Oil Extraction Methods Research Articles

Yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of essential oil obtained from Ferula persica oleo-gum-resin: Effect of the originated region, type of oleo-gum-resin, and extraction method

In the present study, we investigated the effect of extraction methods (hydro-distillation, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation, and solvent-free microwave extraction), oleo-gum-resin types (Kokh and Shir), and regions (Sepidan and Darb-e-Behesht) on yield, composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils obtained from oleo-gum-resin of Ferula persica. The results showed that oleo-gum-resins originating from Darb-e-Behesht produced more essential oil than oleo-gum-resins of Sepidan using each of the extraction methods. Each of the extraction methods isolated more essential oil from Kokh samples as compared with Shir. The highest essential oil was achieved by the solvent-free microwave extraction method from Kokh samples. A total of 51 compounds were identified in essential oil samples. Monoterpene hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds were dominant in all essential oils. The main compounds of essential oil in the samples were β-pinene, α-pinene, (E)− 1-Propenyl sec-butyl disulfide, and (Z)− 1-Propenyl sec-butyl disulfide. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils was affected by the region and type of oleo-gum-resin. The essential oils showed less antioxidant activity than butylated hydroxyanisole. The research suggests that the area of oleo-gum-resin collection, type of oleo-gum-resin collected, and essential oil extraction method should be selected and optimized based on the intended purpose and the desired active ingredients. Also, the results show that microwave-assisted hydro-distillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods can be introduced as quick and suitable alternative methods for extracting essential oils from oleo-gum-resins of F.persica.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oils from Andean lupin beans: Lab‐scale performance, process scale‐up, and economic evaluation

AbstractOil extraction from Andean lupin beans (Lupinus mutabilis SWEET) via supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was studied on both lab scale and pilot scale. On the lab scale, the effect of pressure, solvent‐to‐feed ratio (S/F), sample particle size and temperature on oil yield were evaluated. The oil quality (fatty acid [FA] composition and tocopherol content) were investigated. Five‐hour scCO2 extraction yielded about 86% oil of Soxhlet extraction (using hexane as solvent). The fraction of unsaturated FA rose with extraction pressure at specific time. High tocopherol contents were detected in oils extracted at low pressure. An increase in temperature was unfavorable to oil and tocopherol yield, thereby confirming the validity for preserving oil extract quality under a mild scCO2 extraction condition. Oil quality and yield did not have identical optimum settings, opening up possibilities for producing different qualities of oils. Pilot‐scale extraction offered comparable oil yield to lab‐scale extraction at similar S/F ratio. Economic evaluation showed that it is promising to implement industrial scale scCO2 process for lupin oil extraction. It was predicted that, at a specific industrial scale of extraction (2 × 1000 L, 550 bar, 40°C and S/F of 24), the manufacturing cost of oils got close to actual commercial production cost.Practical ApplicationThis study applied an environment‐friendly high‐pressure extraction method, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction, to separate oils from Andean lupin beans (Lupinus mutabilis SWEET). ScCO2 extraction can serve as an alternative oil extraction method to conventional ones that use fossil‐derived organic solvents as the extractant. Up‐scaled scCO2 processing was estimated to be economically viable for commercial lupin oil production.

Quality indicators of extracted sunflower and rapeseed oil obtained with hexane and ethyl alcohol solvents

The relevance of the conducted research is conditioned by the increase in demand for oilseeds with improved and environmentally friendly qualities, namely, the replacement of a dangerous solvent in the extraction process of processing oilseeds. In this regard, this paper is aimed at investigating the use of an organic solvent, such as ethanol, in extraction technology that is safer for human health. The leading approach to studying this problem is Soxhlet extraction and microwave extraction using hexane and ethanol solvents. The fatty acid composition of the resulting product was analysed by gas chromatography. In the proposed microwave method of oil extraction with a "green" solvent, which is ethyl alcohol, physical and chemical parameters were studied and compared with those obtained by the Soxhlet method. The efficiency of microwave processing is related to the heating process, which significantly increases the internal pressure of cells, which causes their destruction. A barodiffusion flow is created, which contributes to a significant increase in the yield of the extraction oil concentration by 1.4-1.8 times over the same time period and a decrease in the extraction process time by almost 3 times. The oil obtained by extraction of raw materials in a microwave field with a solvent ethyl alcohol is more resistant to oxidation, as evidenced by a decrease in the numbers: peroxide from 4.8 to 3.8, and anisidine from 0.25 to 0.2. The acid number, which characterises the degree of freshness of the resulting oil, also decreased from 2.5 to 2.1. The research results show that the use of microwave extraction with a polar solvent, which is ethyl alcohol, was effective in improving the quality properties of the extracted oil. The use of a "green” solvent does not degrade the quality of the finished product, unlike hexane, which is harmful to human health. The materials of the study are of practical value for the fat and oil industry, namely, in the technology of extraction of oilseeds

A New Laboratory Scale Olive Oil Extraction Method with Comparative Characterization of Phenolic and Fatty Acid Composition.

The establishment of operation protocols for olive oil (OO) extraction at non-industrial scale is crucial for research purposes. Thus, the present study proposes a simple and cost-effective method for OO extraction at the laboratory scale (LS) level. To validate the proposed methodology, industrial OO extraction (IS) was performed in parallel, using the same cultivars ‘Galega vulgar’ (GV), ‘Cobrançosa’ (COB) and ‘Arbequina’ (ARB) collected from the same orchards, within the same period. Obtained results showed highest extractability for COB and ARB, of about 53%, while GAL showed 50%. All produced OO showed values lower than the regulated limits for the physicochemical parameters (acidity, K232, K268 and ΔK), classifying them as extra virgin OO (EVOO). Highest total phenolic content was observed for COB, with no significant differences (p-value > 0.05) between extraction methods. Regarding fatty acid composition, oleic acid (C18:1) showed the lowest percentage for ARB, with about 66% and 68%, for LS and IS, respectively, and the highest for GV with about 72% for both LS and IS. Furthermore, all samples from both extraction methods were compared to the European Community Regulation, with fatty acid composition within the regulated levels for EVOO. This work showed promising results regarding extraction yields and OO extractability, as well as its quality parameters.

Increasing Recoverable Oil in Northern Afghanistan Kashkari Oil Field by Low-Salinity Water Flooding

In northern Afghanistan, the Kashkari oil field’s first production well was drilled in 1976, and by 1979, there were a total of ten wells drilled in the area. According to the results of surveys and calculations conducted by research institutions, the total amount of original oil in place (OOIP) in the Kashkari oil site was around 140 million barrels (MMbbls). Therefore, a method to increase the total amount of recoverable oil in the Kashkari oil field by low-salinity water flooding is presented in this study. First, the oil extraction method by low-salinity water injected into the underlying petroleum storage tank was examined by both a laboratory core flooding test and a numerical simulation model. Laboratory conditions (temperature, pressure, rock properties, and oil properties) were designed to mimic those of the Kashkari oil field. Additionally, different injection (Inj) and production patterns were considered to achieve the best results. Next, results obtained from the laboratory and computer simulations were compared. Then, the total amount of recoverable oil was calculated using the low-salinity water flooding method. Based on the findings, details of the simulated model were applied to the Kashkari reservoir model for extracting oil by injecting low-salinity water in the oil field. As a result, an amount of 10.3 MMbbls, which is about 7.5% of the field, was produced.

Mini-Review: Extraction of Patchouli Oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth. Leaves

Pogostemon cablin Benth. var ‘Sidikalang’ leaves are the main source of patchouli oil which is used in the cosmetics and perfume industry because of its better fixative nature and provides the foreign exchange of around 60 % of Indonesia’s essential oil export revenues and is the largest patchouli oil supplier in the world with a contribution of 90 %. But apparently, several studies found that patchouli oil also has pharmacological activity such as aromatherapy, anti-influenza, antioxidants, and anti-microbial. This proves that leaves patchouli oil can be used as alternative medicine. Patchouli oil is composed of 20 main constituents, but the most important role as a determinant of the quality of patchouli oil is sesquiterpene patchouli alcohol (PA). The right extraction method is the most important factor so that the quality of patchouli oil is well maintained during the extraction process. Some methods that have been used for patchouli oil extraction include soxhlet, hydrodistillation, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, microwave–air hydrodistillation, and water–bubble distillation. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and water–bubble distillation methods are more efficient methods for patchouli oil extraction. The microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method produces a yield of 1.9437 to 2.7227 % with a PA content of 26.32 % within 120 min to 126 min, and the water–bubble distillation method produces a yield of 2.40 % with a PA content of 61.53 % within 360 min.

Трансформация мирового рынка нефти: драйверы и перспективы

The world oil market is in the process of profound transformation. Under the influence of both long-term trends and recent exogenous shocks in the form of the global coronavirus pandemic and the geopolitical crisis around Ukraine, global oil demand, world oil production and trade in crude oil and petroleum products are being transformed in real time. The main driver of the restructuring of the oil market is the approaching risk of peak of global oil demand. On the supply side strengthening the position of the United States in world oil production, which is the result of technological breakthroughs in the methods of tight oil extraction is observed. The short-term elasticity of oil supply has increased markedly. Sluggish dynamics of global demand for oil against the backdrop of an expanding opportunity for a rapid increase in oil production have significantly reduced the risk of a shortage of oil supply, at least in the medium term. This forces the OPEC countries, which are in dire need of maximizing oil export revenues in order to maintain acceptable economic growth rates, to restrain oil production at the expense of their market niche. Western sanctions against the Russian oil and gas sector provoked a reorientation of Russian oil exports to the markets of friendly and nonaligned countries, primarily to India and China, as well as Turkey. In Europe, the former niches of Russian oil are taken by the United States and OPEC countries. To avoid the risks of falling under secondary sanctions, importers of Russian oil buy it with a price discount. In fact, world oil trade has taken a dual structure: the vast majority of oil is traded using market price quotations, while at the same time, a segment of trade in relatively cheap oil has emerged. Until 2022, this segment was formed by Iranian and Venezuelan oil, but it was much more modest in terms of absolute volume. The parallel existence of two segments in the world oil trade led to sharpening of competition between oil exporters. A return to normality could be a new shock for the oil market.

Process Design of an Integrated Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Processing Technology

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a product obtained from fresh coconut that has been very famous in the market due to its several uses. The research aims to: design a process for the production VCO that utilizes both fresh-dry and fresh-wet methods; determine the weights of recovered coconut waste materials, VCO recovery of the three production lines, and investigate the possible utilization of these wastes to produce value-added commodities; and develop a conceptual design of the production of VCO that applies to a small-medium scale coconut community or farm in the Philippines. Preparation of raw materials includes splitting and grating of coconut meat and milk extraction. A conceptual design for the integrated method applicable to a small-medium scale coconut community in the Philippines was developed employing three assembly lines: (1) the low-pressure oil extraction via centrifugation method; (2) the fresh-dry process through low-pressure oil extraction method; and (3) the fresh-wet process through modified kitchen method that produces the clearest oil with VCO recovery of 18.43%, 25% and 16.5% for VCO production lines 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The VCO produced is expected to qualify in the Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) VCO Standards. The weight of all recovered materials and wastes were accounted for.

Facile acid fermentation extraction of silkworm pupae oil and evaluation of its physical and chemical properties for utilization as edible oil

Considering the increasing demand for edible oil in recent times, their price in the world market is becoming skyrocketing. In this research, we produced cost-effective edible oil from desilked silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) applying a facile acid fermentation process, for the first time. The extraction was performed using two different types of organic acids, 3% of each acetic and citric acid. The yield of the extracted oil was 3.52 ± 0.23% from fresh silkworm pupae. The produced oil was then characterized physically and chemically to know its suitability to be used as edible oil. The oil was found with a low peroxide and acid value of 4.82 meq/kg and 1.35 mg KOH/g oil, respectively, and comprised of different fatty acids, in which palmitic acid (32.04%) and oleic acid (34.62%) were in large portions among the total fatty acids. Additionally, the extracted oil included linoleic, α-linolenic, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid which have health benefits. The oil was rich with minerals such as Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, and Phosphorus with a negligible concentration of toxic elements such as Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Arsenic, and Silver, indicating a good nutritive value of the extracted oil. Overall, the outcomes of all the characterizations showed that the extracted oil could be used as good edible oil and the corresponding acid fermentation extraction process has the potential to be used as an effective oil extraction method for silkworm pupae.

Soxhlet Extraction of Spirogyra sp. as an Energy Source and Physicochemical Characterization of Produced Biodiesel

Due to industrialization demand of energy is increasing and hence to meet the demand without any compromise in growth and development, alternative source of energy needs to be found. The best alternative source is biofuels which are extracted from organic compounds. Algae are aquatic organisms almost available in every type of water bodies and considered as potential candidates for biodiesel productions at large scale. In present study, an experimental set –up was designed to produce algal oil through transesterification process. The Soxhlet extraction method is employed as an oil extraction method. The solvent utilized for oil extraction method is n-hexane, petroleum ether and mixture of both solvents to extract the algal oil. Also the oil extracted from the algae is characterized to identify the suitability of algal biodiesel as a potential biofuel for internal combustion (IC) engine. The characterization revealed that physicochemical properties of obtained biodiesel were in permissible range in comparison with standard diesel fuel.

Food Toxicology and Food Safety: Report of the 3rd International Electronic Conference on Foods: Food, Microbiome, and Health-A Celebration of the 10th Anniversary of Foods' Impact on Our Wellbeing.

The purpose of the conference session summarized in this article was to bring together international experts on food toxicology and food safety and share the current scientific knowledge on these topics. The presentations covered a wide range of interdisciplinary issues, including (i) the impact of diet on body weight and health outcomes including results from animal models of carcinogenesis, (ii) methods for microbial oil extraction, (iii) food processing and its impact on food safety and health, (iv) novel compounds to avoid mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products, and (v) the safety of cannabidiol in food supplements based on Cannabis sativa extracts. Some of the conclusions of the presentations included that correct food choices may impact on the risk of non-communicable diseases such as cancer, that food processing may have an influence on health, by either reducing or increasing risks, and that research regarding novel compounds is important, which may have preventive but also detrimental effects on health.

Abscisic acid affects the floret numbers of inflorescence by regulating indole-3-acetic acid transport and accumulation in Lavandula angustifolia

Lavender flower essential oil had been used for a variety of therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Previous studies mainly focused on essential oil composition and extraction methods, ignoring the factors that affected the production of essential oils, such as the floret number. This study aims to get a deep insight into the mechanism of floret number differences. Hormone analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between abscisic acid (ABA) content and the number of florets, while indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was negatively correlated with floret numbers. RNA-Seq results showed that 1 035 differentially expressed genes (DEG) can be identified, of which 19 genes were significantly enriched in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Common network analysis showed that the expression of the key genes of ABA pathway metabolism was negatively related to the DEG of IAA, especial IAA18. Exogenous IAA significantly inhibited the number of lavender florets and affected the expression of ABA metabolism genes. The results might be useful for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of floret number differences.

Extraction of Essential Oils from Lavandula × intermedia 'Margaret Roberts' Using Steam Distillation, Hydrodistillation, and Cellulase-Assisted Hydrodistillation: Experimentation and Cost Analysis.

Lavender oil is an important essential oil with many applications. The purpose of this study was to compare different methods of essential oil extraction to determine which method would be the most effective and profitable for commercial-scale production from Lavandula × intermedia ('Margret Roberts') flowers and leaves. The lavender from this variety flowers year-round, providing an extended production season compared to some other lavender varieties. Steam distillation, hydrodistillation, and cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation were used to extract oil. The average extraction times for steam distillation, hydrodistillation, and cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation were 57-, 51-, and 49 min, respectively, and the average energy consumption was 15.0-, 13.4-, and 30.8 kJ/g, respectively. Cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation produced the best quality oils, with a lower camphor content and a sweeter, more pleasant smell, while steam-distilled oils had the highest camphor content, as well as a more plant-like smell. Factors affecting scale-up (surface area of cut plants, equipment loading times, energy efficiencies, safety, mixing) have been discussed, while a basic cost analysis of theoretical large-scale processes showed that hydrodistillation and cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation would be the most and least profitable methods, respectively. Overall, hydrodistillation is recommended as the best method for commercial lavender oil production.

Evaluation of yields and quality parameters of oils from Cornus wilsoniana fruit extracted by subcritical n-butane extraction and conventional methods

Cornus wilsoniana fruit oil is a very important woody oil and is the main raw material of biodiesel. In this study, the oil yield, physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, rheological properties, thermal stability, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of C . wilsoniana fruit oil obtained by subcritical n -butane extraction (SBE) and conventional methods such as pressing extraction (PE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) were determined to study the influence of different extraction methods on the quality and yield of C . wilsoniana fruit oil. The oil yield of SBE (19.47%) was higher than that of PE (9.93%) but slightly lower than that of SE (21.08%). All of the extracted oils exhibited similar physicochemical properties, and the SBE oil was richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than that of the PE oil, with an approximate 1:2 ratio of total saturated fatty acids against unsaturated fatty acids. The results of rheological behavior and thermal stability showed that all extracted oils had Newtonian flow characteristics, wherein the SBE oil exhibited lower viscosity and higher thermal stability. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the surface topography indicated that different oil extraction methods will affect the residual oil content of the C . wilsoniana fruit powder. Compared with PE, the pores on the surface of the C . wilsoniana fruit powder after oil extraction were clearly visible, indicating that the driving force of SBE for oil extraction is stronger than that of PE. Based on the above results, it is implied that SBE is the best of the three methods for extracting C . wilsoniana fruit oil and can be potentially applied to extract other edible oils.

Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim seed kernel oil: The optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction and evaluation of its potential as a novel biodiesel feedstock

As a promising source of diesel, non-edible oil derived from phytomass is an attractive option for biodiesel production and has attracted more and more attentions due to its numerous advantages. Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim seed is one such promising, un-explored and un-edible oil feedstock for biodiesel, which stores high content of oil. To evaluate the possibility of T. kirilowii seeds kernel oil (TKSO) as feedstock of biodiesel, the optimum conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction TKSO and physicochemical properties of TKSO and TKSO biodiesel were investigated. The results exhibited that under optimum extraction conditions, TKSO yield (51.62%) was closed to the oil content of T.kirilowii seeds kernel (54.23%). TKSO mainly contained six types of fatty acids, including two saturated fatty acids (12.17%) and four unsaturated fatty acids (87.83%). The physicochemical properties of TKSO biodiesel including cold filter plugging point, pour point, flash point, calorific value, sulphur content and kinematic viscosity were in agreement with biodiesel standards (GB/T 25199-2017 and ASTM standard). Therefore, ultrasonic-assisted extraction was an effective method for TKSO, which as an alternate green resource had the potential application in biodiesel production. This research provided a basis for selecting suitable non-edible oil extraction methods and non-edible oil feedstocks for biodiesel production.

Sustainability Assessment of Different Extra Virgin Olive Oil Extraction Methods through a Life Cycle Thinking Approach: Challenges and Opportunities in the Elaio-Technical Sector

Owing to its important nutritional features, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the world’s highest-value products, mostly manufactured in Mediterranean countries. However, its production exerts several negative environmental effects, mainly related to the agricultural phase (and the use of fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) and waste management. Olive oil can be extracted from the olive paste using different extraction systems, including pressure, centrifugation, and percolation. In particular, EVOO by-product composition strictly depends on the extraction technologies, and two- or three-phase centrifugal extraction methods are usually employed. Therefore, due to olive oil’s economic value, it might be useful to investigate its environmental impacts, to advise sustainable supply chain models. In this context, a valuable tool for assessing the product’s environmental compatibility is the Life Cycle Assessment, which is part of a broader Life Cycle Thinking philosophy. This research focused on evaluating the EVOO environmental impact by comparing two- and three-phases extraction processes. Additionally, two scenarios, (i.e., composting and bio-gasification), were proposed to assess the best valorisation strategy for the produced pomace. The results showed that the two-step extraction process was more sustainable than the three-step one in nine out of nine considered impact categories. By milling 1000 kg of olives, the first technology approximately produces 212 kg CO2 eq, the latter 396 kg CO2 eq. Finally, pomace valorisation by bio-gasification was found as the best recovery process, able to confer greater environmental benefit than composting.

Advances in seed oil extraction using ultrasound assisted technology: A comprehensive review

AbstractThe application of ultrasonic assisted extraction to extract seed oils for multifaceted food applications is discussed in this study. Seed oils, which are notable sources of health‐promoting characteristics and reservoirs of fatty acids and phytochemicals, are being targeted for effective extraction. Conventional techniques of oil extraction, including mechanical pressing and rendering, have limitations such as low extraction rate, high energy consumption, and low yield. In this context, ultrasonic assisted extraction is green and fast oil extraction technology with a greater extraction rate and low energy consumption. Ultrasound assisted oil extraction is mostly used technique since it is environmentally friendly and can be easily integrated with other extraction processes. Ultrasound‐aided extraction uses less solvent than traditional extraction methods. In this process, cavitation bubbles form in the solvent and burst, causing changes in pressure and temperature that expedite the mass transfer of solutes into solvent. The miscella, including the solvent and oil mixture, is then desolventized using evaporators, followed by steam‐stripping to remove the extracted oil. The current review paper discusses the characteristics of ultrasonic extractions for efficient oil extraction (extraction duration, ultrasound frequency, temperature, solvent employed, and ultrasound type). The conventional and non‐conventional oil extraction methods from sources have been examined in this article, in addition to the ultrasound assisted extraction. Along with traditional and advanced oil extraction techniques, the use of ultrasonication in conjunction with other cutting‐edge techniques is covered in this article.Practical applicationsUltrasound assisted oil extraction extracts oil from vegetables, oilseeds, and nuts by using a suitable carrier. The key parameters influencing ultrasound aided extraction of oilseed include particle shape and size, moisture content of seed, amount of solvent, and extraction time/temperature. The ultimate extraction yield is influenced by the extraction time, operating frequency, operational temperature, solvent type, and proportion, and ultrasonicator design. This technique consumes less energy and requires less maintenance. It is quite efficient and reliable. On this basis, ultrasound aided extraction may be utilized commercially to increase oil extraction rate from oil seeds.

High hydrostatic pressure-assisted extraction of lipids from Lipomyces starkeyi biomass.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) as a novel approach for yeast cell disruption and lipid extraction from Lipomyces starkeyi DSM 70295 grown in glucose medium (40g/L and C/N:55/1) at initial pH of 5.0, 25°C, and 130rpm for 8 days. HHP extraction conditions including pressure, time, and temperature were optimized by response surface methodology. The high speed homogenizer-assisted extraction (HSH) was also used for comparison. The biomass subjected to HHP was examined under scanning electron microscopy and light microscope. A maximal lipid yield of 45.8±2.1% in dry cell basis (w/w) was achieved at 200MPa, 40°C, and 15min, while a minimum yield of 15.2±0.9% was observed at 300MPa, 40°C, and 10min (p<0.05). The lipid yield decreased with increasing pressure. It was demonstrated that low pressure (200MPa) collapsed the cells, while high pressure (400MPa) created protrusions on the cell wall and cell fragments spread in the environment. This study favors HHP as a promising method for Lipomyces oil extraction. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Single-cell oils are considered future alternatives to plant-based oils as food additives and dietary supplements. Oleaginous microorganisms accumulate oils in their cell plasma, which makes extraction essential. One of the main obstacles with existing methods is the utilization of strong acids to destroy cell walls. This study aims to demonstrate high hydrostatic pressure as a rapid method for lipid extraction from oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi.

Starfish (Asterias rubens) as a New Source of Marine Lipids: Effect of Season, Size and Oil Extraction Methods.

The increasing demand for oils that contain health-beneficial omega-3 fatty acids calls for new resources or better utilization of existing resources, such as side-streams or underutilized resources to maintain a sustainable fishery. Starfish has been, until recently, an unexploited resource with limited utilization. Currently, starfish is processed into starfish meal for feed. However, the content of bioactive compounds, such as omega-3 fatty acids and phospholipids, could make it a new source of marine oil containing omega-3 fatty acids for human consumption. The aim of this study was to map the composition of bioactive compounds in starfish and starfish meal at different harvesting times to elucidate the content and variation over seasons. The results showed that starfish is a good source of marine omega-3 fatty acids and rich in phospholipids. Some variation was observed in the composition, especially for EPA bound to phospholipids, which was significantly higher in the spring. Traditional extraction using heat and mechanical separation was not applicable to the starfish, and neither was enzyme-assisted extraction. On the other hand, the supercritical CO2 extraction method using EtOH as a co-solvent seemed to be a promising green technology for extracting not only non-polar lipids, but also polar lipids, such as phospholipids. However, the conditions for extraction need further optimization.

Green extraction and separation of Dendranthema indicum essential oil by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction combined with molecular distillation

The optimal extraction parameters of Dendranthema indicum extract using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were organized by response surface methodology (RSM) with Box - Behnken design (BBD). The peak extraction yield (9.37%) was obtained in the condition of 750 W of microwave power, 40 °C of extraction temperature, 26 MPa of extraction pressure, and 105 min of extraction time. Subsequently, molecular distillation was applied to separate essential oil from D. indicum extract. The separation yield of D. indicum essential oil obtained at 80 (DIEO80) and 90 °C (DIEO90) were 0.21 g/100 g and 0.44 g/100 g, respectively, which was lower than those of 100, 110 and 120 °C, while they presented transparent with no precipitate. DIEO90 possessed the strongest antioxidant activities (16.08 μmol TE/g for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, 46.05 μmol TE/g for ferric reducing antioxidant power, respectively). Furthermore, alkenes, alcohols and esters were identified the main volatile flavor components for D. indicum extract and essential oils. The proportions of major contributing components such as 1,8-cineol (6.45%–15.04%), isopinocarveol (6.02%–11.78%), (E)-α-bergamotene (3.02%–5.62%), (E)-β-famesene (2.80%–12.92%), germacrene D (2.83%–8.23%), 6-ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-ol (5.86%–6.88%), (6-Ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethyl-oxa- n-3-yl) acetate (9.11%–10.51%) and β-elemene (4.16%–6.44%). Though molecular distillation, compounds with low boiling points were enriched in DIEO80 and DIEO90, and compounds with high boiling points were in other oils. Overall, the sequential green process based on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction with molecular distillation is an efficient method for extraction and separation of essential oil.