area needed in fulfilling the size of a modest house according to a literature study from previous research. From the evaluation results, the prefabricated house design is then formulated in several design alternatives to look for the possibility designs that can be developed. From the results of the study, the size of the module developed to explore the design is to use modules with multiples of 30 cm with a minimum size of the module is 2.4 m x 2.4 m and the maximum size of the module is 3 m x 3 m. Meanwhile, for the area of the house building that was developed there were three alternatives area of the house chosen, they are: small type (28.8 m2), medium type (36 m2), large type (43.2 m2) with minimal house needs, they are: gathering space (living room/room family/kitchen), bedroom, service room (bathroom), and terrace. It is expected that the results of design exploration will be an alternative design for the development of simple home designs.

Shear strengthening of RC beams with FRP grid-reinforced ECC matrix

Fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites are increasingly used for flexural and shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. This paper presents the results from an experimental study on the effectiveness and performance of a new FRCM system made of FRP grid-reinforced ECC matrix (referred to as “FGREM” for brevity) for shear strengthening of RC beams. A total of twelve shear-critical RC beams were constructed and tested. The parameters varied between the tests included the type of FRP grids, the type of cementitious matrix, the installation method of the shear strengthening system (prefabricated or cast-in-place), and the shear span-to-depth ratio of the beams. The crack patterns of all the tested beams were monitored using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Test results indicated that interfacial debonding of the shear strengthening layer and separation of the concrete side covers were two typical failure modes for the beams strengthened with the cast-in-place method and the prefabricated method, respectively. The gains in the shear capacity of the strengthened beams ranged from 50.9% to 160.6% with respect to the reference beams. Compared to the cast-in-place installation method, the prefabricated FGREM was demonstrated to be more efficient for shear strengthening of the RC beams.

Shear Slip Instability Behavior of Rock Fractures under Prepeak Tiered Cyclic Shear Loading

In this paper, shear displacement properties of rock fractures were studied, and the energy evolution process was analyzed before sliding instability under complex shear loading paths. The artificial prefabrication method was used to simulate the natural rock fractures, which are difficult to obtain in the natural environment. The prepeak tiered cyclic loading tests under constant normal loading were performed on six rock specimens with fractures by rock direct shear apparatus (RDS‐200). To obtain the stress difference of adjacent cycles, the direct shear test was conducted on the other six rock specimens with fractures before the prepeak tiered cyclic shear loading test. The variation trend of residual shear displacement (RSD) and the similarity of loading and unloading curves before slip instability were obtained by analyses of prepeak tiered cyclic shear loading test data. Energy evolution laws of rock fractures were analyzed with the consideration of the hysteresis characteristics, according to the hysteresis effect of shear displacement behind shear stress. This paper provides guidance for the study on shear instability of rock fractures under complex loading paths.

Armaduras de lazo toledanas. Evolución de las trazas geométricas con estrellas de ocho puntas y su relación con los diferentes sistemas constructivos empleados

La ciudad de Toledo, sede permanente del poder durante casi seis siglos tras la ocupación romana, fue dominada por visigodos y omeyas hasta su conquista castellana. Su evolución arquitectónica la convierte es un enclave idóneo para el desarrollo de la carpintería de armar. Sus armaduras de lazo suponen un magnífico ejemplo donde entender el oficio a través de las posibilidades geométricas y constructivas exploradas por quienes las realizaron. Se analizan las trazas geométricas y su implantación desde los ejemplos más sencillos y numerosos con estrellas de ocho puntas hasta las complejas trazas de geometría radial; la evolución de las armaduras de par y nudillo, que, mediante la prefabricación, posibilitó construir complejas armaduras de siete paños con lacería.

Study of Prefabricated Construction Methods for Mass Tread Housing Construction. Case Study: Dian Sukolilo Regency Housing, Surabaya

This paper discusses the prefabricated construction method by taking a case study of Dian Sukolilo Regency housing construction, Surabaya. Prefabricated construction methods are able to provide faster construction times and better quality. Stages of research will be carried out by processing real data with a simulation calculation approach to obtain the calculation of the budget plan and estimated time of construction using the prefabrication method. The main variables that influence this prefabricated construction method are four namely cost, time, quality and number of units. The increasing number of units will reduce the cost of construction of the construction unit using the prefabrication method. The results of each research calculation will guide the interview to find out the response of the housing developer to the prefabricated construction method whose results will be the conclusion of the study.

Assessing the productivity of prefabricated and in-situ construction systems using hybrid multi-criteria decision making method

There is little interest in prefabrication in the construction industries of developing countries, despite all its advantages. The main challenge goes back to the low level of knowledge and wrong believes about the productivity of prefabrication construction systems in comparison with conventional ones. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive and systemic decision-making tool to assess the productivity of construction systems of residential buildings. First, the determinants of productivity are identified using the Delphi method. Then, the Decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method is used to determine the level of influence of various criteria. Thereafter, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method is utilized to determine the importance weight of criteria and finally, the ranking is done by the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. Our analysis indicated that the management and planning criterion is the most influential criteria, and the cost is the most impressionable criterion in terms of productivity. Also, the case study results demonstrated that the prefabricated concrete buildings are the most productive ones, compared to the other two construction systems of prefabricated, and in-situ concrete. In the lack of possibility of complete prefabricated method, the combination of in-situ and prefabricated concrete construction system can be applied as a productive method in building the structure and façade. Finally, the results confirmed that the proposed decision-making process could assist the investors to select the most appropriate prefabricated construction system to achieve the highest level of productivity.

Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Prefabricated Utility Tunnel

Utility tunnel is a kind of underground tunnel structure that carries more than two types of public utility lines, and the utility tunnels built by the prefabricated method have been adopted in many modern cities due to their easy maintenance and environmental protection capabilities. However, knowledge about the seismic performance of the prefabricated utility tunnel and pipelines inside is quite limited. In this paper, a prefabricated utility tunnel newly built in Xi’an, China, is taken as the prototype; a series of shaking table tests are conducted to investigate the seismic performance of the prefabricated utility tunnel in loess foundation, using El Centro earthquake wave as the input loading. Details of the experimental setup focus on the design of the soil container, scaled model (1 : 10), sensor arrangement, and test cases. Dynamic responses including evaluation of boundary effect, the amplification factor of the ground and structure, distribution of soil pressure, characteristics of predominant frequencies, and the damage phenomena are analyzed. Dynamic strain obtained by Fiber Bragg Grating sensors releases the critical positions of the prefabricated utility tunnel during the earthquake. Moreover, the dynamic responses of the pipelines contained in the utility tunnel are also analyzed. From aforementioned results, the seismic performance of the prefabricated utility tunnel has been revealed. The results will provide a reference for the seismic design of prefabricated utility tunnels.

A SYSTEM DYNAMICS - BASED ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE REDUCTION MANAGEMENT: EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF PREFABRICATION

Cost effective management of construction and demolition waste (CD this research aims at providing a better C&DW management technique which will benefit the construction industry in terms of waste reduction and consequent cost-benefit. The main focus of this research is restrained to prefabrication of construction material and its effects on economy of tall buildings. The data collected from traditional methods for CDW management and prefabrication factories is based on interviewed surveys from project managers, quantity surveyors and experienced site managers. The collected data is then processed into System dynamics using VENSIM PLE by creating causal relationships with dependent and independent variables. Economic theory in contrast with conventional and prefabrication methods of construction has been incorporated in this study. Results show that usage of prefabrication technique proves to be more economical in managing C&DW. Construction waste management through prefabrication technique shows a reduction of cost around 79% as compared to that in construction through conventional methods. This suggests that prefabrication technique can considerably reduce C&DW as well as costs for its management accordingly.

Comparative Analysis of Multi-Trade Prefabrication Construction Methods

This paper proposes a construction method for efficient application of multi-trade prefabrication (MTP). The currently most advanced prefabrication method, MTP was recently introduced in North America and Europe. However, there have been few reports and studies of MTP in Asia. This paper discusses MTP construction method application in a workshop and presents solutions to identified problems. MTP pilot test 1 was performed using combinations of conventional chain block and scissor lift. Productivity analysis indicated that on-site MTP construction increased an extra labor input which was 19.6% compared to the total labor input of the conventional method. Pilot test 2 used manual material lifts for on-site MTP construction. Labor input per MTP module was reduced to 75.8% of that required for pilot test 1, but the manual lifts extended overall construction time. Pilot test 3 used a proposed optimized stacker based lifting device. Labor input for on-site MTP construction was reduced to 47.0% of that for pilot test 1. These results will be the basis for development of best practices for future MTP construction and provide better understanding as well as directions for improving MTP construction.

Optical fiber sensor-based smart structures

With the rapid growth of civil infrastructures, it has been significant to develop life-cycle monitoring of structures from their inception throughout construction, until final commission and elimination. This paper presents the use of built-in optical fiber sensors and prefabrication methods with the support of Building Information Management (BIM) for the life-cycle issue. Optical fiber-based sensors (OFs) are integrated into the material to produce OF-based intelligent components and systems. The latest progress on the built-in OFs materials, components, and integrated systems with the functionality of self-sensing ability to detect any kind of changes occurring in structures being concerned are presented. Finally, case studies of the project in China using existing developed smart components are also presented. The integration of optical fiber sensors into material and component level ease and improve the structural health monitoring by detection of local and distributed damage with high accuracy throughout the lifespan of the structure.

Plug n Play: Future Prefab for Smart Green Schools

While relocatable, prefabricated learning environments have formed an important component of school infrastructure in Australia, prefabrication for permanent school buildings is a new and emerging field. This review of prefabrication for schools is timely. In 2017, Australia’s two largest state education departments committed to prefabrication programs for permanent school infrastructure. In this paper we examine the recent history of prefabrication for Australian school buildings in the context of prefabrication internationally. We explore the range of prefabrication methods used locally and internationally and introduce evaluation indicators for school infrastructure. Traditional post-occupancy evaluation (POE) tools measure indicators such as indoor environment quality (IEQ), cost benefit, life cycle performance, and speed of delivery. In response to a shift towards more student-centred learning in a digitally rich environment, recently developed POE tools now investigate the ability of new generation learning environments (NGLEs) to support optimum pedagogical encounters. We conclude with an argument for departments of education to consider how prefabrication provides opportunities for step changes in the delivery, life-cycle management and occupation of smart green schools rather than a program of simply building new schools quicker, better, and cheaper.

Erratum to: A Novel Method of Neo-osseous Flap Prefabrication: Induction of Free Calvarial Periosteum with Bioactive Glass.

Erratum to: A Novel Method of Neo-osseous Flap Prefabrication: Induction of Free Calvarial Periosteum with Bioactive Glass.

Analysis of service condition of large hot forging die and refabrication of die by bimetal-layer weld surfacing technology with a cobalt-based superalloy and a ferrous alloy

Large forming load at high temperature causes the occurrences of plastic deformation, wear, mechanical fatigue, and thermal fatigue in the large hot forging dies and resulted in their short service lives. In this study, temperature field, stress field, and wear condition of large hot forging die were predicted and evaluated by finite element modelling (FEM) analysis. Corroborated by the experimental results, analysis results demonstrated that failures mainly occurred in bridge, boss, and groove regions of the large hot forging dies. According to the analysis and experimental results, the failed large hot forging dies were refabricated by bimetal-layer weld surfacing technology with a cobalt-based superalloy (Co03) and a ferrous alloy (JXHC15). No failure was observed on these refabricated dies, after production of 25 pieces. In comparison with the conventional fabrication or prefabrication methods, this bimetal-layer weld surfacing technology reduced the fabrication cost, shortened the fabrication cycle, and elongated the service lives of large hot forging die effectively.

Spanish wooden interlaced carpentry, the beginning of prefabrication in architecture

One of the architectural peculiarities that identify the dissemination of Spanish inherited knowledge was interlaced carpentry, wrongly called 'mudéjar', which puts together the inheritance of Visogothic, European and Islamic culture. Interlaced carpentry, a development of Visogothic tradition, knew how to readapt the oriental sketches to make them into a resource that provided an exceptional precision to its carpentry works, something that was achieved by the use of a system of carpentry squares and managed completely without the use of the inaccurate measuring stick. The habit of using carpentry squares for the construction of frameworks promoted a spectacular development of a set of geometrical drawings that contributed to facilitating the prefabrication of frameworks, guaranteeing the accuracy of measures of the various components, which once finished could be mounted without any coupling default at the top of the building. In short, this interlaced carpentry which started in the 14 th Century, was, perhaps, the first method of prefabrication in architecture.

ACCELERATING LOW-COST HOUSING CONSTRUCTION IN INDONESIA: LESSON LEARNED FROM KAMPONG NAGA

Construction methods used in housing development in Indonesia cannot follow the raise in housing needs. Thus, Indonesia is facing a housing backlog up to millions of houses. Prefabricated construction method is one of the solutions that can accelerate housing development. This method has actually been used by some of traditional villages in Indonesia such as Kampong Naga, in West Java. Learning from its local wisdom, this research analyses the traditional prefabricated construction of Kampong Naga as an input for the development of housing development in Indonesia. Qualitative method is used through an observation to the house construction method in Kampong Naga. The result shows that traditional houses in Kampong Naga has a high level of prefabrication, and sustainable in material selection as well as in construction techniques. It is also found that there is an effort from the villagers to expand their prefabricated method to the community outside their village. Regarding to the research results, the local indigenous prefabricated system of Kampong Naga could be considered as a solution for the low cost housing development in Indonesia.

A Novel Method of Neo-osseous Flap Prefabrication: Induction of Free Calvarial Periosteum with Bioactive Glass.

Reconstruction of craniofacial bone defects is a primary focus of craniofacial surgery. Although autogenous bone grafts remain as the gold standard, alloplastic materials have also gained widespread popularity due to their off-the-shelf availability, ease of use, and durability. In addition to replacing the missing bone, some of these alloplastic materials have also been found to induce new bone formation. In this study, the phenomenon of neo-osseous induction with bioactive glass was investigated for different implant-soft tissue configurations. Thirty-two male, Wistar albino rats were divided into four equally numbered study groups. In group 1 (FP), adipofascial groin flaps were prefabricated with free periosteal grafts. In group 2 (FPB), adipofascial groin flaps were prefabricated with free periosteal grafts and bioactive glass. In group 3 (FB), adipofascial groin flaps were prefabricated with bioactive glass. In group 4 (control), adipofascial groin flaps were not prefabricated. Morphometric analyses of the prefabricated structures were performed using micro-CT. The histologic properties of the ectopic ossification were assessed by using a modified scoring system. Group 1 (FP) showed the greatest rate of mature lamellar bone formation. Group 2 (FBP) showed the greatest amount of bone density and volume. However, the addition of bioactive glass in group 2 (FBP) decreased the rate of mature lamellar bone formation when compared with group 1 (FP). Ectopic ossification was not observed in the control group. Bioactive glass can be successfully used in the prefabrication of vascularized compound structures for the reconstruction of complex bone defects. However, interference with the periosteal induction of mature lamellar bone formation should be taken into consideration, especially in pediatric bone defects, which primarily rely on spontaneous osteogenesis through periosteal induction.

無尽方式に起源をもつ「住宅無尽」・「月賦住宅」会社の系譜と供給手法の意義

This paper aims to describe the role of housing companies rooted in traditional mutual loan system in Japan's housing supply from Taisho period to postwar period. House ownership rate increased rapidly in this period, these companies developed in synchronization with it. This paper also aims to analyze the process of the diffusion of home ownership from the viewpoint of private companies and consumers. These companies were called ‘‘Jutaku Mujin’’ in prewar period, and called ‘‘Geppu Jutaku’’ in postwar period. I collected 8 representative companies' company histories and founder's publications. In the result, these companies can be traced back to older age, they were more various in marketing method and locality than previously known, and most of them had strong connection in personnel. ‘‘Jutaku Mujin’’ companies developed since 1930s and ‘‘Geppu Jutaku’’ companies developed since 1950s because of the shortage of housing and the increase of motivation of having home ownership. Existed laws had difficulty to regulate them, so some of them were likely to be recognized as social problem. At times the problem of these companies were examined in National Diet both prewar period and post war period. These companies could come to market with small capitals, but client tended to have complaint about the condition of breaking leases because of their characteristic of mutual loan system. ‘‘Geppu Jutaku’’ companies developed and had about estimated 7% share of privately provided houses especially in 1960s. These companies have not been succeeded nowadays. New prefabrication method and home loan system by private banks seemed to take the place of these companies. But they had significance that they could supply houses which government couldn't covered.

Implementation of Prefabrication and Modular Offsite Construction using BIM and Lean Construction Techniques

The construction industry continues to experience productivity rates that lag behind other industries. Additionally, an increasingly competitive market and a decreasing skilled labor pool are challenging construction firms. Prefabrication and offsite modular construction techniques offer alternatives to traditional site-built construction methods that have the potential to provide improved productivity as well as other added benefits. Prefabrication methods, applied effectively, offer results that produce value to the project team. Such value includes improved productivity and efficiency in construction operations, reduced project costs, reduced schedule durations, and improved safety, increased levels of quality and improved sustainability and waste reduction. Currently the implementation of prefabrication and offsite construction techniques on the construction project remains subjective and unstandardized. The aim of this research is to develop a framework that will assist the project team to make decisions regarding the use of prefabrication and modular construction based on factors that have proven to be the most successful in implementing modern methods of construction. The concentration is on emphasizing the use of Building Information Modeling and Lean Construction methods as catalysts to maximize the effectiveness of the use of modular offsite construction. This research is primarily toward the use of prefabrication and modular construction methods for vertical construction and should prove valuable for all project players including Owners, Designers and Constructors. The development of this framework utilizes information compiled through interviews and case studies to develop a proposed framework for implementing prefabrication and off-site modular construction techniques at the project level. The framework will be validated in the future using a Delphi survey to qualitatively generate quantified data on the best methods to implement prefabrication and offsite construction techniques.

Preliminary Ideas of the Metro Station Constructed by Shield Tunneling Method Combined with Prefabricated Method

Confronting with the difficulties of the construction metro station in the Northeast of China, a new idea of shield method combined prefabricated method is put forward. In the paper the research status of the underground engineering precast assembly technology was analyzed and classified firstly. The method of single round interval shield combined with open-cut (or covered excavation) prefabricated sections and on the basis of shield tunnel to build single arch station is especially worth studying and promotion. Then the key prefabricate theory needing to deal with such as how to calculating the spring stiffness and so forth of the calculating model. The key technology such as joint formation, waterproof and the other of shield method combined with prefabricated method was discussed.