Distribution Method Research Articles

Assimilation of the Batak Angkola Language in Pintu Padang, North Sumatra, Indonesia

The objective of this research is to describe the assimilation process in the Toba Batak language, specifically as it is spoken in Pintu Padang Village, located in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Assimilation is a type of sound change that is not the same to become the same or almost the same. This process can occur between segments in a word and between components in compound words. So, it is essential to formalize it by describing the sound features that undergo these changes. The data was gathered through observation and interviews. Listening to Batak Angkola speakers communicate with one another allowed for observations. Simultaneously, interviews were conducted by directly interviewing informants who were chosen based on particular criteria. Three individuals were interviewed using a structured interview format. In addition, a set of unstructured interviews was carried out with several other speakers. For this purpose, a generative phonology approach is used. Data analysis was carried out by the distributional method with the segmenting immediate constituents technique. After that, the distinctive features of the sound are explained. The results of this research show that assimilation took place in nasal consonants [m], [n], and [ŋ], which met the consonants [k], [p], [s], [t], [l], and [c]. The sounds [m], [n], and [ŋ] appear in the forms [p], [t] and [k], respectively. Then, the sound [n] appears in the form [l] and [c] when it meets the sounds [l] and [c] too. Generally, it can be inferred that sound modifications in the form of assimilation are homorganic.

DB-ACO: A Deadline-Budget Constrained Ant Colony Optimization for Workflow Scheduling in Clouds

With the development of cloud computing, a growing number of workflows are deployed in cloud platform that can dynamically provide cloud resources on demand for users. In clouds, one basic problem is how to schedule workflow under the deadline constraint and minimize the execution cost. As the capability of cloud resources getting higher, the required cost is also rising. Capability of some resources exceeds the need of users, which leads to higher cost, and the budget of users should be considered. In this paper, a novel scheduling algorithm, named DB-ACO, is proposed to minimize the execution cost for the workflow with deadline and budget constraints. DB-ACO is verified on four typical scientific workflows, and the experiments results show it outperforms four state-of-the-art methods, especially for CyberShake. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Budget and deadline are important requirements for users in cloud computing, which are used as constraints. Extensive works have been devoted to minimize the cost of workflows execution with different scheduling strategies. However, most of them only consider one single constraint and assume the constraint is simple and loose, which is impractical in actual scenarios due to higher requirement of users. This paper investigates a novel scheduling algorithm DB-ACO to optimize cost under budget and deadline. DB-ACO combines heuristic and meta-heuristic, it uses ant colony optimization to optimize the execution cost under the deadline and budget constraints: each ant sorts tasks on the basis of the combination of the pheromone trail and heuristic information, the deadline and budget are distributed fairly to each task by a novel distribution method, then the service selection rules are introduced to build solution.

SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TERMS USED IN ALISHER NAVOY'S EPIC "LAYLI AND MAJNUN"

In the epic "Layli and Majnun", which is the third epic of the great writer Alisher Navoi's "Khamsa", terms related to various sciences and professions of his time were used. In particular, terms related to the social, political, military, animal and plant world, related to the science of astrology (astronomy), meaning medical, musical, mineral names, related to various sciences and professions, related to religious concepts, to Terms related to 'y and mourning rites and several terms related to many other fields are skillfully used in the work.In this article, we will discuss the semantic features of the terms used in this epic. The lexical-semantic phenomena appearing in the current Uzbek terminology and the semantic features characteristic of language units in general have been studied with the help of distributive and transformational analysis methods.

EXPLORING THE LEXICAL LANDSCAPE: A COMPONENTIAL STUDY OF ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGISMS WITH PROPER NAMES

This article is devoted to the study of phraseonomastic units which is considered as an object of phraseonomastics. The term “phraseonomastics” is used as a special branch of phraseology that studies proper name phraseologism and their peculiarities. The aim of this article is to classify phraseologisms with proper nouns (PwPN) in the English language according to their onymic components. The distributive and component analysis methods are used to analyze the gathered materials. Furthermore, the given theories are based on the proper examples of the onymic phraseologisms of the English dictionaries.

ADDRESSING THE INTENSITY OF CHANGES IN THE PREHISTORIC POPULATION DYNAMICS: POPULATION GROWTH RATE ESTIMATIONS IN THE CENTRAL BALKANS EARLY NEOLITHIC

ABSTRACTThe intensity of changes in the population dynamics of the Early Neolithic (ca. 6250–5300 cal BC) communities in the Central Balkans was addressed by estimating the growth rate values. The Bayesian approach (Crema and Shoda 2021) of estimating intrinsic growth rates by fitting different models of population growth was applied to radiocarbon dates from the Early Neolithic sites in Serbia. We explored two possible episodes of population growth based on the results of the population dynamics reconstruction using the summed calibrated radiocarbon probability distributions (SPD) method. The results have shown that, within the first episode of growth, the intrinsic growth rate mean values are higher than the estimated continental average (between 1% and 2%). The results indicate a sudden and fast rise in population size, possibly due to the influx of the new population settling in the region at the beginning of the Neolithic. Lower values for the second episode could indicate more gradual population growth due to the mechanisms associated with the Neolithic Demographic Transition and the rise in fertility.

Hydrological Evaluation Using the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) Distribution Method at Tamblang Dam, Bali

The purpose of a dam is to control the water flow in a river, stream, sea, or lake. However, the water storage capacity of the dam can decrease over time due to the sediment that settles in the reservoir. Therefore, it is important to manage the water resources well and prevent problems like floods. The frequency analysis shows that the Pearson III and Gumbel Log probability distributions are the best methods to analyze the data because they have the smallest deviation values. The Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) probability distribution is the second-best method and can also be used. The GEV distribution method gives higher results for the maximum discharge in 50-, 00- and 1000-year return periods with percentages of 0.10%, 3.04% and 12.35%.

Optimizing Routes for Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of Parcel Distribution Methods in South Jakarta

This study focuses on improving the efficiency of PT. XYZ’s logistics services by examining the optimization of parcel distribution routes in South Jakarta. It compares the Nearest Neighbor Method and the Clarke and Wright Savings Method to determine the optimal strategy for delivering 53 packages to 8 locations. The Nearest Neighbor Method generates two routes, one encompassing 32 packages across four locations and the other encompassing 21 packages across four locations. This method significantly reduces travel distance, saving 27,3 kilometers in comparison to actual courier routes. The Clarke and Wright Savings Method generates two routes, one covering 35 packages across six locations and the other covering 18 packages across two locations. Compared to the actual van courier route, this method reduces the distance by 24,8 kilometers. The Nearest Neighbor Method reduces travel distances by 27.3 kilometers compared to actual routes, surpassing the Clarke and Wright Savings Method by 2.5 kilometers. Reduced travel distances reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, making logistics operations more sustainable on an environmental and economic level. This study concludes that the Nearest Neighbor Method is the optimal strategy for improving parcel distribution efficiency in South Jakarta, thereby substantially reducing the travel distances of PT. XYZ’s logistics operations.

An all-position type control strategy of the haptic interactive virtual training system based on cable-driven

The virtual microgravity training system based on cable drive usually uses a force-position hybrid control strategy which has following problems: the force control method is sensitive to load disturbances, variable stiffness characteristics of cables reduce the control accuracy of PID controllers, and the expected tension fluctuations are large. These will affect the control accuracy, and further affect the tactile sensation and training effectiveness of astronauts. For the above problems, an all-position type control strategy is proposed to improve the system control accuracy. This strategy uses a compliant control method. In this method, elastic elements are connected in cables, the conversion model of tension and displacement is established, and the tension control is realized by the displacement control which has characteristics of high control accuracy and strong resistance to load disturbance. The PID controller is replaced by the active disturbance rejection controller. In this controller, the tracking differentiator is used to reduce high frequency noises of the input signal, and the extended state observer is used to estimate and compensate the error caused by the change of the cable stiffness. A tension distribution method is designed to make expected cable tensions approach the average tension to reduce the tension fluctuation. The experimental results show that compared with the force-position hybrid control strategy, the all-position type control strategy reduces the tension error and speed error by about 51% and 33% respectively.

Presenting indigenous language of Suwawa in terms of clause structure

This research is aimed to describe Suwawa language clauses (SLC) in local content subject at elementary schools. It focuses on introducing SLC and the description of types of SLC. The method used is the descriptive method. SLC Data were obtained from utterances and speech by native of Suwawa. Observation, interviews, and note-taking were used to collect the data. A distribution method on the functions of SCL was used to analyze the data. The research findings revealed that introducing Suwawa is very important since the language functions as a self-identity and a filter from global culture penetration. The language has 13 types of clauses grouped into 5 based on (1) the core elements, (2) internal structure, (3) position in the sentence, (4) the presence or absence of negation elements in the predicate, and (5) the functional category. Research shows that introducing the Suwawa language is important not only to preserve it but also to give Gorontalo, Sulawesi Indonesia's youth a sense of self and cultural identity against globalization.

Decentralized Trusted Storage of Audio-Video Log Data Based on Blockchain Technology and IPFS

The development of communication and information technology has affected the world of television broadcasting in Indonesia. With the emergence of a new phenomenon, the convergence of digital media industry. The migration of analogue to digital television broadcasting has impacted various industries related to broadcasting. Especially for the sustainability of the television broadcasting community in the country. Station Tv x is one of the television communities, on the other hand the media industry has challenges in managing storage media consisting of audio and video data that has a large capacity. Audio video logs are needed as information on recording audio video files. Blockchain-based Interplenary File System (IPFS) technology is expected to be one of the alternatives that can be applied in the world of broadcasting, storage media and audio video file data distribution methods, data library security and data flexibility are one of the challenges faced in the television broadcasting industry. The purpose of this research is as an effort to decentralise audio video data in distributed storage media to be more optimal and secure. The results of this research can be used to distribute audio video data files in the data library at tv station x.

Large (k,3)-arcs in PG(2,19) and the related linear codes

A (n,r)-arc in a projective plane PG(2,q) is a set of n points such that some r, but no r+1 of them, are collinear. A (n,r)-arc is called complete if it is not contain in a (n+1,r)-arc. A linear -code over a finite field is a k-dimensional subspace of with minimum hamming distance d and length n. A code with parameters with Griesmer bound , is called Griesmer code. The major aim of this research is to find large size for the complete (k,3)-arcs in the projective plane of order nineteen PG(2,19) using the method of secants distributions, and the disjoint union of arcs, as well as, adding and removing points to (from) particular conic respectively. Also, we find the Griesmer codes that correspond to each large complete (k,3)-arcs, k=29,30,31. We introduced 20 inequivalent (29,3)-arcs up to secant distribution, 10 of them are complete. Also, we introduced 8 inequivalent (30,3)-arcs up to secant distribution, 2 of them are complete. Moreover, we construct 3 inequivalent complete (31,3)-arcs up to secant distribution, and then find the corresponding linear codes to some of the (29,3)-arcs, (30,3)-arcs and (31,3)-arcs. In particular, we established 3 types of Griesmer codes, and we find the weight enumerator that correspond to each one of them.

Sensitivity of Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to the choice of SPEI probability distribution and evapotranspiration method

Study regionThe state of Oklahoma located in the Southern Plains region of the United States. Study focusThe standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) is a widely used meteorological drought index that incorporates potential evapotranspiration (PET) into a precipitation-based index. However, the understanding of the appropriate PET method for SPEI across different temporal scales in non-arid climate conditions remains limited. We compared Thornthwaite (TW), Hargreaves (HG), and Penman-Monteith (PM) equations for SPEI at various accumulations, considering three temporal scales: 1) long-term (25 years), 2) event-based, and 3) monthly. Also, we examined the log-logistic and generalized extreme value distributions to test the normality of SPEI computed from the three PET methods. To do this, we utilized high-quality climate datasets measured at 107 stations across the state of Oklahoma, United States, which has a diverse climate ranging from semi-arid to humid subtropical. New hydrological insights for the regionThe log-logistic distribution was found to be suitable for SPEI. The SPEI-HG showed better agreement with SPEI-PM than SPEI-TW in this region for the analyses of three temporal scales. However, for accumulations of SPEI longer than one year, both TW and HG equations showed no significant differences with SPEI-PM. The findings provide practical guidance for selecting an appropriate PET equation in the Southern Plains region depending on the purpose of study without resorting to data-intensive methods for PET estimation.

Research on the Calculation Method for the Load Distribution of the Dual-Input Counter-Rotating Transmission System

In order to solve the problem of an uneven load distribution in a double-input and double-output gearbox, based on the small-displacement Jacobi spin theory and considering the manufacturing and assembly errors of the gearbox, a Jacobi spin analysis model of the gearbox was established. In order to improve the accuracy of the three-dimensional tolerance analysis of the gearbox, on the basis of the processing method of parallel chain of gears and shafts and box and shafts, the serialization method of parallel chain of meshing gear pairs is proposed, and the gearbox was established. For the three-dimensional tolerance analysis model, three-dimensional tolerance analysis was carried out on the side-clearance dimensions of double-input and double-output gearboxes, and the side clearance values under the extreme value method and Monte Carlo method were deduced and combined with the theoretical side clearance to obtain the range of the side clearance of the gearboxes. Elastic deflection analysis was carried out on the gearbox shaft system, and the compensation relationship between the elastic deflection and the side clearance was investigated, so as to calculate the range of the value of the gearbox uniform load coefficient from 1 to 1.259. The error between the theoretically calculated uniform load coefficient and the experimentally tested uniform load coefficient was 6.61%, which verifies the reasonableness of the load distribution method of double-input and double-output gearboxes calculated using three-dimensional tolerance analysis combined with the elastic deflection angle, and provides a theoretical basis for the optimal design of the uniform load of multi-branch input gearboxes.

The impact of the tail risk of demand on corporate investment: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms

The tail risk of demand over the past certain periods not only affect entrepreneurs' expectations on future demand uncertainty, increase the option value of “waiting an see” for delay investment, but also affect entrepreneurs' confidence and risk appetite by adjusting the worst-case scenario in the “demand belief set”, thereby further inhibiting investment. Utilizing the year-on-year sales growth data of various manufacturing industries in China, and the General Pareto Distribution method of Extreme Value Theory to estimate tail-index parameter and tail threshold as proxies for the tail risk of industry-level demand. Combined with the firm level data, our empirical results show that the tail risk indeed affect firm investment negatively, especially after the outbreak of global financial crisis, but such focal effect is stronger for firms with non-state ownership, small size, lower productivity and stricter financing constraints. Expansionary macroeconomic policies such as monetary and fiscal policy in periods of high tail risk have a higher incentive effect on firm investment, which provides more evidence for the effectiveness of macroeconomic policies during the economic recessions.

Coupled optical-thermal-electrical modelling of translucent photovoltaic curtain wall considering indoor lighting

The thermal, optical and electrical properties of PV curtain walls are coupled, and the results obtained from a single calculation model are biased. Therefore, the development of a coupled thermal-optical-electrical performance model for crystalline silicon PV curtain walls is essential for their thermal-optical-electrical performance analysis. In this paper, light harvesting calculation models, heat transfer calculation models and power generation calculation models are developed based on the structural characteristics of translucent crystalline silicon photovoltaic curtain walls, and the coupled calculation models are developed using the linkage between some input and output parameters and the parameters of the calculation process. An experimental platform for translucent crystalline silicon photovoltaic curtain walls was built and the performance parameters of light, heat transfer and power generation of photovoltaic curtain walls and ordinary curtain walls were calculated according to the experimental conditions. The coupled model is then used to analyse the thermal, optical and electrical performance of buildings with translucent PV curtain walls with different PV module distribution methods and comprehensive energy consumption under the five thermal zones, and the best solution is given for the PV module distribution methods of translucent PV curtain walls in each of the five thermal zones based on the results of the light and comprehensive energy consumption studies.

Numerical Optimization Study of Combustion and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators.

The efficient and clean utilization of urban waste can substitute for partial fossil fuels and reduce total carbon emissions. Fuel combustion is divided into three stages. Before the fire, the fuel is put into the furnace to reach the preparation stage of the fire temperature, the combustion stage takes place after the ignition temperature is reached, and finally, the combustion is completed. This article employs numerical simulation methods to comprehensively study the effects of various factors on the combustion characteristics of waste in a mechanical grate incinerator, including the inclination angle of the front arch, fuel properties, height of the front and rear arches, air distribution methods, and speed of the grate chain rotation. The results indicate that when the rear arch angle is set at 25°, the airflow distribution within the furnace is uniform and the high-temperature flue gas exhibits an ideal "L" shaped flow, achieving favorable characteristics of airflow distribution inside the furnace. With this structure, the airflow from the rear arch can adequately penetrate deep into the front arch area, thereby forming an efficient T-shaped combustion flame.

Calculation of Equivalent Thermal Conductivity of Motor Winding Based on Conductor Distribution

Abstract To improve the calculation accuracy of motor thermal field, this paper proposes a method for calculating the equivalent thermal conductivity of winding based on conductor distribution, and a 24-slot 26-pole outer-rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor is taken as an example to verify the method. First, the equivalent thermal conductivity of winding is calculated by traditional equivalent methods, namely the equivalent insulation layer method and the area weighting method. Second, the equivalent thermal conductivity of the slot winding and end winding in the three-dimensional (3D) direction is derived using the conductor distribution method. Third, the 3D finite element models corresponding to three equivalent methods are established, and the temperature of the motor under different operating conditions is simulated and compared. Finally, an experimental platform is built to verify the accuracy of the proposed conductor distribution method.

The Main Directions of Using Information Technology in Solving Drug Trafficking Crimes

Introduction: modern society is conditioned by the growth of drug trafficking, which leads to an expansion of the scale and an increase in the rate of narcotization of the most able-bodied and reproductive age groups. Thus, the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation has determined that one of the sources of threats to state and public security is the activities of criminal organizations and groups engaged in drugs trafficking and psychotropic substances. The use of information technology is crucial in the distribution of narcotic drugs. In order to identify and prevent crimes committed in this way the employees of law enforcement agencies, and primarily, the employees of operational units, need special knowledge in the field of information technology. The improvement of special knowledge used in operational investigative activities, as well as in the preliminary investigation of drug trafficking crimes, is due to the need to develop the methodological recommendations and implement them in practice. The purpose of the study is to identify relevant theoretical and applied problems of methodological support for detecting and solving drug trafficking crimes committed using information technology and systems based on the use of forensic knowledge about the latest computer technologies and information resources. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) to consider the main characteristics of crimes related to drug trafficking on the Internet; 2) to investigate the mechanism of activity of online stores selling narcotic drugs; 3) To analyze the problems of counteraction to the contactless method of distribution of narcotic drugs using information technology; 4) to study the main directions of using information technology in solving drug trafficking crimes. Research methods: the nature of the issues under consideration determined the application of a set of complementary research methods: theoretical and empirical. The theoretical methods: the study and analysis of literature, Internet resources. The empirical methods: on the basis of periodicals and in electronic publications on the Internet, to study the latest methods and characteristics of committing crimes in the field of information technology, as well as the methods of their detection and investigation using information and telecommunication technologies and systems by employees of operational units. Generalization method: the conclusions are drawn based on the results of the work as a whole.

Conceptual awareness levels of digital logistics among Turkish university students

The logistics industry has witnessed the emergence of digital technology as a central topic of discourse, and terminology associated with digital logistics has gained extensive usage among professionals in the transportation, logistics, and international trade sectors. Digital logistics is highly dependent on the accumulation of data from the logistical activities conducted by organizations. The implementation of a digitalized process presents organizations with novel prospects, such as decreased operational expenses, increased efficiency, and reduced uncertainties associated with order fulfillment. Additionally, digital logistics facilitates the enhancement of distribution methods for businesses. The post-graduation knowledge levels of students become significant factors for potential employers. University education plays a crucial role in imparting academic and technical expertize in the domain of logistics; therefore, it is critical that logistics programs integrate a greater number of digital courses. Academic institutions play a pivotal role in enabling students to gain consciousness and comprehension of emerging patterns and concepts. In light of this, the purpose of this research was to determine “the extent of digital logistics and digitalization conceptual awareness” among university students. The results of the study will be used as a guide for educational institutions like colleges to follow when it comes to incorporating digital courses into their curriculum. It was decided to use questionnaires for the purpose of data collecting. A statistical analysis was conducted on the information gathered from the university students. While most students had a good grasp of the concepts of AI, VR, digital supply chain, and transportation management systems, female students showed less familiarity with these phrases than their male counterparts. It is possible for universities to provide students with the opportunity to acquire knowledge of digital logistics concepts through the implementation of training courses, workshops, programs, and term projects. It is advisable to promote students’ acquisition of knowledge regarding digital technologies through the implementation of additional courses. The educational experience and students’ overall level of awareness can be greatly enhanced through partnerships between IT firms and institutions.

Responsiveness and minimal important change of the Family Reported Outcome Measure (FROM-16)

BackgroundThe FROM-16 is a generic family quality of life (QoL) instrument that measures the QoL impact of patients’ disease on their family members/partners. The study aimed to assess the responsiveness of FROM-16 to change and determine Minimal Important Change (MIC).MethodsResponsiveness and MIC for FROM-16 were assessed prospectively with patients and their family members recruited from outpatient departments of the University Hospital Wales and University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, United Kingdom. Patients completed the EQ-5D-3L and a global severity question (GSQ) online at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. Family members completed FROM-16 at baseline and a Global Rating of Change (GRC) in addition to FROM-16 at follow-up. Responsiveness was assessed using the distribution-based (effect size-ES, standardized response mean -SRM) and anchor-based (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve ROC-AUC) approaches and by testing hypotheses on expected correlation strength between FROM-16 change score and patient assessment tools (GSQ and EQ-5D). Cohen’s criteria were used for assessing ES. The AUC ≥ 0.7 was considered a good measure of responsiveness. MIC was calculated using anchor-based (ROC analysis and adjusted predictive modelling) and distribution methods based on standard deviation (SD) and standard error of the measurement (SEM).ResultsEighty-three patients with 15 different health conditions and their relatives completed baseline and follow-up questionnaires and were included in the responsiveness analysis. The mean FROM-16 change over 3 months = 1.43 (SD = 4.98). The mean patient EQ-5D change over 3 months = −0.059 (SD = 0.14). The responsiveness analysis showed that the FROM-16 was responsive to change (ES = 0.2, SRM = 0.3; p < 0.01). The ES and SRM of FROM-16 change score ranged from small (ES = 0.2; SRM = 0.3) for the distribution-based method to large (ES = 0.8, SRM = 0.85) for anchor-based methods. The AUC value was above 0.7, indicating good responsiveness. There was a significant positive correlation between the FROM-16 change scores and the patient’s disease severity change scores (p < 0.001). The MIC analysis was based on data from 100 family members of 100 patients. The MIC value of 4 was suggested for FROM-16.ConclusionsThe results of this study confirm the longitudinal validity of FROM-16 which refers to the degree to which an instrument is able to measure change in the construct to be measured. The results yield a MIC value of 4 for FROM-16. These psychometric attributes of the FROM-16 instrument are useful in both clinical research as well as clinical practice.