Indirect Measurement Method Research Articles

Methods for Joint Determination of the Surface Tension Coefficient of a Liquid and the Contact Angle of Wetting the Hard Surface

This article is devoted to the development of fundamentally new methods for the experimental determination of the physical properties of substances - methods of their joint determination, when not a single property is measured, but two physical properties connected with each other. For example, this is the coefficient of surface tension σ of the liquid and the contact angle θ of wetting the surface by it, which here act as parameters of capillary forces at the interface. The purpose of such methods is not so much a banal arithmetic increase in the obtained experimental data, as a significant increase in their determination accuracy by reducing the statistical error (variance). In such cases, we have the so-called methods of indirect (indirect) measurement, which in this case are based not on the measurement of σ and θ directly, but on the measurement of the height h and weight ∆W of the meniscus hanging on a vertical surface, and on the subsequent solution of the resulting system of two equations that are analytical expressions for h and ∆W (i.e., a system of two equations with two unknowns: σ and θ). In the case of using a Wilhelmy plate in the experiment, the solution of such a system of equations leads to explicit analytical expressions for both unknowns (σ and θ), and in the case of using a cylindrical filament in the experiment, analytical expressions for the unknowns are obtained in an implicit form: in this case, to determine the value of the boundary of the angle θ, a recursive formula is proposed.

MAPPING FOREST ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: A REVIEW

Abstract. Managing multiple ecosystem services (ES) across forest landscape, constitute a growing field of research. It represents a key challenge that attempts to optimize the trade-offs among provisioning, supporting, regulating and cultural ES. Here, we review approaches and shortcomings on some anterior FES studies. Three main components are presented, 1) an overview of the current state of research, 2) a summary of main methods adopted 3) an identification of principal approaches' restrictions. Several conclusions emerge: most of the studies focus on a limited number of FES which might undermine the long-term provision of other FES, or converge to using free software models which are practical and low-cost but require enormous data. This reveals how the lack of existing inventories and evaluations impacts the choice of methodologies and lead to use indirect methods of measurement. However, researches that aim to understand the relationships and conflicts among multiple FES and seeks to find out the best management regime will improve our ability to sustainably fulfil economic, ecologic and social goals.

Experimental determination of the parameters of the eight-pole

To determine the results of the transmission of electrical energy through the power line from the source to the consumer, it is necessary to have accurate information about the parameters of such line. Determining these parameters for operating lines with a minimum error is quite a laborious process. But if a researcher is interested only in voltages and currents at the end and at the beginning of a homogeneous section of a three-wire transmission line, then it is sufficient to use the theory of multipoles. In particular, the theory of eight-poles. The article presents the method of experimental determination of the longitudinal and transverse parameters of the studied transmission line. The study used the methods of natural experiment using an appropriate fleet of electrical devices, and methods of indirect measurement of the desired parameters. The experiment consists of six stages; on the basis of the obtained data, it becomes possible to determine the numerical values of the main parameters of the studied section of power transmission lines, with which it is possible to establish a quantitative relationship between the input and output characteristics of electrical energy. In addition, the described method, in principle, can be applied to the analysis of active eight-terminal networks of a similar design. This means that the proposed methodology can provide a comprehensive analysis of the studied object and will help to identify the parameters of an overhead power line at the construction stage or for its connection to the consumer. The article presents the experimental setup scheme, describes the experimental methods, and estimates the error of the calculation results.

PSII-6 Deep Learning image segmentation for extraction of body measurements and prediction of body weight in Nile tilapia

Abstract Individual measurement of traits of interest is of great importance for breeding and management decisions in animal production systems. However, measurements are often taken manually, which is laborious and also stressful for the animals. Therefore, the development of fast, precise and indirect measurement methods is paramount. An appealing way for such a task is through computer vision systems (CVS). Hence, the objectives of the current work were: 1) Devise a CVS for autonomous measurement of Nile tilapia body area, length, height, and eccentricity; and 2) Evaluation of linear models for prediction of body weight (BW). The pixels of 822 RGB images of live fish were labeled into background, fish fins or body using the “MTurk” crowdsourcing service. This dataset was then split into training (60% of data) and testing sets for the development of Deep Learning Networks for image segmentation into the three pixel categories. The networks differed in input image size (10 to 40% of original size) and number of encoder/decoder layer stacks (1 to 5). An independent dataset with 831 images was used for validation of the linear predictive models. The results for intersection over union (IoU) show that a network with input of 20% of the original size and 4 encoder/decoder stacks achieved the best results, with IoU on the test dataset of 99, 90 and 64% for background, fish body and fin, respectively (Figure 1). Predicted segmentation from this network on randomly selected images is shown in Figure 2. From the linear models evaluated, the one considering only area as input showed predicted R2 of 0.92 for fish BW (Table 1). In conclusion, the devised CVS was able to correctly separate fish body from background and fins, and a linear model using fish body area as input provided good predictive quality of Nile tilapia BW.

Body Fat Mass is Better Indicator than Indirect Measurement Methods in Obese Children for Fatty Liver and Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: To compare the bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) with indirect measurement methods in the evaluation of obese children. To determine the diagnostic value of BIA in the fatty liver and metabolic syndrome (MS) in obese children. Population and methods: One hundred thirty-four obese children whom ≥10 years of age were prospectively assessment. All patients were evaluated by foot to foot BIA and indirect measurement methods. Blood biochemical parameters such as glucose, lipids and insulin levels were studied and oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Fatty liver was assessed by ultrasonography. Compared BIA records and indirect measurements findings according to fatty liver and MS. Results: The study included females/males: 77/57, mean age of 13.3 ± 2.2 years. Fatty liver was detected in 94 patients, MS was diagnosed in 58 cases. There were no gender difference in terms of fatty liver and MS. Fatty liver was seen more frequently in patients with metabolic syndrome than in those without metabolic syndrome (p < 0.001). Fat Mass (FM) of ≥ 97th percentile was observed in 63% of the 94 patients with fatty liver versus 37.5% of 40 patients without fatty liver. A FM of ≥97th percentile was observed in 72% (n=42) of the 58 patients with metabolic syndrome, 42% (n=33) of 76 patients without MS. Body mass index, upper mid-arm circumference, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference values were significantly increased in patients with fatty liver. There was a better correlation was determined between FM and FM Index with fatty liver compared to indirect measurement methods. BIA records were found moderately correlated with indirect measurements. Conclusion: Our results revealed that FM and FMI have a better correlated in obese children with fatty liver and metabolic syndrome than indirect measurement methods. The measurement of body FM by BIA can be used together with the indirect measurement methods to detect the fatty liver. FMI may be an alternative diagnostic criterion instead of WC for diagnosis of MS in children.

Algorithm for indirect measurement method of parameters of passive complex conductance of a two-pole in a multi-pole electrical circuit

An algorithm is proposed for indirectly measuring the parameters of the passive complex conductivity of a two-terminal circuit, both separate and located in one of the branches of a multi-pole passive electric circuit of the triangle-type. A block diagram of a microprocessor measurement unit is presented. The algorithm of the indirect method for measuring the parameters of the passive complex conductivity of a two-terminal circuit, the rationale of which is given on the basis of the theory of matrices and undirected graphs, is considered. Equations for calculating the modulus and components of the studied passive complex conductivity of a two-terminal device located in a multi-pole electric circuit of the triangle-type are obtained. The revealed features of the proposed algorithm exclude a methodological error due to the influence of spurious parameters. Parasitic parameters include: input complex conductivities and transmission coefficients of voltage converters; complex conductivity of a harmonic signal source; passive complex conductivity of two-terminal circuits located in other branches of the studied passive multipolar electric circuit. The results of an experimental verification of the developed algorithm of the indirect method for measuring the module of the complex conductivity of a two-terminal device are presented. The developed algorithm can be used to measure the parameters of passive complex conductivity of both an individual two-terminal circuit and a two-terminal circuit located in one of the branches of a multi-pole passive electric circuit of the triangle-type, without the need for its separation into separate two-terminal devices.

Indirect measurement technology of new energy vehicles’ braking force under dynamic braking conditions

Currently, direct braking-force measurement under dynamic conditions requires a considerable modification to the vehicles and has poor compatibility because there are many types of vehicles. Thus, in this paper, an indirect measurement method of new-energy vehicles’ braking force under dynamic braking conditions is proposed. The mechanical wheel and axle model at low/idling/high speeds is established using the piston-pressure formula, force transfer in the brake-wheel cylinder, relative movement between the wheel and the roller, among others. On this basis, the relationship between wheel braking force and roller-linear acceleration is further derived. Our method does not alter existing vehicle structures or sensor types. The standard sealing bolt is temporarily replaced with a hydraulic sensor for coefficient calibration. Afterward, the braking force can be indirectly calculated using the roller-linear velocity data. The method has characteristics of efficiency and high accuracy without refitting vehicles.

Determination of Gas Content in Low Permeability and High Gas Coal Seam

The determination of coal seam gas content is of great significance to the study of coal seam gas occurrence law and gas prevention technology. There are direct and indirect methods for the determination of gas content in coal seam. Both direct and indirect methods have their advantages and disadvantages, but the results of direct measurement have more disadvantage than indirect measurement. In this paper, the gas content in No. 1 coal seam of Weijiadi Coal Mine is determined by indirect measurement method. The gas content in No. 1 coal seam is calculated to be 8.1m3/t, which is important for gas geological division and precise gas extraction.

Method of indirect measurement of aircraft aerodynamic angles using accelerometers and pressure sensors

Method of indirect measurement of aircraft aerodynamic angles using accelerometers and pressure sensors

Construction Waste Estimation Analysis in Residential Projects of Malaysia

Construction and demolition (C&D) waste account for an oversized share of all solid waste generated worldwide. Statistical data confirm that, globally, 10-30% of waste originates from construction and demolition works. The types of waste from construction activities are wood, metals, concrete waste and mixed wastes. Waste generation continues to increase with the economy and population growth. A great challenge is providing more waste disposal facilities such as landfills to treat the waste. Rapid urbanization and insufficient attention to C&D waste generation, particularly in developing countries like Malaysia, have contributed to an urgent need for additional research on waste generation as there is a lack of information. The aim of this study is to predict the construction waste generation for the peninsular of Malaysia by quantifying construction waste generation data for Kuala Lumpur and to estimate the construction waste generation in 2016 for the peninsular of Malaysia. The estimation approach used was the proportion method with 20% of total sites in each state. Indirect waste measurement method was used to estimate waste generation. Total waste generation for Kuala Lumpur was around 6,101.46 metric tons. The predicted total amount of C&D waste generated for residential projects throughout Malaysia Peninsular is 63,101.93 metric tons. The initial prediction of construction waste generation for Malaysia Peninsular can be used as a baseline for future study.

Oscillographic modeling of characteristics of magnetic materials

The question of using an oscilloscope to measure the characteristics of magnetic materials using computer simulation techniques is considered. The work is used in the training of specialists in metrology, carried out by the department of information-measuring equipment of the National Technical University ‟Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” in the specialty ‟Metrology and information-measuring equipment”. The bachelor’s program contains the course “Methods and Measuring Instruments”, which includes learning of methods and measuring instruments for electrical, magnetic and non-electrical quantities.Characterization of magnetic materials is made by various methods. One of them is a method with using an oscilloscope. The method of indirect measurement of magnetic induction and coercive force by integrating a secondary electromotive force is used. The method allows to estimate the maximum intensity and induction of the sample, the absolute and relative magnetic permeability, residual induction and coercive force, that is convenient for students, allows remote execution of laboratory practical work.The task of creating a computer workshop was solved by using the LabVIEW software package. A simulation model, a measurement experiment technique, and a procedure are described.The use of computer technology in the training of specialists has allowed to acquire the skills of visual observation of the dynamic magnetic loop of the test sample on the screen of the oscilloscope, to determine the main characteristics of the test material by the loop of the dynamic cycle, as well as, if necessary, to perform laboratory work remotely and to provide the opportunity to use this course while training the specialists in other specialties.

Determining PM2.5 dry deposition velocity on plant leaves: An indirect experimental method

Trees and green spaces have been proved to play an important role in purifying urban atmospheric particulate matter and result to the overall improvement of air quality. However, a primary setback was the need for an accurate and easier method to measure the deposition velocity (Vd) of PM2.5 retained on plant leaves. This paper established an indirect method of measurement for determining Vd: the indirect method was derived from a closed system (smog chamber), and an exponential attenuation model was used to measure the decline in PM2.5 concentration under conditions caused by hanging leaves in the chamber, and an empty chamber without leaves, respectively. The value of Vd was thus calculated by fitting data to prevent inaccurate results caused by a single measurement error. The experimental conditions such as initial concentration, test duration, and time interval (Δt) were then determined from empirical observations. The equation showed that Vd could be determined only by measuring the attenuation rate constant, k, and the leaf area, LA. Although the particle size, tested tree species and some other experimental conditions may affect the determination results of Vd, the values of Vd tested by indirect method were still within scientifically acceptable range. Overall, along with the traditional wind tunnel method, the indirect measurement is considered as the complement for a less expensive and easier way to determine Vd, and offers a novel idea that Vd might be gained by attenuation equation, and can augment the choices for researchers to quantify the ability of retaining particles.

Cardiovascular Responses During Indoor Soccer Competition

In this study, the aim was to investigate the cardiovascular responses that happen in players during indoor soccer (IS) competitions. Nine participants, indoor soccer players in the Universities League, took part in the study (20.66 ± 1.87 age; 177 ± 4.5 height; 73.33 ± 8.07 weight). Cardiovascular changes happening during the competition were measured through a heart rate (HR) monitor that records once per second (Polar V800, Lake Success, NY, USA), and running distances by the Polar GPS (Polar V800, Lake Success, NY, USA) system. Maximum oxygen usage capacity of the participants (VO2max) was determined by using Yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1, one of the indirect measurement methods. Cardiovascular loads coming out during the competition were separated into three zones for the sake of better understanding: HRmax 70%, low-intensity zone; HRmax between 70-85%, moderate intensity zone; and HRmax 85% and over, high intensity zone. Descriptive statistics were used in the assessment of the data obtained. The average distance that the participants covered, according to the GPS measurements, was found to be 1617 ± 873 m, on average VO2max 47.33 ± 4,47ml.kg per min-1. The participants spent 72,2% of the time that they were active in the game in the high intensity zone. The fact that participants spent a high percentage of time in this zone that consisted of high intensity activities clearly showed that indoor soccer is an intermittent high intensity branch of sports. Participants spent 15,8% in the low intensity zone indicating that repetitive loads without the opportunity for recovery could be found. Having a high percentage of high intensity activity may negatively affect performance because of fatigue; thus, it is important to organize the optimum in-play time for the indoor soccer players to get better performance.

Accurate determination of reference wind speed and reference static pressure in wind tunnel tests

The reference wind speed and reference static pressure are two key parameters for determining the testing results of wind tunnel experiments. Traditionally, the values of these parameters can be determined using direct measurement methods. However, such methods may suffer from less accuracy and inconvenience of operations. This article documents an indirect measurement method which, compared to the traditional methods, has the merits of higher accuracy and greater operational convenience. Examples are presented to demonstrate the main procedures of the method and typical findings by using the method in a boundary layer wind tunnel.

Digitalization of Spectral Measurements in the Fourier Basis – Development Trends and Problems

At the present stage of development of digital information technologies intensive digitalization (computerization) of both direct and indirect measurement methods is taking place. The direct consequence of the computerization of measurements was, firstly, the emergence of a new class of measuring instruments – Processor measuring instruments (PRIS), secondly, increasing the level of formalization of measuring procedures, thirdly, the creation of a new, revolutionary technology –Virtual Instrument (VI). The purpose of the article is to analyze the development of digital technologies for measuring spectra, identifying the problems that arise in this case and formulating priority scientific and applied problems for their resolution.Theoretical and applied research has established that digital spectrum measurement technologies, in addition to significant advantages, have certain disadvantages. It has been shown that the disadvantages of digital technologies for measuring spectra arise both from the nature of digital methods and from the analytical and stochastic properties of the bases of the applied transformations in measuring the spectra. An analysis of digital methods for measuring spectra showed that methods based on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) retain their leading role and are effective in almost all subject areas. However, there are also problems of digitalization of measurements of the spectra of signals based on the DFT, which are associated, first of all, with the manifestation of a number of negative effects that are absent with analog methods for measuring spectra based on the Fourier transform. This is the periodization effect of the measuring signal and its spectrum, the stockade effect, as well as the aliasing effect. As the analysis showed, existing methods of dealing with the negative effects of digitalization of spectrum measurements solve the problems of introducing digital technologies only partially. To combat the negative effects of digitalization of spectral measurements, a generalization of the DFT in the form of a parametric DFT (DFT-P) (Parametric Discrete Fourier Transform – DFT-P) is proposed.The main scientific and applied problems of computerization of signal spectrum measurements are formulated: the development of the theory of digital methods for measuring signal spectra, the creation of new and improvement of existing digital methods for measuring signal spectra, the development of algorithmic, software and metrological software for PRIS and VI for the implementation of DFT-P.

Evaluation of the Parameters of the State of Concrete Dams Under Long-Term Operation Conditions Using Indirect Measurements

Problems of evaluating the parameters of the state of concrete dams at the stage of long-term operation are examined. The use of the indirect measurement method is demonstrated by the example of typical sections of the concrete gravity dam of the Krasnoyarsk HPP. It is shown that the use of the proposed method allows reliable evaluation of the parameters of the stress-strain state of a structure under conditions of metrological failure of embedded means of operational instrument monitoring.

Experimental study on flux mapping for a novel 84 kWe high flux solar simulator

A novel 84 kWe high flux solar simulator with six instantaneous switch gates is designed in this study. Based on the indirect measurement method, a data acquisition and control software for the flux measurement is developed. A flux measurement algorithm is accomplished based on image processing method. In order to reduce random error, the least squares method is used to fit the average radiative flux and the average gray value. Then, the indirect flux measurement error is analyzed. The total errors of radiative flux and total radiative power for high flux solar simulator with all lamps in operation are ±10.57% and ±10.63%, respectively. The radiative flux mappings of solar simulator at different planes are obtained. The experimental results show that the radiative flux mapping is consistent with the ellipsoidal Gaussian distribution. The maximum system efficiency of 84 kWe high flux solar simulator is 38.1%. The maximum peak flux is 9.3 MW/m2 at the focal plane. The maximum average radiative flux on 5 cm diameter target is 5.2 MW/m2 at +1 cm plane. For a single short-arc xenon lamp, the maximum of peak flux, radiative power and system efficiency reach 1.2 MW/m2, 2.88 kW, and 41.1%, respectively.

Determinación indirecta de temperatura de solución para diálisis peritoneal con termómetro infrarrojo

Introducción: La diálisis peritoneal es un tratamiento de reemplazo renal eficaz en depuración de toxinas urémicas y mantenimiento del equilibrio hidrosalino. La modalidad de diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria realizada en el hospital, es competencia del profesional de enfermería y requiere realizarse con protocolo seguro que incluya control térmico del dializante. Objetivo: Determinar la aplicabilidad del termómetro infrarrojo como método objetivo y confiable de medición indirecta de temperatura de la solución dializante. Metodología: Se realizaron mediciones de temperatura indirecta utilizando termómetro infrarrojo, y directas por inmersión de termómetro de alcohol en soluciones dializantes al 1.5%, 2.5% y 4.5%, en un intervalo de temperatura de 34 a 40⁰C. El procesamiento de datos se realizó en Microsoft Excel, el análisis con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Las mediciones de temperatura con termómetro infrarrojo son similares a las obtenidas por inmersión del termómetro de alcohol en todo el intervalo de temperatura investigado, y para las diferentes soluciones utilizadas. Conclusiones: La medición de temperatura indirecta del líquido de diálisis con termómetro IR puede representar un método objetivo y confiable, que coadyuve en el otorgamiento de cuidado de enfermería con el mínimo riesgo de efectos iatrogénicos y la máxima satisfacción del paciente y su familia.

Soft measurement model on torque of alternating current electrical dynamometer including copper loss and iron loss

Alternating current electrical dynamometer is a common device to measure the torque of engines, such as the gasoline engine. In order to solve the problems such as high cost, high energy consumption and complicated measurement system which exists in the direct measurement on the torque of alternating current electrical dynamometer, copper loss and iron loss are taken as two key factors and a soft-sensing model on the torque of alternating current electrical dynamometer is established using the fuzzy least square support vector machine (FLS-SVM). Then, the FLS-SVM parameters such as penalty factor and kernel parameter are optimized by adaptive genetic algorithm, torque soft-sensing is investigated in the alternating current electrical dynamometer, as well as the energy feedback efficiency and energy consumption during the measurement phase of a gasoline engine loading continual test is obtained. The results show that the minimum soft-sensing error of torque is about 0.0018, and it fluctuates within a range from −0.3 to 0.3 N-m. FLS-SVM soft-sensing method can increase by 1.6% power generation feedback compared with direct measurement, and it can save 500 kJ fuel consumption in the gasoline engine loading continual test. Therefore, the estimation accuracy of the soft measurement model on the torque of alternating current electrical dynamometer including copper loss and iron loss is high and this indirect measurement method can be feasible to reduce production cost of the alternating current electrical dynamometer and energy consumption during the torque measurement phase of a gasoline engine, replacing the direct method of torque measurement.

Artifact Elimination in Impedance Cardiography using Gradient based Adaptive Signal Enhancement Techniques

Impedance Cardiography (ICG) is a noninvasive method for indirect measurement of stroke volume, monitoring the cardiac output and observing the other hemodynamic parameters by the blood volume changes in the body. The blood volume changes inside a certain body segment due to a number of physiological processes are extracted in the form of the impedance variations of the body segment. The ICG analysis provides the heart stroke volume in sudden cardiac arrest. In the clinical environment desired ICG signals are influenced by several physiological and non-physiological artifacts.As these artifacts are not stationary in nature, we proposed adaptive filtering techniques to eliminate the artifacts. In this paper we used Least Mean Square (LMS), Least Mean Fourth (LMF), Median LMS (MLMS), Leaky LMS (LLMS), and Dead Zone (DZLMS) adaptive techniques to eliminate artifacts from the desired signals. Several adaptive signal enhancement units (ASEUs) are developed based on these adaptive techniques, and evaluated on the real ICG signal components. The ability of these algorithms is evaluated by performing the experiments to eliminate the various artifacts such as sinusoidal artifacts (SA), respiration artifacts (RA), muscle artifacts (MA) and electrode artifacts (EA). Among these techniques, the DZLMS based ASEU performs better in the filtering process. The signal to noise ratio improvement (SNRI) for this algorithm is calculated as 11.9140 dB, 7.3657 dB, 10.4060 dB and 10.5125 dB respectively for SA, RA, MA and EA. Hence, the DZLMS based ASEUs are well suitable for ICG filtering in the real time health care monitoring systems.