Modification Of Method Research Articles

Impact analysis of flexible interconnection devices in distribution networks and a setting calculation method for overcurrent protection scheme

AbstractThe integration of flexible interconnection devices (FIDs) into distribution networks introduces complexities in power flow management under both normal and transient/fault conditions, thereby decreasing the selectivity, sensitivity, and reliability of common current protection schemes. This article examines the impact of FIDs on existing current protection arrangements and proposes a novel method for recalculating the overcurrent protection setting. The AC output characteristics of the FID for a short period after AC fault occurrence are first investigated. It is followed by an analysis of FID's impact on the three‐stage current protection scheme in flexible interconnected distribution networks, conducted through theoretical calculations in MATLAB and simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC. A quantitative assessment of the mal‐operation and non‐operation of current protection caused by FIDs of varying capacities, power flow directions, and locations, with a focus on the typical 10 kV 10MVA FID, is also performed. Based on the above findings, a calculation and modification method for Stage III overcurrent protection setting is presented to address mal‐operation issues in FID‐based distribution networks, with its feasibility validated through electromagnetic transient simulations.

Towards effective functionalization of nanopores/nanochannels: the role of amidation reactions.

In recent years, researchers have drawn inspiration from natural ion channels to develop various artificial nanopores/nanochannels, including solid-state and biological. Through imitating the precise selectivity and single molecule sensing exhibited by natural ion channels, nanopores/nanochannels have been widely used in many fields, such as analyte detection, gene sequencing and so on. In these applications, the surface functionalization of nanopores/nanochannels directly determines the effectiveness in quantitative analysis and single molecule detection. To explore the modification of different probes on nanopores/nanochannels, this review emphasizes the functionalization of nanopores/nanochannels using small molecules, peptides, nucleic acids, composite molecules and proteins through amidation reactions. In addition, we also present perspectives on the developmental prospects of nanopores, with the goal of enhancing our understanding of nanopore sensing technologies and their functionalization strategies. We have noted that this covalent reaction strategy provides an efficient, versatile and stable modification method for biological and solid-state nanopores/nanochannels.

Study of modified ion exchange resins for phosphorus removal from glyphosate by-product salt

ABSTRACT In order to achieve the goal of phosphate removal from glyphosate by-product salts, zirconium and zinc ions were successfully loaded onto D202 resin by co-precipitation modification method in this study, and their effectiveness in phosphate removal was evaluated under various conditions. The results of static adsorption experiments showed that the Zr/Zn@D202 resin effectively reduced the phosphate concentration in the glyphosate by-product salts from 10 mg/L to less than 0.1 mg/L, which met the national level emission standard (P < 0.5 mg/L). The adsorption capacity of Zr/Zn@D202 resin was 31.26 mg/g at pH 3, temperature 30 ℃, and adsorption time 2 h. The phosphate removal rate was 99.5%. The phosphate removal efficiency of Zr/Zn@D202 resin was maintained at 92% after five cycles. The samples were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, FT-IR and XPS. The characterization results confirmed the successful loading of zirconium and zinc ions, and elucidated that the adsorption mechanism of phosphate mainly involves the increase of the adsorption sites on the surface of the ion-exchange resin and the ion-exchange process. The pseudo-first-order model accurately described the adsorption kinetics, while the adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model.

Silane Coupling Agent Grafted onto the Oxidized Carbon Fiber to Improve the Interfacial Properties of Epoxy Composites

The silane coupling agent KH550 grafted carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy resin composites were prepared by two-step method. The effect of a new modification method combining oxidation treatment and surface coating on the properties of carbon fiber reinforced resin composites was investigated. The surface activity of carbon fiber is improved by introducing oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of carbon fiber by oxidation. Subsequently, a silane coupling agent solution was applied to the oxidized carbon fiber to repair the surface damage of the carbon fiber while bridging the carbon fiber and the epoxy resin through a chemical reaction to improve the interfacial bonding performance of the carbon fiber and the epoxy resin. The results show that the interfacial properties of the composites treated with silane coupling agent are significantly improved. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), flexural strength, and transverse fiber bundles tensile strength (TFBT) reach 78.22 MPa, 1178.54 MPa and 27.55 MPa, which are increased by 49.27%, 106.57% and 35.85%, respectively. This method provides a simple idea for improving the mechanical properties of CF composites.

Corrigendum to “A quick and effective modification method to improve the patency and endothelialization of cryopreserved allogenic blood vessels” [Compos B Eng, 2024: 283, 111628]

Corrigendum to “A quick and effective modification method to improve the patency and endothelialization of cryopreserved allogenic blood vessels” [Compos B Eng, 2024: 283, 111628]

Biomimetic flow field flame retardant modification of sisal fiber and its polypropylene composites

Biomimetic flow field flame retardant modification of sisal fiber and its polypropylene composites

Quality, improvement of soluble dietary fiber from Dictyophora indusiata by-products by steam explosion and cellulase modification: Structural and functional analysis.

Steam explosion (SE) and cellulase treatment are potentially effective processing methods for Dictyophora indusiata by-products, for use in high-value applications. The treatment conditions were optimized by response surface methodology, increasing the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) yield by 1.52 and 1.16 times after the SE and cellulase treatments, respectively. The both treatments did not affect the functional groups and crystal types of the polysachharides, but both reduced the crystallinity. The SDF had a porous microstructure, which would increase the specific surface area and facilitates the adsorption of water and glucose, thereby improving its functional properties. SE and cellulase treatment significantly improved the hydration capacity of SDF; the glucose adsorption capacity increased by 1.15 and 1.07 times, respectively. Overall, the modified SDF showed different degrees of advantages in terms of yield, physicochemical and functionality. This study demonstrated that SE and cellulase are effective modification methods for SDF made from D. indusiata by-products.

Construction of TPU/m-BN composite materials by dual modification method to simultaneously improve thermal conductivity and mechanical properties

Construction of TPU/m-BN composite materials by dual modification method to simultaneously improve thermal conductivity and mechanical properties

Modification of surface properties and photocatalytic performance of pure and oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride via DBD plasma treatment

Graphitic carbon nitride (CN) is a non-metallic semiconductor with applications in photocatalysis, including the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) under visible irradiation. To improve its intrinsic properties, two modification strategies were applied: i) oxygen doping by co-calcination of urea with two different amounts of oxalic acid, and ii) dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment. The plasma treatment was applied to pristine and previously oxygen-doped CNs. The properties of the photocatalysts were studied by XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDS, PL and DRS analysis, as well as by determination of the number of acidic surface functional groups. Both modification methods increased the oxygen content: during oxygen doping, nitrogen was replaced by oxygen in the lattice, while during plasma treatment, oxygen-containing functional groups were introduced at the surface. Plasma treatment of oxygen-doped CNs facilitated surface functionalisation due to the open heptazine ring structure. Oxygen doping narrowed the band gap, which was further slightly reduced by subsequent plasma treatment, thereby lowering the oxidation and reduction potentials. Although the absorption of visible light was improved, the reduction of the band gap resulted in a reduced activity for the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI). The best results were obtained with plasma-treated pure CN, due to the increased content of oxygen-containing surface groups, which led to a slightly reduced recombination rate of charge carriers.

Recent advancements of NiFe-layered double hydroxides for enhanced catalytic activity and Durability in alkaline oxygen evolution reaction

Since the industrial revolution, the demand for fossil fuels has increased along with technological advancements, resulting in significant environmental pollution and global warming. To address these issues, the development of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydrogen is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and meeting energy demand. Among these, hydrogen energy is considered as a promising future energy source due to its energy density and environmentally friendly characteristics. Currently, grey hydrogen is predominantly produced through the steam reforming processes, which relies on fossil fuels and emits large amounts of carbon dioxide. Green hydrogen, generated using renewable energy and electrolysis, has emerged as a sustainable alternative. In electrochemical water splitting, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) needs a higher activation energy compared to the hydrogen evolution reaction, making the development of efficient OER catalysts crucial for energy-efficient hydrogen production. Although noble metal catalysts such as IrO2 and RuO2 are commonly used, their high cost and limited availability have prompted research into transition metal-based alternatives.&lt;/br&gt;NiFe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have gained attention for their excellent redox properties, charge transport abilities, and effective adsorption of reaction intermediates. However, bulk NiFe-LDHs exhibit low catalytic efficiency due to poor electrical conductivity and a limited number of active sites. To overcome these limitations, various structural modification methods have been developed to improve their catalytic activity and stability. This review provides recent research trends focused on enhancing the performance of NiFe-LDHs through strategies such as heteroatom doping, interface engineering, vacancy creation, and intercalation, with representative studies highlighted to demonstrate these advancements.

A REVIEW OF HIGH-ENTROPY ALLOYS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN HYDROGEN ENERGY

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have become an important area of ​​modern materials development due to their unique physicochemical properties and are promising for application in hydrogen energy. This paper reviews the latest research on the application of HEAs for hydrogen storage with an emphasis on their microstructure, synthesis and design methods, and storage properties. The advantages of HEAs are discussed, including high stability at various temperatures and pressures, mechanical strength, and hydrogen absorption capacity; examples of single-component and multicomponent alloys are given. Examples of alloys with single- and multicomponent phases, including BCC and Laves phases, and their ability to efficiently absorb and desorb hydrogen are considered. The results of studies confirming the high storage density and corrosion resistance of HEAs, which contributes to their long-term operation and reduced maintenance costs, are presented. Current limitations, such as the need to improve the ductility and stability of phase structures, are also discussed. The paper suggests directions for further research, including the development of methods for composition optimization and structural modification, which will improve the thermodynamic properties of HEAs and adapt them for hydrogen storage in industrial conditions. The importance of further study of these materials for the advancement of hydrogen technologies and the development of sustainable energy sources, which will facilitate the transition to environmentally friendly energy, is emphasized.

Liposomal Formulations: A Recent Update.

Liposome-based drug delivery technologies have showed potential in enhancing medication safety and efficacy. Innovative drug loading and release mechanisms highlighted in this review of next-generation liposomal formulations. Due to poor drug release kinetics and loading capacity, conventional liposomes have limited clinical use. Scientists have developed new liposomal carrier medication release control and encapsulation methods to address these limits. Drug encapsulation can be optimized by creating lipid compositions that match a drug's charge and hydrophobicity. By selecting lipids and adding co-solvents or surfactants, scientists have increased drug loading in liposomal formulations while maintaining stability. Nanotechnology has also created multifunctional liposomes with triggered release and personalized drug delivery. Surface modification methods like PEGylation and ligand conjugation can direct liposomes to disease regions, improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing off-target effects. In addition to drug loading, researchers have focused on spatiotemporal modulation of liposomal carrier medication release. Stimuli-responsive liposomes release drugs in response to bodily signals. Liposomes can be pH- or temperature-sensitive. To improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity, researchers added stimuli-responsive components to liposomal membranes to precisely control drug release kinetics. Advanced drug delivery technologies like magnetic targeting and ultrasound. Pro Drug, RNA Liposomes approach may improve liposomal medication administration. Magnetic targeting helps liposomes aggregate at illness sites and improves drug delivery, whereas ultrasound-mediated drug release facilitates on-demand release of encapsulated medicines. This review also covers recent preclinical and clinical research showing the therapeutic promise of next-generation liposomal formulations for cancer, infectious diseases, neurological disorders and inflammatory disorders. The transfer of these innovative liposomal formulations from lab to clinical practice involves key difficulties such scalability, manufacturing difficulty, and regulatory limits.

Variations in the Impact of Gingerols' Conversion to Shogaols on the Properties of Corn Starch with Different Amylose Contents.

The polyphenol-starch complex has become a hot research topic since it is evident that this modification method can alter the physicochemical properties of starch as well as improve its nutritional value. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of ginger polyphenol gingerols (GNs) and shogaols (SNs) on the structure of starch with different amylose content (WCS, CS, G56, G80). Textural and rheological results indicated that GNs and SNs had more pronounced inhibitory retrogradation effects for relative low-level amylose starches (WCS and CS) compared to relative high-level amylose starches (G56 and G80). GNs and SNs improved the freeze-thaw stability of starch gels. FT-IR and XRD results revealed that GNs and SNs decreased the (short- and long-range) ordered structure of starches through a non-covalent interaction. Moreover, DSC results proved that the gelatinisation temperature of CS/G56/G80 significantly increased, and the enthalpy (ΔH) decreased by the incorporation of GNs and SNs. Overall, this in-depth study is beneficial in providing valuable pathways for starch-polyphenol interactions to improve the quality of starchy foods.

Increasing the post-repair resource of the wheels attachment bolts of transport machinery

Abstract. Problem. The state of war in our country and a significant reduction in the production of new vehicles exacerbated the problem of increasing their operational resource due to repairs. Improving the quality and increasing the efficiency of transport vehicles involves, first of all, the fight against wear and tear, because the reason for their premature failure (from 75 to 90%) is significant wear and tear of parts. A significant number of parts of the main structural units of vehicles are exposed to cyclic loads, so it is quite reasonable to pay attention to the issue of increasing the fatigue strength of products. Considering the significant shortage and high cost of spare parts, an expedient and economically beneficial solution to these problems is the restoration and strengthening of the surface layers of products during repair The parts that mostly fail prematurely and require repair using rational methods of recovery include the bolts of fastening the wheels of buses - a very common vehicle that is intensively operated in very difficult conditions. The development of effective technological processes for the restoration of bolts with a simultaneous increase in the post-repair resource at the lowest costs is definitely an urgent issue, because it will prevent another possible premature failure in operation Goal. The purpose of the work is to restore and increase the post-repair resource of the bolts for fastening the disks of the rear wheels of the bus. Methodology. The subject of the study were the serial bolts for fastening the discs of the rear wheels of the bus made of 40X steel after quenching and tempering at 500-550º C with a trostite-bainite structure and a hardness of 35-37 НРС. For vibro-arc surfacing, electrode wire Нп-30ХГСА with a diameter of 1.2 mm was used. Food carbon dioxide was used as a protective gas, and a 5% solution of soda ash in water was used as an accelerating coolant. After surfacing, the surface was subjected to bombardment with low-energy (up to 3 keV) titanium ions in an argon environment at the Bulat - 3t installation. After the specified methods of bolt processing, the roughness and surface profile were evaluated, the microstructure was studied, and the mechanical properties were determined. The strength limit of the slotted part of the bolt was determined using special samples on the CD10 universal machine (made in Germany). Cyclic tests of welded samples were carried out according to the scheme "tension during rotation of the cantilever-loaded sample" on the UMP-02 machine. Tensile tests were performed according to standard methods. Originality. To increase the cyclic durability and wear resistance of bolts, a modern method of surface modification was used - ion bombardment with low-energy ions (without coating), which made it possible to strengthen the surface layer without losing plasticity. An increase in the resource was achieved due to a change in the state of the surface (obtaining ultrafine crystalline nano-sized grain, healing of surface stress concentrators), and a change in the mechanism of plastic deformation - from dislocation to rotational with grain-boundary sliding of ultra-fine grains. Practical value. The recommended mode of vibro-arc surfacing provides surface hardness for the possibility of further mechanical processing without additional thermal weakening, which increases the cost-effectiveness of the process of compensation of the worn surface layer. Modification of the surface by ion brombarbing after surfacing made it possible to increase the cyclic durability by 2 times, significantly increase the static strength without loss of plasticity, and increase the hardness to ensure wear resistance.

Biochar Adsorption: A Green Approach to PFAS Contaminant Removal

ABSTRACTThe widespread use of PFAS in nonstick cookware, hydrophobic textiles, stain‐resistant fabrics, cosmetics, and floor coverings has led to their persistent presence in wastewater streams, posing significant human health and ecological risks. Exposure to PFAS is linked to adverse reproductive outcomes and elevated blood pressure in pregnant individuals, and it negatively impacts aquatic ecosystems, particularly algal populations and microbial communities. This evaluation focuses on biochar's efficacy and cost‐efficiency in removing PFAS from water, highlighting its potential as a sustainable remediation method. Biochar's high microporous volumes (0.1–1.0 cm³/g), aromaticity, and surface oxygen‐containing functional groups make it effective for PFAS adsorption. Various biochar production methods, such as pyrolysis of biomass waste, and innovative modification techniques like acid treatment, ball milling, and metal nanoparticle incorporation are explored to enhance PFAS adsorption capacity. The mechanisms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of PFAS adsorption onto biochar are examined, providing insights into molecular‐level interactions and adsorption isotherms. Furthermore, machine learning models are utilized to understand the impact of processing parameters on PFAS removal efficiency. The review also presents toxicological studies on the harmful effects of PFAS exposure on organisms and humans, emphasizing the urgent need for effective remediation strategies. Ultimately, the potential of biochar‐based approaches in treating PFAS‐contaminated water is underscored by optimizing its physicochemical properties through innovative production and modification methods, along with predictive modeling of adsorption behavior.

Research progress in the adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater by modified biochar

The rapid development of modern industries is accompanied with the aggravating water heavy metal pollution, which poses a potential threat to the aquatic environment and the health of local populations. As an efficient and economical adsorbent, biochar demonstrates the adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions and its adsorption capacity is significantly enhanced after modification. Therefore, biochar can effectively mitigate environmental pollution. By reviewing the existing studies, we summarize the modification methods of biochar, compare the advantages and disadvantages of physical, biological, and chemical modification methods, analyze the effects of modification on the adsorption capacity of biochar for heavy metal ions, and expound the modification mechanism of biochar. On this basis, this article puts forward the future research directions of the application of biochar in treating coexisting pollutants, aiming to provide a reference for the application of biochar in the purification of heavy metal-containing wastewater.

The Adaptation Of Sabahattin Ali’s Stories “The Unrescuable Masterpiece” And “The Swallows” For B2 Language Proficiency Level

Language, which is a qualified tool for the socialization of people, is a phenomenon that has continued its existence from past to present. Societies developing with language have come a long way in transferring their linguistic productions over time. In this context, written texts created for cultural transmission and literary pleasure in Turkish are one of the elements that best describe human communication with language. In this context, literary texts created over time with the accumulation of societies have an important place in both mother tongue teaching and mother tongue teaching in the learning and teaching process. In the process of teaching Turkish as a foreign language to individuals who have come together from different cultures in the process of teaching Turkish as a foreign language, the use of literary texts emerging from the accumulation of society in the process will make learning permanent. The research aims to contribute to the field of teaching Turkish as a foreign language within the scope of simplified texts. In the process, the main idea was preserved by preserving the meaning structure given by the text. The related stories were taken from the 33rd edition of Sabahattin Ali's Yapı Kredi Publications published in 2018. In this respect, the main purpose is to enable the student to understand the text better. Bulding on this perspective, the research is based on the adaptation of Sabahattin Ali's stories titled The Unrescuable Masterpiece and The Swallows, which are included in the story book called The Mill, taking into account the B2 level criteria of the Common European Framework of Reference. The related stories were adapted and restructured through text simplification. In the process, the simplification process was reorganized by paying attention to the textuality criteria and using the appropriate methods of text preservation, text modification, text summarization and deletion. This study, which includes document analysis and descriptive analysis methods from qualitative research methods, the stories discussed in this study are aimed to arouse an aesthetic pleasure in the reader and improve reading comprehension skills in the teaching process, and within the framework of the adapted text, various examples of practical activities to be used in the course are included.

Research progress in mastoparans

Mastoparans (MP), a class of α-helix cationic insect-derived antimicrobial peptides, have a broad spectrum of biological activities including inhibiting bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Amino acid substitution, peptide modification, peptide chain cyclization, and dosage form modification can enhance the biological activities and target and reduce the toxicity of mastoparans. In this review, we summarize the structure, biological function and modification methods of mastoparans, and prospect the development of antibacterial drugs based on mastoparans, so as to provide reference for the research of mastoparans as a new antibacterial drug.

Application progress of nickel-rich layered oxide positive electrode material in Lithium-ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the hottest batteries available today. If the technology is developed and perfected, it will be used in many facilities and battery cars for the benefit of humanity. In LIBs, the cathode material is one of the most essential aspects, and it is responsible for storing and releasing lithium ions to complete the charging and discharging process of the battery. Nickel-rich layered oxide has higher specification capacity and energy density than other cathode materials. Moreover, after many charging and discharging processes, the effect of its performance is relatively small, which can significantly improve the service life of the battery. This paper first introduces the working principle of lithium-ion batteries. Then, nickel-rich layered oxide cathode materials' essential characteristics, performance, and crystal structure are introduced. In addition, this paper presents its standard preparation methods. Finally, different modification methods of Li-rich layered oxides are discussed, including elemental doping, surface coating, and core-shell structure.

MODEL OF SPECIAL MATERIAL “MICRO/NANO HYBRID HYDROPHOBIC EMULSION” AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE MATERIALS FOR MARINE CONCRETES BASED ON IT

Developed by modified nanosilica (MNS) and polydimethylsiloxane, the effect of hydrophobic emulsion on the setting time, rheological properties, compressive strength and wettability of cementitious materials. In addition, microanalysis (isometric calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, mercury porosimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) was used to study the mechanisms of reducing the strength loss and increasing the hydrophobicity of hydrophobic emulsions. Cement-based structures in special environments such as marine engineering, water transport and underground structures are susceptible to corrosion by Cl-, Mg2+, and SO2-These elements promote corrosion of steel rods and destruction of cement-based materials. [1-2]. In addition, in cold regions, cement materials are destroyed by frost and immersion in water, which seriously affects the durability and safety of the structures. [3]. The loose and porous constituents inherent in cementitious materials, as well as the hydrophilic properties of hydration products, directly impact their durability. This poses a problem for traditional methods such as compaction in the long-term inhibition of water and salt transfer due to the porous nature [4]. Recently, advances in hydrophobic modification technology based on the theory of “lotus leaf effect” have made significant progress in corrosion protection. These developments offer new strategies to enhance the durability of cementitious materials [5-8]. The creation of hydrophobic structures on the surface of cementitious materials is the predominant method of hydrophobic modification, including the coating method [9], impregnation method [10], template method [11] and self-assembly [12]. The main drawback of this method is poor hydrophobic stability, which is manifested by the gradual deterioration of the rough structure and interfacial adhesion strength under the influence of environmental factors during the service life. Thick-layer hydrophobic coating is an improved solution to eliminate these problems. Its design idea is to expand the two-dimensional hydrophobic surface to a homogeneous three-dimensional hydrophobic material [13-15]. Although this approach increases the service life of the hydrophobic coating, the comparison with the durability of the substrate remains a challenging task. Moreover, with increasing coating thickness, the issues of interaction between two-layer materials become more pronounced [16].