Field Observation Method Research Articles

Revisiting Soil Water Potential: Towards a Better Understanding of Soil and Plant Interactions

Soil water potential (SWP) is vital for controlling the various biological and non-biological processes occurring through and across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC). Although the dynamics and mechanisms of SWP have been investigated for several decades, they are not as widely explored in ecohydrology research as soil moisture, due at least partly to the limitation of field observation methods. This limitation restricts the understanding of the responses of plant physiology and ecological processes to the SWP gradient and the ecohydrological functions of SWP dynamics in different contexts. Hence, in this work, we first briefly revisit the origin and development of the concept of SWP and then analyze the comprehensive factors that influence SWP and the improvement of SWP observation techniques at field scales, as well as strategies for developing new sensors for soil water status. We also propose views of focusing on the response characteristics of plant lateral roots, rather than taproots, to SWP dynamics, and using hormone signaling research to evaluate plant response signals to water stress. We end by providing potential challenges and insights that remain in related research, such as the limitations of the SWP evaluation methods and the future development direction of SWP data collection, management, and analysis. We also emphasize directions for the application of SWP in controlling plant pathogens and promoting the efficiency of resource acquisition by plants. In short, these reflections revisit the unique role of SWP in eco-hydrological processes, provide an update on the development of SWP research, and support the assessment of plant drought vulnerability under current and future climatic conditions.

Conditional Capital Practice in Empagae Village, Wattang Sidenreng District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency (Islamic Economic Law Perspective)

The practice of conditional capital that occurs in Empagae Village is an economic activity that involves two parties, namely: the lender and the borrower. This conditional capital loan started from a borrower who needed capital to purchase seeds and farm fertilizers, who then borrowed a sum of money by offering conditions for the loan that had been given, namely "if the borrower lends one million, he will give one pikul of rice as long as the loan has not been paid. returned". The purpose of this study is to analyze the conditional capital system that occurs in Empagae Village from the perspective of Islamic Economic Law. The research method used in this study uses descriptive qualitative research methods. In collecting data, the methods of field observation, interviews, and documentation were used. The results of this study indicate that 1) The form of conditional capital practice in Empagae Village has two parties, Wa'Tati as the borrower makes a loan by providing conditions in the form of giving one pikul of rice for each loan with a value of one million he does. The existence of additions in debts according to Islamic economic law is not allowed if there is an addition that exceeds the principal loan or the addition is a condition of the loan. 2) Judging from the number of additions in this conditional lending practice, it can contain an additional element or usury, due to the benefits that are almost equivalent to the amount of the loan that has been borrowed, of course this is not in accordance with Islamic law.

Daily Behavior Characteristics and Environmental Symbiosis Mechanism of Village Residents in Alpine Pastoral Areas: Meiwu Village, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

The characteristics of the daily behaviors of village residents and their symbiotic relationship with the environment play important roles in optimizing the spatial configuration of villages and promoting the sustainable development of the villages and the environment. This paper used the questionnaire survey method and the field observation method, collected the data of different residents’ activities by interviews and surveys in Meiwu Village, Gannan Prefecture, and analyzed the characteristics of the local residents’ behaviors and activities, as well as their interaction with spaces from the perspective of time. The results showed that the types of daily activities of village residents in alpine pastoral areas can be divided into four types: life type, survival type, leisure type, and folk type, and there were significant differences in the types of daily activities and the corresponding spaces of the different groups. Residents’ daily behaviors determine the choice and construction of the village spaces, and residents lifestyles promote the functional transformation of the living spaces. On the other hand, the village spaces can also affect the behavioral activities. This study is helpful to improve the method of evaluating the daily living spaces of pastoral villages based on residents’ behaviors, and the conclusion of the empirical study has certain guiding significance for the rural planning of alpine pastoral areas under the humanistic concept.

Pattern of Transportation and Its Environmental Impacts in Ekwulobia, South-East, Nigeria

The research, development and design of intelligent transportation systems worldwide relies on technologies that are able to enhance security and safety, increase efficiency, reduce congestion and promote environmental sustainability. However, mobility and transportation are the engines to economic growth of a country. Unfortunately, this engine also depicts the signs of the times (i.e. congestion, accessibility and road safety problems). This study investigated the environmental impacts of pattern of transportation in Ekwulobia, Aguata Local Government Area, Anambra State. In trying to achieve this, the study identified the pattern of transportation and its environmental impacts on the study area, relationships between the impacts and the major cause of traffic congestion and a viable minimization measures in the area. The mixed methods of data collection for the study include; Field observation, Interview, Questionnaire and Survey method. Data generated through these methods were analyzed using chi-square and presented using Tables, Bar charts, and Descriptive analysis. The result of the study showed that the pattern of transportation in Ekwulobia consist of four major road patterns running from Nanka to Oko axis (NN-NE), from Nnewi to Uga axis (NW-NN), from Oko to Uga axis (NE-SE) amongst others. From the result of the traffic count in five days of the week, motorcycle moves at higher volume of 66,881, public bus 37,251, private cars 34,520, tricycle 8,611 and the least is heavy trucks, which moves at the volume of 6,320. Accordingly, the pattern of transportation in Ekwulobia has led to traffic congestion, nucleated structures, noise pollution from car-engines, air pollution from exhausts. Recommendations of the study include: widening of the roads by the Government to reduce traffic congestion, placing of traffic lights to regulate vehicular movement and Urban and Regional planners should help to stop nucleated structures round the Ekwulobia round-about, among others. Keywords: Transportation Systems, Environmental Impacts, Sustainability, Traffic Congestion. DOI: 10.7176/CER/14-6-04 Publication date: October 31 st 2022

К ИСТОРИИ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ИЗУЧЕНИЯ СОВЕТСКОЙ АРКТИКИ

The article presents a brief historiographical review of the first archaeological studies of the Yenisei North. The study presents a description of unknown documents developed by the team of the Arctic Institute in the mid 1940s. The evacuation of the Institute of the Arctic to Krasnoyarsk during the Great Patriotic War increased the attention of its employees to the Krasnoyarsk North. The article publishes «Brief instructions for the registration and protection of archaeological sites of the Soviet Arctic» and «A short questionnaire program for collecting information about the archaeological sites of the Arctic». These documents were identified by the authors in 2022 during the analysis of unprocessed archival materials in the funds of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Museum of Local Lore. The purpose of the study is to introduce the identified archival materials in the historical context of the development the matters of registration and protection the historical and cultural resources in the Russian Arctic. The instruction contains the main types of resources of the native peoples of the North: dwellings and settlements of coastal tribes, settlements of hunters and reindeer herders of the tundra and forest tundra, ancient workshops, fortifications, burial grounds, sacrificial places, rock carvings, remains of fossil fauna, grottoes, caves and sheds in the rocks. Saibs, Arangas and other ancient burial places of pre-Christian times among the Nenets, Yuraks, Nganasans, Yukaghirs, Yakuts are singled out in a special group of resources. They were subject to research only by specialist archaeologists and should were protected. The need to single out resources of the archaeological heritage of the Russian population is emphasized on the example of unique finds in Sims Bay and Thaddeus Island. The section «Recording and protection of archaeological sites of the North» contains regulatory requirements for the identification and registration of the noted types of sites. To characterize them, the Instruction recommends cartographic, field observation, comparative-historical, complex and other methods of study. The transfer of found artifacts and all identified information to the Arctic Institute of the Main Northern Sea Route under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR or its representatives located in the nearest points is regulated. The content of the identified documents ends with a brief questionnaire for collecting information about the archaeological sites of the Arctic.

Assessment Instruments of Caring Attitudes and Science Knowledge Competencies IV Grade Elementary School Student

The attitude of students' concern for the surrounding environment is still relatively low, this is due to the lack of use of assessment instruments in assessing student attitudes. The purpose of this study is to analyses the design and tests the feasibility of the instrument of caring attitude and science knowledge competence. This research belongs to the type of development research, using the ADDIE development model. The subjects involved in this study were 2 lecturers and 3 fourth grade elementary school teachers. Data was collected using field study, observation, questionnaire, and test methods. The data obtained in the study were then analyzed by testing the validity and reliability of the instrument. The results of data analysis showed that the validation obtained an average percentage for the content aspect of 76.67% (adequate), the aspect of the social science technology model 80% (adequate), the format aspect 82% (very feasible), the language aspect 93% (very feasible) and 82% presentation aspect (very decent). Furthermore, the reliability test showed the results of the reliability coefficient values ​​for the test instrument and the questionnaire instrument were 0.893 and 0.939, respectively. This value is in the range of 0.80 < r 1.00, this shows that the reliability of the two instruments used in this study is very high. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the assessment instrument for caring attitudes and science knowledge competencies are valid and reliable category so that it is very feasible to be developed and used in the learning process.

Decolonising Museum Practice in a Postcolonial Nation: Museum’s Visual Order as the Work of Representation in Constructing Colonial Memory

AbstractThe study of colonialism and its legacies have mostly left the category of memory studies. However, for the colonised subject, what they experienced in the past inevitably forms their present and future discourse. This study focuses on how the museum’s visual order articulates colonial memory. By looking at the work of representation, in this context museum’s visual order, this study investigates how memory lives on through the circulation of colonial memory that the museum simulates. Museum’s visual order translates how colonial memory should be remembered and celebrated as public knowledge. Although research on how museums affect society knowledge have been part of both memory and museum studies, those two studies barely touch upon museums’ role in translating colonial memory in the postcolonial nation. Memory lives on through its circulation in media forms. However, premeditation and mediation are made possible through articulating social and cultural sites, in this case, museums practice. In order to achieve its purposes, this research investigates public museums in different parts of Java, Indonesia which have colonial memory objects. The combination of field observation, document review, and visual method followed by focus group discussion between stakeholders and researchers are conducted to propose the research conclusion. This research argues that the museum’s visual order translates interrelated colonial memories to be accepted as a part of the history that forms the “existence” of the nation and to be appreciated as public knowledge that is shared and forms the national identity. In doing so, museum practice roams into the area of political visibility which decides the legibility of the narrative related to colonial memory. In addition, as museum practice is basically a colonial legacy, this research concludes that it is essential to deconstruct the practice from the perspective of the colonised.

Refugees and claims-making in spaces of urban marginality: Syrian refugees build alliances across racial lines for collective action

ABSTRACT Increasing number of refugees are being resettled in U.S. cities that have been historically populated by urban poor, immigrants, and racial minorities. This study examines how urban refugees’ claims-making process may be informed by civil rights and political activism of the local established residents of migrant and minoritized communities on the ground. Based on a case study of Syrian refugees residing in a central city in New Jersey, the study uses mixed method of in-depth interviews, field observations, historical archives, and demographic data. The findings show that the newly arriving Syrian refugees, resettled in a city grounded in history of civil rights and political activism, formed alliances with other long-term migrants and minoritized groups to claim their own political and legal rights, advocate for state resources, and resist social inequalities. Although Syrian refugees acknowledged their protected legal and citizenship rights, the actual process of enacting these rights and claims-making involved active relationships with other racial and migrant groups in the city. The study illustrates how refugees are articulating their agency through producing social and political spaces in connection with other spaces of urban marginality – a process that reveals how urban spaces can also become important sites for articulating new politics.

Ensuring the environmental safety of the intersection left-turn by adaptive section control

The method of field observations of the movement and maneuvers of vehicles and pedestrians at the intersection of Leninsky Prospekt and Brusilov Street in the city of Voronezh was used. The reasons for the creation of dangerous and emergency traffic situations have been established. Identified shortcomings in the organization of the left turn from the street. Brusilov in the direction of Leninsky Prospekt. It is proposed to pre-calculate the cycle of traffic light regulation at the intersection in the Excel program in order to determine the maximum permissible traffic intensity for the subsequent calculation of the cycle using the Webster formula for off-peak periods of intensity. A program for calculating the cycle of traffic signaling at the intersection in Microsoft Visual Studio 2007 was written for the proposed calculation of the cycle using the Webster formula. Keywords: intersection, left turn, vehicle, traffic light regulation cycle calculation, traffic safety

A Simple Stilt Structure Technique for Earthquake Resistance of Wooden Vernacular Houses in Bima, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia

The existence of local building structures in Bima vernacular architecture is the research object in this study. The condition of the Bima Regency, which is prone to tectonic and volcanic earthquakes, is the context that influences the structure of the wooden stilt houses. This vulnerability occurs because of two earthquake fault lines flanking the Sumbawa island and an active volcano, Mount Tambora. Identification of Bima vernacular houses' structures and their effectiveness in reducing deformation due to earthquakes become the aims of this study. Data collection uses field observation methods to identify local building structures and construction systems. It also uses digital simulation to determine diagonal bar elements' effectiveness on the stage structure in reducing deformation due to an earthquake. The results showed that the stilt structure consisting of post components with corbels to support the beams, double beams arranged in a cross, diagonal bars, and wooden pegs were structures that maintained their existence. The existence of this stilt structure technique is part of the local seismic culture of the Bima community. The simulation result shows that diagonal bars' presence reduces deformation in structural elements due to earthquake loads. The synergy between structural components occurs in the construction of the Bima vernacular house structure. Thus, the system, form, and material of the Bima stilt structure can reference the development of earthquake-resistant houses in Indonesia.

PENGEMBANGAN INFRASTRUKTUR DIGITALISASI DESA MENDUKUNG DESA WISATA DAN TEKNOLOGI SOLAR CELL DESA

Agricultural infrastructure is the key in the main business field to support the economic growth of the village. The geographical area of Banjarsari Village is a lowland inundated with swamp water adjacent to the Bengawan Solo river, the border of the Jombang Regency area with Nganjuk Regency, a population of 49,959 people, rice fields with an area of 241.79 ha, agricultural production in the form of rice paddy fields and fields with a harvest area of 3,471.1 tons, corn production of 320.1 tons, plantation production of 2,436.09 tons. This shows the strength of Banjarsari Village in Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, very important supported by infrastructure and access to agricultural technology, modern agricultural irrigation infrastructure, especially the use of renewable energy technology that has zero agricultural electrification costs The purpose of implementing this KKN is to lead rural communities to a more prosperous life and help improve the social conditions of rural communities and make villages better known in terms of tourism and village MSMEs. The method in implementing this KKN is by interviewing and field observation methods.

The Influence of N2O Emission to Water and Nitrogen Coupling Mechanism in Black Soil under Drip Irrigation Mode

This experiment is aimed at revealing the main characteristics of N2O emission from soybean in black soil and clarifying the relationship between N2O emission and environmental factors; in this experiment, static chamber-gas chromatography field observation method was used; meanwhile, three different drip irrigation amounts (300 mm, 350 mm, and 400 mm) and five different nitrogen application amounts (0, 63, 72, 81, and 90 kg/hm2) were set up to study the effects of different coupling modes on soybean N2O emission and the relationship between N2O emission and environmental factors. The results showed that the peak value of N2O emission flux of soybean mainly occurred in July and August, and the amount of N2O emission flux in each growth period was flowering-podding period > branching period > seedling period > grain filling period. N2O emission increased with the increase of drip irrigation amount and nitrogen application amount. The effects of drip irrigation and nitrogen application on N2O emission were significantly different. Under the three drip irrigation modes, the N2O emission fluxes of most treatments were significantly correlated with the temperature in that day, and the soil temperature in different soil depths was significantly correlated with the N2O emission fluxes. The correlation relationship between the temperature of each soil layer under drip irrigation 300 mm and N2O emission fluxes was less than that under drip irrigation 350 mm and drip irrigation 400 mm. There was no significant correlation between N2O emission flux and NH4+-N and NO3-N, and there was no significant correlation between N2O cumulative emission and dry matter quality in the aboveground part of soybean. It shows that the emission of N2O itself is affected by multiple environmental factors and shows certain randomness. The research results can provide important theoretical basis and technical support for realizing nitrogen reduction and efficient utilization of soybean water and fertilizer in the black soil region of northeastern part of China.

EVALUATION OF THE APPLICATION OF FOOD SAFETY FOR THE HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY "BREAD ANNI" KARAWANG, WEST JAVA IN THE NEW NORMAL ERA

Maintaining the movement of food along the food chain is an important function that all stakeholders along the food chain need to contribute. Food safety is an important component of any food business in ensuring a food safety culture. One way to attract consumers' attention is to ensure that the food produced is safe for health with a guarantee of cleanliness. One of the food businesses that have promising prospects for their owners is in the bakery sector . The purpose of this study is to identify the application of a food safety system with the GMP system in the Home Industry (IRT) in Karawang . The place where this research was conducted was one of the Karawang home industries. This research was conducted using the field observation method, the research was conducted in August 2022 . Data collection, namely primary data obtained by observation and interviews. Respondents were determined by purposive sampling. The data analysis method used is descriptive analysis. The descriptive analysis in this study includes evaluating the condition of each of the basic GMP requirements. The results of research on food safety in one of the Karawang home industries , namely Roti Anni, found that the application of aspects of food safety according to the GMP system from 13 aspects 1 aspect was very fulfilling, 9 aspects were categorized as fulfilling, 2 aspects were sufficient and 1 aspect was not fulfilled, namely in laboratory checking according to CPPOB

Mapping the Distribution of Fish Caught in the Jatigede Reservoir, Indonesia

This research aims to map the structure of the fish community living in the floodplain of the Jatigede reservoir based on the catch. This research uses the field observation method, taking fish samples every 14 days and doing 6 times. The results of the survey show that the number of fish caught during the survey was 799 individuals, and the fish species identified at 6 stations of Jatigede Reservoir consisted of 9 families of 18 species. The fish species with the highest abundance was Parambassis siamensis at station 1. At stations 2, 3, 4, and 5, the fish with the highest abundance was Hampala macrolepidota and at station 6, the fish with the greatest abundance was Oxyeleotris marmorata. The distribution of native fish is more dominant than introduced fish with a comparison of 11 native fish species and 7 introduced fish species. The water quality at each station still meets the requirements of environmental quality standards according to Government Regulation (Indonesia) No. 22 of 2021 on Water Quality Standards and is suitable for fish life.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ПОЗАКОРЕНЕВОГО ПІДЖИВЛЕННЯ ТА ЗАХИСТУ КУКУРУДЗИ У ЗАХІДНОМУ РЕГІОНІ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of research is improving the technology of growing corn for grain in the farms of Western Ukraine in the direction of optimizing fertilizer system and crop protection. Research methods: hypothesis, experiment, field observation, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results. Research conducted in the conditions of the West of Ukraine. The experimental field was characterized by sod-podzolic light loam soils. During the studies, the effectiveness of foliar fertilization with water-soluble fertilizer Rosasol 18-18-18 + IU (3 kg/ha) and plant protection systems (spraying with insecticide August Borei Neo and fungicide Amistar Extra 280 SC) was determined. The experiments studied hybrids Ajax (FAO 210), Scanner (FAO 250), Exsklam (FAO 270) and Pioneer (FAO 300). For research, 12 sites with different foliar feeding schemes and plant protection systems were established. Mulching tillage was carried out at all sites. Urea (200 kg/ha) and magnesium sulfate (150 kg/ha) were applied for pre-sowing tillage. Sowing was performed with a Väderstad Tempo 8 seeder, which simultaneously with the sowing of seeds carried out intra-soil application of polyphos fertilizer (150 kg/ha). Seed sowing rate 15 kg/ha. To protect plants from weeds, crops were sprayed with Task Extra seed herbicide (0.44 l/ha). According to the results of research, it was found that foliar fertilization with Rosasol 18-18-18 + ME fertilizer contributed to the increase in corn grain yield by 0.78-1.65 t/ha. The highest yield was observed in the hybrid Pioneer (FAO 300), which was 11.68 t/ha (yield increase of 16.0 %), and the lowest in the hybrid Ajax (FAO 210) - 8.20 t/ha (yield increase of 18.0 %). Foliar fertilization and protection of plants from pests and diseases with the use of drugs Rosasol 18-18-18 + ME (3 kg/ha) + insecticide August Borei Neo (0.7 l/ha) + fungicide Amistar Extra 280 SC (0.7 l/ha) allows to obtain an increase in corn grain yield in the range from 2.02 to 2.19 t/ha or by 20.3-29.1 % depending on the hybrid compared to the control. The highest grain productivity of 12.52 t / ha and yield increase compared to the control of 2.19 t/ha was obtained in the hybrid Pioneer (FAO 300). Conclusions. The introduction of a system of plant protection against pests and diseases against the background of foliar fertilization provides an increase in grain yield by 0.84-1.34 t/ha (7.2-12.1 %) compared to options that provide only foliar fertilization. Foliar feeding and plant protection measures increase the grain productivity of corn. The economic effect from the introduction of foliar fertilization during the growing season varied from 4626 to 8730 UAH/ha, and from - fertilization and protection systems – from 11054 to 14844 UAH/ha. Key words: research, corn, water-soluble fertilizer, insecticide, fungicide, foliar fertilization, plant protection system, yield, efficiency.

Understanding the Dynamics of Soil Nutrient Balance and Its Management Option of a Common Bean Farm: The Case of West Arsi, Ethiopia

The yield of Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), the important legume crop for large percentage of the world's population is challenged by soil fertility declining in the most growing regions. The survey was conducted in Goto Onomo kebele, West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia during June 15, 2017 to understand the dynamic of soil nutrient balance in common bean farm and its management option. The Combinations of field observation and semi-structure interview data collection methods and NUTMON (nutrient monitoring for tropical farming systems) method of FAO data analysis in micro level approach were applied. Accordingly, a total of 10kg/day of cow dung was recorded. Total inputs of 45.75kg/season was recorded as Nitrogen sources from different inputs. Additionally, 48.83kg/season of nutrient out flow was recorded. As a result, negative nutrient balance (-3.08kg/season) was exhibited due to the high nutrient removal rates by harvested biomass that leads to poor nutrient management and low use efficiency. Hence, the farm has been exposed for nutrient deficiency by -3.08kg/season that farm level nutrient management such as crop residue management, addition of farmyard manure, and inorganic fertilizer sources are recommended as better alternative management options for legume crop production. Keywords: Common bean, Goto Onomo, nutrient balance, West Arsi DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-13-01 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

ВПЛИВ КОЛІСНИХ РУШІЇВ ПОСІВНОГО АГРЕГАТАНА ВРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ЗЕРНА КУКУРУДЗИ

The purpose of research: еstimation of influence of soil compaction by running wheels of the tractor with a row seeder on productivity and economic efficiency of cultivation of corn on grain. Research methods: hypothesis, experiment, field observation, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results: Field studies were conducted in soil and climatic conditions of Western Ukraine. The experimental field was characterized by sod-podzolic light loam soils. Climatic conditions of research – the average daily air temperature during the growing season of corn - +16.9 ° C, rainfall – 263 mm. Väderstad's eight-row Tempo 8 seed drill, which was aggregated with a Fendt 722 tractor, was used in the research. In the process of performing the technological operation of such a sowing unit, two sowing machines work on the tracks of the tractor wheels. According to the results of research it was established that the number of cobs in the rows on the tracks of the tractor was 42.2-49.6 thousand pieces. / ha and was lower by 6.4-8.8 thousand units / ha (11.4-17.2 %) compared to uncompacted areas of the field. There was also a decrease in the weight of grain in the cob on the tracks of the tractor by 4-30 g, depending on the hybrid. The grain yield of corn sown on the tracks of the tractor was lower by 2.27-2.51 t/ha (16.5-27.9 %) compared to this figure on uncompacted rows. Seed yield of the studied hybrids (average value for all eight rows of rows) is 8.33-13.21 t/ha. Due to the fact that in ¼ rows (in two rows on the tracks of the tractor) recorded lower yields, the average yield of corn grain decreased by 0.57-0.66 t/ha (4.1-6.9 %) compared to this figure on uncompacted rows. Due to the negative impact of the running energy system on the soil during sowing, the economic indicators of maize cultivation deteriorate. If the soil compaction is eliminated or minimized by the running gear of the energy source, the profit may increase and according to the studied maize hybrids will be 19217-53921 UAH / ha. As a result of soil compaction by running systems of the sowing unit, the profit is reduced by 4104-4536 UAH/ha. Conclusions. In the rows located on the tracks of the tractor, due to soil compaction, the conditions of plant growth and development deteriorate, which is reflected in lower indicators of crop structure elements (number of cobs, grain weight of cobs, etc.) and reduced yield and efficiency of maize cultivation. Key words: research, corn, tractor running system, soil compaction, yield, efficiency.

Model pembelajaran berbasis lingkungan untuk meningkatkan kreatifitas guru di SMP Negeri 22 Satu Atap Mubri Kampung Mandopi Rimon, Distrik Manokwari Utara, Kabupaten Manokwari, Provinsi Papua Barat

The environment around Junior High School Negeri 22 Satu Atap Mubri can be a medium of learning in the teaching and learning process. The use of the environment as a learning medium has a positive impact on increasing student interest in learning. This is because when students study outside the classroom, students are faced with the real situation so that students tend to be active and do not get bored quickly in the learning process. From the surrounding environment, there is also much that can be taught, introduction to ecosystems such as plants and animals. This research uses quantitative and qualitative. The research location at SMP Negeri 22 Satu Atap Mubri North Manokwari District is a case study in that school. The research used the method of field observations, interviews and student ability tests on 28 students who sat in class VIII SMP Negeri 22 Mubri. The results of the pre-test and the final test show an interesting comparison, namely the number of students who scored Very Good (VG) on the pre-test was only two students (7.14%) while in the final test there was an increase where as many as 16 students (57.14%) got The SB value means that the comparison between the pre-test and the final test has a good increase of 50%. Meanwhile, students who scored Good (B) only increased by one (1) point. The results of the pre-test there were 5 students who got good scores while in the final test there were 6 students or an increase of 1 point or from 17.86% increased to 21.43%. Sufficient Value (C) decreased, namely from 10 or 35.71% of students in the pre-test down to 4 students in the final test (14.29%) thus there was a decrease of 6 points. A sharp decrease actually occurred in the Less (K) score, where from 9 (nine) students who scored less on the Pre-Test test at the end of the final test to zero (0%). Meanwhile, for Very Less (K) scores there was no change. namely between the pre-test and the final test as many as 2 students or as much as 7.14%.

THE VALUES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE RUGOVA REGION IN PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN KOSOVO

Culture is conceived as a complex whole, as a conceptual system in learning. The Rugova region is geographically located in the "Albanian Alps" which is a territory that includes a special set of cultural activities developed between generations. These intangible (spiritual) identity values include: language (dialect), tradition, traditional food, traditional clothing, symbols, natural-cultural monuments, festivals, rituals, customs and traditions, religion and the folklore tradition of the Rugova region. The overall purpose of the paper is to assess the cultural heritage and how to use its potential for sustainable development in the Rugova region. The cultural dimension of heritage and the possibility of cultural perspective consists of recognizing the new reality and changing dynamics of community life. Another goal is to deepen the knowledge about the organization and functioning of the cultural heritage of the Rugova community towards tourism. Literature research by local and international authors, data collection and analysis is built from the field through questionnaire, interview. Interdisciplinary methodologies have been used such as: ethnographic method, method of direct field observations which has been used to get acquainted with socio-cultural heritage and tourism objects. The development of the cultural tradition of food preparation, the way in which the inhabitants give a worldview for the heritage in the service of the development of tourism are parts of interest in this topic.

ESTIMASI SERAPAN KARBON PADA SUBSTRAT DASAR BERDASARKAN TINGKAT KERAPATAN MANGROVE DI KAWASAN EKOWISATA LANTEBUNG KOTA MAKASSAR

The purpose of this study was to determine the density level of the mangrove ecosystem and to determine the absorption capacity of CO2 gas per hectare on the basic mangrove substrate found in the Lantebung Ecotourism Area, Makassar City. This research was conducted in July-December 2021 in the Lantebung Ecotourism Area, Makassar City. This study uses the Field Observation method to observe, measure and collect data, including primary and secondary data. Analysis of mangrove ecosystem density data and analysis of carbon uptake of mangrove substrates using the help of statistical data processing programs. Based on the results of the study, it shows that density can affect the amount of biomass, carbon stock content and CO2 absorption which has a strong relationship. The density of mangroves in plots I, II, and III (land-sea) has a higher density; The higher the density, the greater the total carbon stock and the ability to absorb CO2 gas per hectare in a mangrove ecosystem; Carbon content, carbon stock, and CO2 absorption capacity in mangrove ecosystems are higher at the surface than at depth but fluctuate up and down at each depth level.