Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Method Research Articles

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS AND ESSENTIAL MINERALS CONTENT OF GASTROPODA Turbo setosus FROM LEMUKUTAN ISLAN, WEST KALIMANTAN

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS AND ESSENTIAL MINERALS CONTENT OF GASTROPODA Turbo setosus FROM LEMUKUTAN ISLAND, WEST BORNEO. Turbo setosus is a species of the gastropod class that has a wavy shell with circular lines on its surface. Because it is easy to find, this type of snail is widely used in the food sector. The nutritional value of Turbo setosus is also high so it has economic value. Proximate analysis and essential minerals are useful to determine the nutritional value contained. Gastropods were extracted using Soxhlet at a certain temperature to measure moisture content, fat content, ash content, and carbohydrates. To find out the number of carbohydrates, the by difference method is used. Meanwhile, to find out the amount of minerals contained using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method.

Differences in Iron (Fe) Content in Samples of Refill Drinking Water (AMIU) and Bottled Drinking Water (AMDK) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Method

Introduction: Iron is a metal in the first transition Series and the most common element on Earth by mass that makes up most of the outer and inner core of the Earth. High levels of iron (Fe) can be polluted by corrosive gases such as CO2 and H2S. In nature there are various elements that include heavy metals and also a component of pollutants, namely Cd, Hg, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Fe. The Aim Of The Research: To determine the difference in iron content in samples of drinking water refills and bottled drinking water Atomic Absorption spectrophotometric method. Research Method: This research was conducted at the mathematics and Natural Sciences Laboratory of Sriwijaya University in January-February 2022 with a total of 20 samples. The Result: The results of the study obtained the average value of iron (Fe) content in refilled drinking water samples 7.7 mg/L and bottled drinking water 3.7 mg/L Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method. Mann Witney test obtained the value of p (Sig 2 Tailed) = 0.04. Conclussions: Have different levels of iron in samples of drinking water refills and bottled drinking water Atomic Absorption spectrophotometric method.

Analysis of Calcium, Iron, Ash, Fat, and Water Content in Fresh and Processed Cow's Milk Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Methods

Milk is a source of nutrition for the body's growth, containing calcium and iron minerals. This study analyzes the optimal calcium, iron, ash, water, and fat levels in fresh and processed cow's milk. This study used five samples: pure milk (S1), pasteurized pure milk (S2), pasteurized milk with sugar (S3), pasteurized milk with paste coloring and citric acid (S4), and pasteurized milk with powder coloring(S5). The results showed that the calcium content of milk 4 (S4) treated with pasteurized milk added with sugar and paste coloring and citric acid had a higher calcium content than the other four samples by 98.61 mg/kg, at levels of milk iron 5 (S5) treated with pasteurized milk added with sugar and powdered dyes had a higher iron content than the other four samples by 73.81 mg/kg. The ash content of pure milk was higher at 0.96%. The fat content of pasteurized milk, the taste of coloring paste and powder, was higher than the other three samples at 2.80%. The water content of pasteurized added sugar milk was higher than the other four samples at 88.58%. Pure milk had the most optimal calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) levels from the other four samples.

Iron Determination in Multivitamin Tablets: Enhancing Military Nutritional Preparedness Based Linear Regression Method

AAS is also an important method that has the most extensive application in metal analysis. most of the determinations were carried out by thin spectrophotometry, therefore an experiment was carried out to determine the Fe content in multivitamin tablets using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method has high selectivity and sensitivity. Standard solution preparation. Prepare a standard solution of Fe with a concentration of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ppm, then read the absorbance of the standard solution on AAS. Sample solution preparation and absorbance measurement. Several tablets were put into a beaker and 7 ml of concentrated HCl was added working principle of atomic absorption spectrophotometry is based on the evaporation of the sample solution which will initially be nebulized to form a spray, then it will be desolvated to form a dry aerosol until it is evaporated and converted into free atoms.. Iron levels in samples using AAS can be found by measuring the intensity of the radiation that decreases after being transmitted. The reduction in radiation intensity is proportional to the concentration of the sample element in the sample being measured. By testing the t-test, it was found that the AAS instrument was more sensitive to low concentrations

Nanocatalyst for carbon monoxide oxidation based on palladium(II), copper(II) salts, and carbon fiber material

The phase composition, textural, and activity of catalysts for the carbon monoxide low-temperature oxidation based on two series of non-woven carbon fiber material samples CFM-I and CFM-II, and K2PdCl4, Cu(NO3)2, KBr basic components were studied in this work. Catalysts and CFMs were studied by XRD, nitrogen and water vapor adsorption/desorption, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods. It has been found that the basic components K2PdCl4 and Cu(NO3)2 deposited on a microporous carbon surface undergo changes and form an X-ray amorphous Pd0 phase and a paratacamite—Cu2(OH)3Cl nanocrystalline phase. The catalysts were tested at carbon monoxide initial concentrations of 300 mg/m3 with an effective contact time of the catalyst with the gas–air mixture from 0.12 to 0.50 s. Catalysts provide air purification from CO to concentrations below MPCCO (20 mg/m3) and can be used in respiratory devices. The maximum catalytic activity is observed when the content of palladium in the catalyst is 1.70⋅10−4 mol/g and the content of copper (ІІ) is 4.68⋅10−4 mol/g.

Plasma zinc, copper and serum ceruloplasmin levels of autism spectrum disorder children in Bangladesh

Neural and cognitive processes require zinc and copper homeostasis and a normal zinc/copper ratio. Ceruloplasmin, an intrinsic antioxidant protein, maintains copper homeostasis, which might also influence autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD children are frequently reported with altered levels of these elements with wide geographical variations. This study evaluated any alteration in plasma zinc, copper, zinc/copper ratio and serum ceruloplasmin levels in Bangladeshi ASD children with respect to healthy controls. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 67 children aged 2 to 9 years of both sexes. Among them, 35 had ASD, while 32 were age, sex and body mass index (BMI) matched apparently healthy children. Plasma zinc and copper levels were estimated by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Serum ceruloplasmin levels were estimated by the immunoturbidimetric method. Zinc and zinc/copper ratio in the 2–9 years old ASD children group were significantly lower (p=0.032 and p=0.002 respectively). On the other hand, copper (p=0.020) and ceruloplasmin (p = 0.045) levels were significantly higher than those of apparently healthy children. ASD was significantly associated with zinc deficiency (p=0.000) and copper toxicity (p=0.05). All children were again divided into 2–5 and 6–9 years age groups according to laboratory reference values for zinc and copper. Copper toxicity was significantly associated with ASD in the 2–5 years old age group (p=0.011), with a significant difference in plasma copper levels (p=0.009) and zinc/copper ratio (p=0.001) but not serum ceruloplasmin levels (p=0.110) compared to healthy controls. Serum ceruloplasmin was positively associated with plasma copper in ASD children of all age groups. This study shows that ASD in Bangladesh can be associated with low plasma zinc and high plasma copper and serum ceruloplasmin levels.

Health Risks of Exposure to Cadmium in Tila Fish in The Community of Kerta Buana Village, Kutai Kartanegara District

The presence of heavy metal cadmium in ex-mining ponds results from coal excavation and refining activities. Ex-mining ponds are used by the community for fishing and fish farming, the community uses ex-mining ponds. Communities often consume fish without fully understanding its quality and the potential health risks it poses. As a result, it is necessary to conduct community research on environmental health risk analysis (EHRA) as a first step to estimating or predicting health risks. The research was conducted for one month, from June to July 2022. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires, food models, and anthropometric measurements. Fish samples were collected from five different locations in ex-mining ponds, while human samples were taken from 20 respondents. The analysis of cadmium concentration in fish was done using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The study's results showed that the highest number of samples was about 0.0006 mg/kg of cadmium, while all of the respondents had a risk level value (RQ) of less than 1. This indicates that none of the respondents faced any health risks. It is recommended that people know and pay more attention to the types and sources of fish produced.

IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CASSAVA MUTANT GENOTYPES WITH HIGH LEAF MINERAL CONTENT AT THE MV10 GENERATION

Cassava leaves’ consumption as vegetables are common in several Asian countries. They contain various nutrients, such as, anthocyanins, carotene, minerals, and vitamins. New varieties with high mineral contents in leaves need development to increase the leaves’ quality as vegetables. This study aimed to identify and characterize cassava genotypes of the MV10 generation resulting from gammaray- induced mutations based on the leaves' morphology, growth characteristics, and mineral contents, using two cultivars and 10 cassava genotypes. All genotypes planted in a randomized complete block design had three replications. The leaf's morphology and mineral contents underwent scrutiny on the third to fifth leaf below the apical shoot. The mineral content analysis used the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method. Data analysis comprised the ANOVA test and descriptive analysis. This study revealed petiole length, leaf lobe length, and leaf lobe width were significantly different between genotypes at four months after planting (MAP). However, no meaningful difference showed for the plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves among genotypes. In general, the leaf morphology consisted of purplish green apical leaves with present pubescence; the shape of the central leaflet is lanceolate; the petiole color is reddish to greenish; leaves are dark green with five to seven leaf lobes; leaf veins are reddish-green; smooth lobe margins; and horizontal petiole orientation. The genotypes affect mineral contents, as the genotype with the highest Mg contents was G6-2-15-5-3, and the one with the highest Zn contents was G2D1-422. Fe contents showed more variations between genotypes, and no genotype showed consistently high Fe contents. This research produced promising genotypes for Mg or Zn contents in leaves for future cassava varieties for vegetable production.

METODE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY UNTUK MENDETEKSI KANDUNGAN LOGAM BESI (Fe) DAN MERKURI (Hg) DALAM LIMBAH OUTLET

Wastewater is a contemporary problem as population density increases. Every household living in urban areas will definitely need a waste water disposal site. This research was conducted to determine the levels of iron and mercury. This is done to ensure that the levels of ferrous metal and mercury in the outlet comply with predetermined requirements. The side effect of metal iron and mercury is that if the outlet contains too many levels, the outlet cannot be channeled directly to residential areas, which if released can endanger the health of the community. Quantitative tests were carried out to determine iron content using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method at a wavelength of 248.3 nm and to determine mercury content using the Mercury Vaporizer Unit (MVU) method using atomic absorption spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 253.7 nm. The results of testing for ferrous metal levels in the outlet sample were 0.1969 mg/L. Meanwhile, the mercury level in the outlet sample was 0.0012 mg/L, based on Minister of Environment and Forestry RI No. 05 of 2014 it can be concluded that the levels of ferrous metal (Fe) and mercury (Hg) contained in the outlet wastewater are below the established environmental quality standards.

Role of Manganese in Calcium Metabolism at the Level of the Enteral and Internal Environment of the Body

The authors studied the effect of manganese on calcium metabolism at the level of the enteral and internal environment of the body in an experiment on rabbits. Two groups (control and experimental) of rabbits selected by the paired-analysis method were used in the experiment. There were three animals in each group. The animals in the experimental group were given a diet containing three times the amount of manganese. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected from various parts of the digestive tract of all animals under general anaesthesia. Organs and tissues werecollected for analysis after control slaughter, and the intestines were removed, followed by sampling of chyme and mucosa from the walls of various sections. The chyme was separated into fractions using the developed method. The concentration of manganese and calcium in intestinal chyme and its fractions, in mucosa of the intestinal wall, in the blood flowing in and out of the digestive tract, in organs and tissues was determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. It was shown experimentally that when the concentration of manganese in the diet of rabbits was tripled, the element was not accumulated in the internal environment but was accumulated by endogenous structures of the chyme and the mucous membrane of the wall of the small and large intestines. A metabolic change in calcium metabolism was revealed when manganese was tripled in the diet: its concentrations in the blood flowing from the intestines and in the mucous layer of the small intestine wall decreased. As a result, there was a significant decrease in bone concentrations and a downward trend in liver and kidney concentrations. The antagonistic effect of manganese on calcium metabolism in the enteric and internal environment is concluded. In the interaction of elements, the leading role of endogenous structures of chyme is noted due to ion-exchange properties of glycoproteins of intestinal cavity mucosa.

Evaluation of the Bioaccumulation Capacity of Buddleja Species in Soils Contaminated with Total Chromium in Tannery Effluents in Arequipa (Peru)

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the Buddleja species bioaccumulation capacity for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with chromium produced by tannery effluents. The soils evaluated were collected from the Añashuayco stream, located in Arequipa region. The soil samples were collected from four different locations, in order to determine the presence of total chromium through the Environmental Protection Agency analytical technique, method 3050B acid digestion of sediment, sludge and soil. Three soil samples were analyzed for each collected location. Additionally, two non-contaminated soil samples (control group) were also analyzed. A Buddleja species seedling was placed in each sample to be monitored monthly for up to 90 days. Then, the plant tissue analysis was carried out by the analytical method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry in order to determine the amount of bioaccumulated total chromium. As a result, the Buddleja species bioaccumulated 30.45%, 24.19%, 34.55% and 40.72% of total chromium per each soil sample location in a period of 90 days. Therefore, the Buddleja species can be considered as an alternative to remediate soils contaminated with total chromium that comes from tannery effluents.

Mozambique Tilapia Fish from Taliwang Lake as Bioindicator to Determine Lead Heavy Metal in 2022

This study aims to determine the content of the heavy metal Lead (Pb) inmozambiqutilapia fish fromRawa Taliwag Lake and to find out whetermozambiqutilapia fish as a bioindicator originating from Rawa Taliwang Lake is suitable for consumption in accordance with The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority regulations Number 9 of 2022 concerning Requirements for Heavy Metal Contamination in Processed Foods. This research is a quantitative descriptive research. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling method. The number of samples taken as many as 4 tails. The part taken is mozambiqutilapia fish meat which will then be analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Sample analysis was carried out at the Analysis Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram and the Environmental Laboratory Center for the Environment and Forestry Office of West Nusa Tenggara Province. This research took place from August 2022-March 2023. The results showed that the heavy metal content of Lead in the bodies of Lake fish from Rawa Taliwang Lake ranged from 0.197 mg/kg to 0.199 mg/kg so that an average of 0.197 mg/kg was obtained. Tilapia fish from Rawa Taliwang Lake is still below the threshold so it is still safe for consumption

Mapping the Spread of Mercury from Artisanal Mining Activities in Aceh Jaya through Geochemical Surveys

Illegal gold mining carried out using amalgamation techniques produce mercury waste which can then damage the environment and damage the health of residents. The negative impact due to the use of mercury is dead fish, contaminated river water, water quality below environmental standard quality and spreading in the food chain. This has caused environmental damage, one of which is in terms of land and water. This condition is the basis for conducting deeper research on environmental damage by mercury waste, especially in terms of soil and water. The sampling method used is the Geochemical Method and Geoelectric Method. Geoelectric samples were taken using the superstring R8 tool. Geochemical samples used were soil and water samples which were subsequently tested by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) methods to see the mercury levels that had been scattered in the research location. The study aims to determine the distribution of mercury waste and its levels. This research includes sampling, sample testing, data processing and analysis, and making maps of the distribution of mercury waste through QGis software. From the study, it was found that the distance from the traditional gold mining processing location determines the concentration level (Hg). Analysis using AAS shows that there were 13 samples had mercury concentrations above the critical threshold. From the analysis, it is also known that AAS could not detect mercury levels in soil samples which is different from the results obtained using XRF.

Minerals and fatty acids profile of armored catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis from Ciliwung River, Indonesia

Abstract. Wijayanti F, Lisdaniyah A, Hasanah M, Elfidasari D. 2023. Minerals and fatty acids profile of armored catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis from Ciliwung River, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 58-67. Fish is an important food source in human consumption due to its minerals and fatty acids needed for various body functions. One fish widely eaten by the people around the Ciliwung River, Indonesia is the armored catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau 1855). It has great economic value and is easily obtained by the residents along this river. Due to its high protein content, P. pardalis is a potential source of animal protein for humans. The unavailability of information detailing the minerals content and fatty acids in P. pardalis from the Ciliwung River makes it necessary to conduct this research to analyze the fish's minerals content and fatty acid profile. Analyses of minerals, fatty acid contents, and fatty acid profiles were conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), socletation, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS) methods, respectively. The mineral content of P. pardalis from the highest order was calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium, iron, and zinc. Based on P. pardalis body size, large fish had the highest calcium concentration content, and the lowest calcium content was found in the medium fish. The fat content in this fish was very low (<1%), and the content of Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) was greater than unsaturated ones. Furthermore, palmitate acid was the dominant fatty acid in the fish, while the biggest ratio of omega-6: omega-3 is fatty acids.

Distinctive Bacteria Consortium of Rhizosphere and Surface Soil from Semi-Organic Potato Cultivation in Magelang, Indonesia

Potato cultivation in the middle land is an alternative solution to avoid pathogens. Although it reduces potato quantity and requires more chemical fertilizers to increase production that potentially damages the environment. Therefore, this study aims to characterize contaminations and indigenous microbes from semi-organic potato cultivation centers in Central Java. Soil samples from the semi-organic potato cultivation center of Kledung, Central, were analyzed for metal contamination using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method and metagenomic soil bacterial diversity profiles. Specifically targeted genes of distinct regions 16SV3-V5. OTUs were identified using Uparse v7.0.1001, while Beta diversity analysis used UniFrac. All these indices in our samples were calculated with QIIME (Version 1.7.0) and displayed with R software (Version 2.15.3). The results showed that semi-organic cultivations had been polluted with Pb > Cd > Cr > As, and carbamate residue was detected in the rhizosphere and surface soil. Manure and compost application alongside NPK fertilizer increases N input, decreasing surface soil bacteria. The surface soil (with a depth of ≤ 5 cm) has a lower index of species richness, diversity, and relative abundance than the rhizosphere layer (depth > 5 cm). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacterium dominate soil-level bacteria. In comparison, the rhizosphere soil has a higher bacteria diversity dominated by N-tethering rhizobia from the phylum Proteobacteria. The potato root attracts rhizobacteria consortium that support plant growth. A further study should be conducted to describe how the bacterial consortium formed, rhizobia migration from surface to rhizosphere soil, and its interaction with the potato plants. HIGHLIGHTS Semi-organic potato cultivation in Kledung, Temanggung, Indonesia, is contaminated with heavy metals, especially Pb, which is the highest pollutant, and the carbamate residue Excessive nitrogen (N) input from organic and chemical fertilizers reduces the diversity of soil surface bacteria Then manure application as organic fertilizer introduces pathogenic bacteria such as Eschericia-Shigella, Faecalibaculum, Fusobacteria, Bacilli, and Enterococcus The rhizosphere soil is dominated by N-fixating rhizobia from Proteobacteria, including Pseudoxanthomonas Mexicana, Lysobacteria , Devosia riboflavina, Aminobacter sp., Bosea sp., Allorhizobium, Neorhizobium, Pararhizobium, and Rhizobium GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Test of Mercury (Hg) Content in Mozambique Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis Mossambicus) from Lake Rawa Taliwang Nature Tourism Park, West Sumbawa Regency

Rawa Taliwang Lake Natural Tourism Park is a freshwater waters located in West Sumbawa Regency with an area of ​​819.20 ha. Rawa Taliwang Lake Natural Tourism Park is dominated by various types of fish, so that local people catch fish in this lake to meet their consumption needs and for sale. In addition, the lake's catchment area also holds mining potential, especially gold. Small-scale gold mining, mostly found in the mountains and hills around catchment area Lake Rawa Taliwang. This mining uses liquid mercury as a gold binder from the ore. Some waste that has an impact on the end of lake water so that it can affect the lake ecosystem. Therefore, research is needed to determine the amount of mercury (Hg) in tilapia mozambique fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Rawa Taliwang Lake Natural Tourism Park. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method. In this study, sampling was carried out by purposive sampling at 3 location points with 3 repetitions. The research sample used 9 tilapia Mozambique fish. The data obtained were analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The results showed that the mercury content in tilapia mozambique fish was < 0.001 ppm. So it can be said that in the flesh of tilapia fish no heavy metal mercury (Hg) was detected.

Description of Levels of Lead (Pb) in Hair of Motorcycle Workshop Workers (Mechanical) in Padang City

Human hair can absorb elements that enter the body through food/digestion, respiration and skin. The presence and concentration of an element in the hair can reflect the state/health status in which a person lives and works. The sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in hair are able to bind trace elements that enter the body and then are bound in the hair. This study aims to determine the levels of Lead (Pb) in the hair of motorcycle workshop workers (mechanics) in the city of Padang. The type of research used in this study is a descriptive survey, which is to describe the levels of Lead (Pb) in the hair of motorcycle mechanical in Padang City. Laboratory examination using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method to determine quantitatively lead (Pb) levels using are 10 samples. Based on result show that there are 8 respondents who were positively exposed to lead (Pb) but still in normal levels. And the highest lead (Pb) value was in hair sample 6, which was 0.9404 mg/kg. The benefits of this research are input and information about the dangers of lead pollution which can harm health.

Study on accumulation of heavy metals by green plantations in the conditions of industrial cities

Purpose. Determination of the relationships between the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd in the atmospheric air and in the assimilative organs of the false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) trees the most common species in the system of landscaping of industrial cities. The objectives of the study included finding out the peculiarities of the spatial distribution of metal pollutants in green spaces of Robinia pseudoacacia in Dnipro city. Methodology. The study was conducted in the system of green spaces of the industrial city of Dnipro, in the atmospheric air of which pollutants dominate, whose source is emissions from metallurgy, energy and motor transport. To carry out the experiment, the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals. The trend of technogenic emissions into the atmosphere was estimated by statistical methods. The spatial distribution of accumulation of essential and toxic metals in the Robinia plantations of the industrial city was built on the basis of the obtained experimental data. Findings. Among the studied pollutants, the maximum concentration in the assimilation organs was found for Zn, whose range was 1530 mgkg-1. Almost the same level of accumulation was reached for Cu and for Pb: 3.917.2 and 8.610.8 mgkg-1, respectively. The presence of Cd, which is not an essential element, has been established, which allows considering Robinia plantations as a potential depositor of Cu and Cd in conditions of polyelemental pollution of industrial cities. Originality. It was established that Robinia plantations as an element of the green infrastructure of industrial cities are characterized by the maximum effect of Cu (among other heavy metals) translocation and are effective potential depositors of Pb when its normative values in the atmospheric air are exceeded.. Practical value. On the basis of the obtained experimental data, the spatial distribution of accumulation of metals as pollutants in Robinia plantations was constructed, which can be considered in the plane of optimization of the state of atmospheric air in the city. The cartographic materials that can be used by the subjects of environmental monitoring and green construction of industrial cities were obtained.

Analysis of the Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), and Manganese (Mn) Levels from the Steel Industry Liquid Waste by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Method

Liquid waste from the steel industry processing, washing machine, and kitchenware foundry that is disposed containing copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) elements which is harmful to enviromental. The levels of elemental copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn) were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The effluent samples were destructed with the addition of concentrated HNO3. Then determining of the concentration of the element copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with a calibration curve. The obtained results for the levels of copper (Cu) on the inlet samples were 0.9714 mg/L - 0.9719 mg/L, the outlet samples were 3.9990 mg/L - 4.0002 mg/L. Hence, the levels of the element chromium (Cr) on inlet samples were 0.0295 mg/L - 0.0297 mg/L, the outlet samples were 0.0399 mg/L - 0.0400 mg/L and the levels of manganese (Mn) in the inlet samples were 0.1269 mg/L - 0.1271 mg/L in a outlet samples were 2.9699 mg/L - 2.9701 mg/L. Then the steel industry wastewater for elemental copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) has exceeded the limits that have been instituted by the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51, 1995, about the Liquid Waste Quality Standard for Industrial Activity

Analysis of Lead (Pb) Heavy Metal Content in Tengkuyung Snail (Cerithidea obtuse) and Sediment in the Kuala Mangrove Area of Singkawang City

Tengkuyung (Cerithidea obtuse) is one of the many snails that live in mangrove areas, being a source of food and the economy, especially for people in coastal areas. Land and sea development and transportation activities have the potential to become a source of Pb contamination in tengkuyung and its environment. This study aims to determine the concentration of lead metal (Pb) in sediments and tengkuyung in the Kuala mangrove area of Singkawang City. Sampling was carried out at two station points. Measurement of heavy metal lead (Pb) in sediments and tengkuyung was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SAA) method. The results showed that the content of lead (Pb) in the sediment and tengkuyung at station 1 was 0.0914 µg/g and <0.0070 (µg/g), while at station 2 it was 0.3927 µg/g and <0.0070 (µg/g). The content of Pb metal in tengkuyung meat still meets the eligibility for consumption because it is below the threshold according to SNI no. 7387 in 2009, which is 0.5 mg/kg (0.5 ppm).