Rapid Method For Estimation Research Articles

Age estimation from ossification of sternum and true ribs using 3D post-mortem CT images in a Japanese population.

Age estimation of cadavers from post-mortem "chest plate" using conventional radiography, which involves radiographic assessment of ossification around the sternum and rib ends, has been evaluated without fruitful results. This study examined the value of images of the chest plate obtained by three-dimensional post-mortem CT for estimation of age at time of death in a Japanese population. Five chest plate ossification scores were evaluated in 320 subjects, including ossification of the first costal cartilage (OF), ossification of the second to seventh costal cartilages at the rib (OR) and sternal (OS) ends, fusion of the manubriosternal joint (FM), and fusion of the xiphisternal joint (FX). OS was found to have the highest correlation with age while FM had no significant correlation. The best composite score for age estimation was the summative score for both sides of the OS and the right side of the OF and FX, for which the coefficient of determination (R2) and the standard error of estimation (SEE) were 0.608 and 12.44years, respectively, for men and 0.590 and 14.65years for women. The accuracy of the model was tested in a further 26 male and 24 female subjects, and the accuracy rate within the first SEE was 57.69% and 70.83%, respectively. This rapid and non-invasive method of age estimation in the chest plate area is superior to conventional methods and could be useful for estimation of age at time of death in the Japanese population.

Method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of methotrexate and curcumin in Bulk Drug by using RP-HPLC

Curcumin is the natural herb that shows effect in the treatment of cancer and rheumatoid arthritis and methotrexate is well known anticancer and anti-rheumatoid drug. Literature survey reveals that there was no method available for the selected drug combination. So, here an attempt has been made to develop simple, rapid and economic method for simultaneous estimation of methotrexate and curcumin in bulk drug by using RP-HPLC method. The percentage assay from optimized method was found to be 99.68% and 99.76% for methotrexate and curcumin respectively. The proposed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness according to ICH guidelines and were found to be within the standard range.
 Keywords: RP- HPLC, methotrexate, Linearity, anticancer

A NOVEL REVERSE-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF ALOE-EMODIN AND PIPERINE IN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel, simple, rapid, accurate, and precise reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of aloe-emodin and piperine in the ayurvedic formulation as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines.
 Methods: Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Prontosil C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μ), with a mobile phase consisting of 0.05% orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile in the ratio of 50:50, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and column temperature maintained at 28°C and ultraviolet (UV) detection at 225 nm.
 Results: The retention time of aloe-emodin and piperine was found to be 9.38±0.2 min and 13.45±0.2 min, respectively. The linearity of aloe-emodin and piperine was tested in the range of 1–20 μg/ml. The correlation coefficient for aloe-emodin and piperine was found to be 0.998 and 0.997, respectively. The recovery values (98–102%) indicate a satisfactory accuracy. The percentage relative standard deviation for precision was found to be <2% which indicates that the method is precise.
 Conclusion: A precise method for the simultaneous quantification of aloe-emodin and piperine was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Hence, the developed method can be used for quantitative and quality control analysis of formulations containing these phytoconstituents.

NOVEL ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR CEFOXITIN NEW β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS IN BULK AND DOSAGE FORM

The Objective of this work based on for development of a novel method and validation of method used for determination of amount in manner of assay present into Cefoxitin in bulk and Tablet Dosage form. The aspire and intention of the present study is to expand moreover authenticate a novel as well as rapid reverse phase chromatography separation technique for the estimating Cefoxitin in bulk and dosage form to justify the presence of drug in the developed dosage forms and give satisfaction towards presence of medicine and its assay estimation. As the drug Cefoxitin compendial monograph is not available in Indian Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia, but a compendial monograph is available in United Sate Pharmacopoeia i.e. USP- 40 for injection dosage form only. The developed method is new, simple, economic, rapid, eco friendly, accurate, and precise HPLC method for qualitative and quantitative estimation of Cefoxitin in bulk and dosage form like tablet, capsule, injection also.

Development and Validation of a Novel, Rapid Gradient HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Bioactive Marker Compounds in a Mixture of Convolvulus pluricaulis, Withania somnifera and Bacopa monnieri Extracts.

The use of herbs as medicine is an ancient form of healthcare known to mankind. Standardization of herbal medicines is however a challenging task and is the major bottleneck in their acceptance as the primary therapeutic option. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple, rapid HPLC method for standardizing the mixture of extracts of three Medhya Rasayanas (neurotonic), Convolvulus pluricaulis, Withania somnifera and Bacopa monnieri. Simultaneous estimation of the respective bioactive markers of these plants viz., scopoletin, withaferin A, bacoside A 3, bacopaside II, jujubogenin and bacosaponin C has been reported for the first time. The method was developed using Waters Hybrid X-Bridge shield with BEH technology 2.5μm, 4.6 × 75mm column and validated according to ICH guidelines. The 20minutes run time makes the method eco-friendly. The method was linear over a range of 12.5-400ng/10μL for scopoletin and 62.5-2,000ng/10μL for withaferin A, bacoside A 3, bacopaside II, jujubogenin and bacosaponin C with detection limits of 8.0, 48.3, 30.4, 40.7, 15.6 and 18.9ng/10μL and quantification limits of 24.5, 146.5, 92.2, 123.4, 47.4 and 57.4ng/10μL, respectively. The correlation coefficient for each analyte was >0.999. The intra-day and inter-day precision was <2%. These results confirmed the precision, accuracy and robustness of the proposed method.

Simple methods to obtain food listing and portion size distribution estimates for use in semi-quantitative dietary assessment methods.

Semi-quantitative dietary assessment methods are frequently used in low income countries, and the use of photographic series for portion size estimation is gaining popularity. However, when adequate data on commonly consumed foods and portion sizes are not available to design these tools, alternative data sources are needed. This study aimed to develop and test methods to: (i) identify foods likely to be consumed in a study population in rural Uganda, and; (ii) to derive distributions of portion sizes for common foods and dishes. A process was designed to derive detailed food and recipe lists using guided group interviews with women from the survey population, including a score for the likelihood of foods being consumed. A rapid recall method for portion size distribution estimation (PSDE) using direct weight by a representative sample of the survey population was designed and implemented. Results were compared to data from a 24 hour dietary recall (24HR). Of the 82 food items reported in the 24HR survey, 87% were among those scored with a high or medium likelihood of being consumed and accounted for 95% of kilocalories. Of the most frequently reported foods in the 24HR, portion sizes for many (15/25), but not all foods did not differ significantly (p<0.05) from those in the portion size estimation method. The percent of portion sizes reported in the 24 hour recall falling between the 5th and 95th percentiles as determined by the PSDE method ranged from 18% up to 100%. In conclusion, a simple food listing and scoring method effectively identified foods most likely to occur in a dietary survey. A novel PSDE method produced similar estimates as for the 24HR, while the approach for others should be further considered and validated. These methods are an improvement on those in current use.

P2705Hybrid QFR-FFR decision making strategy for revascularization

Abstract Background Measurement of the fractional flow reserve (FFR) has become a standard practice for revascularization decision-making in evaluating the functional significance of angiographically intermediate epicardial coronary stenosis. The quantitative flow ratio (QFR) is a novel method for rapid computational estimation of FFR without pressure wire and vasodilator drugs. Purpose Nevertheless, the evidence was shown the clinical better outcome of coronary revascularization stratified by FFR, the adoption of FFR remains low. We hypothesized that combined QFR and FFR hybrid strategy could improve the physiological assessment without pressure wire and drugs. Methods and results We performed a post-hocanalysis of 549 vessels with angiographically intermediate stenosis in 549 patients who underwent measurement of FFR. The median FFR and QFR values were 0.81 (0.73–0.87) and 0.79 (0.74–0.87), respectively.The ischemic threshold was defined as 0.80 for both QFR and FFR measures. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the QFR for predicting an FFR of ≤0.80 were 86.2%, 71.9%, 78.9%, 74.5%, and 84.5%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve using the cut-off threshold of ≤0.80 for the FFR was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81–0.88) for the QFR.In total, 433 (78.9%) and 116 (21.1%) lesions showed concordant and discordant FFR and QFR functional classifications, respectively. A hybrid QFR-FFR strategy was developed, by allowing deferral when QFR values providing negative predictive value greater than 90% and treat others when QFR values greater than that showing 90% positive predictive value, with adenosine being given only to patients with QFR in between those values. For the FFR cut-off (0.8), an QFR of &lt;0.73 could be used to confirm treatment (PPV of 90.7%), while an QFR value of &gt;0.83 could be used to defer revascularization (NPV of 90.0%). When QFR values fall between 0.73 and 0.84, adenosine is given for hyperemic induction and the FFR cut-off of 0.8 is used to guide revascularization. This hybrid QFR-FFR approach has a 95% agreement with an FFR-only decision making, and 285 lesions (51.9%) would have obviated the need of a pressure wire and adenosine. Hybrid QFR-FFR strategy Conclusions A hybrid QFR-FFR strategy for coronary revascularization could reduce the need of a pressure wire and vasodilator drugs, which may increase the penetration of functional assessment of coronary lesions.

P2703Impact of subtended myocardial mass on the assessment of functional ischemia as evaluated by FFR and QFR

Abstract Background The fractional flow reserve (FFR) becomes a standard practice for revascularization decision-making in evaluating the functional significance of angiographically intermediate epicardial coronary stenosis. The quantitative flow ratio (QFR) is a novel method for rapid computational estimation of FFR without pressure wire and hyperemic induction. FFR has been reported to be associated with not only epicardial stenosis but also subtended myocardial mass (Vsub). In contrast, the relationship between QFR and Vsub has not been clarified. Purpose We sought to examine if subtended myocardial mass (Vsub) assessed by coronary computed tomography showed a significant relationship with QFR in comparison with FFR. Methods and results We performed a post-hoc analysis of 152 territories (LAD 116, RCA 25 and LCX 11 lesions) with angiographically intermediate-to-severe stenosis in 152 patients who underwent FFR assessment. The median FFR and QFR values were 0.76 (0.64–0.84) and 0.76 (0.72–0.83), respectively. The median diameter stenosis (%DS) and minimum lumen diameter (MLD) were 54.5 (43.9–64.2) and 1.2 (0.9–1.6), respectively. In total, 123 (80.9%) and 29 (19.1%) lesions showed concordant and discordant FFR and QFR functional classifications, respectively. The ability of Vsub/MLD2 to discriminate lesions with FFR≤0.80 and QFR≤0.80 was assessed compared with QCA data. FFR values were associated with Vsub (R=0.37, P&lt;0.001). In contrast, a trend albeit no significant linear relationshipwas detected between QFR and Vsub (R=0.15, P=0.060). The area under the curve (AUC) of Vsub/MLD2 predicting FFR≤0.80 (0.88: 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83–0.94)was significantly better than that of MLD (0.80: 95% [CI], 0.72–0.88) (P&lt;0.001). On the other hand, the AUC of Vsub/MLD2 predicting QFR≤0.80 (0.82: 95% [CI], 0.75–0.90) was similar to that of MLD (0.80: 95% [CI], 0.72–0.87) (P=0.276). Multivariate analysis showed that the value of Vsub/MLD2 was an independent predictor of FFR≤0.80 (odds ratio [OR]: 1.09, 95% [CI]: 1.03–1.15, P=0.002), whereas it was not an independent predictor of QFR≤0.80. Conclusions Subtended cardiac mass volume derived from CT segmentation improved the diagnostic performance of angiography-derived parameters to identify ischemia-producing lesions when FFR used as a reference standard, whereas QFR showed non-significant relationship with subtended cardiac mass.

Study of the anisotropy of the polycrystal properties based on texture data

The results of studying correlation between the crystallographic texture of polycrystalline materials and anisotropy of their physical and mechanical properties are considered. The methods for calculating the anisotropic properties of polycrystals based on the data obtained by X-ray methods of direct and inverse pole figures are reviewed. Calculation methods based on the use of the distribution function of crystallite orientations require the use of a large amount of experimental data and, hence, they are not suitable for express estimation of the anisotropy level of the physical properties of samples upon their thermomechanical processing. A method for rapid estimation of the anisotropic properties of the sample based on the use of Д; ("orientation factors") in the calculations, is proposed. Experimental data of X-ray analysis (method of inverse pole figures) are used to calculate the absolute and relative deviations of the physical parameter of textured polycrystal from the same value in the isotropic sample. The contributions of individual crystallographic orientations to the formation of the anisotropy of the properties of the sample are estimated. The dynamics of quantitative changes in the anisotropic properties of a polycrystal in the process of texture formation is studied. To analyze the source of the most rapid changes in the anisotropy of properties, we used the coefficients of the "response" matrix, the calculation of which does not depend on the results of specific diffractometric measurements, but is common for all metals with a hexagonal close-packed (hep) lattice. The anisotropy of the coefficient of thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and thermal diffusivity was calculated for the samples of deformed yttrium which underwent cold rolling with a reduction ratio of e = 25%. It is shown that the final physical properties_of the hep polycrystal are largely determined by the pyramidal crystallographic orientations {1015}, {1124}. The results of the study form a basis for analysis of the anisotropy of the physical properties of hep-metal samples upon thermomechanical processing.

A simple field based method for rapid wood density estimation for selected tree species in Western Kenya

Abstract Wood density is an important variable for accurate quantification of woody biomass and carbon stocks. Conventional destructive methods for wood density estimation are resource intensive, prohibiting their use, limiting the application of approaches that would minimize uncertainties in tree biomass estimates. We tested an alternative method involving tree coring with a carpenter's auger to estimate wood density of seven tropical tree species in Western Kenya. We used conventional water immersion method to validate results from the auger core method. The mean densities (and 95% confidence intervals) ranged from 0.36 g cm−3 (0.25–0.47) to 0.67 g cm−3 (0.61–0.73) for the auger core method, and 0.46 g cm−3 (0.42–0.50) to 0.67 g cm−3 (0.61–0.73) for the water immersion method. The auger core and water immersion methods were not significantly different for four out of seven tree species namely; Acacia mearnsii, Mangifera indica, Eucalyptus grandis and Grevillea robusta. However, wood densities estimated from the auger core method were lower (t (61) = 7.992, P =

A new approach for estimating living vegetation volume based on terrestrial point cloud data.

Living vegetation volume (LVV), one of the most difficult tree parameters to calculate, is among the most important factors that indicates the biological characteristics and ecological functions of the crown. Obtaining precise LVV estimates is, however, challenging task because the irregularities of many crown shapes are difficult to capture using standard forestry field equipment. Terrestrial light detection and ranging (T-LiDAR) can be used to record the three-dimensional structures of trees. The primary branches of Larix olgensis and Quercus mongolica in the Qingyuan Experimental Station of Forest Ecology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) were taken as the research objects. A new rapid LVV estimation method called the filling method was proposed in this paper based on a T-LiDAR point cloud. In the proposed method, the branch point clouds are divided into leaf points and wood points. We used RiSCAN PRO 1.64 to manually separate the leaf points and wood points under careful visual inspection, and calculated that leaf points and wood points accounted for 91% and 9% of the number of the point clouds of branches. Then, the equation LVV = V1N (where N is the number of leaf points, and V1 is cube size) is used to calculate LVV. When the laser transmission frequency is 300,000 points/second and the point cloud is diluted to 30% using the octree method, the point cloud can be replaced by a cube (V1) of 6.11 cm3 to fill the branch space. The results showed that good performance for this approach, the measuring accuracy for L. olgensis and Q. mongolica at the levels of α = 0.05 and α = 0.01, respectively (94.35%, 90.01% and 91.99%, 85.63%, respectively). The results suggest that the proposed method can be conveniently used to calculate the LVV of coniferous and broad-leaf species under specific scanning settings. This work is explorative because hypotheses or a theoretical framework have not been previously defined. Rather, we would like to contribute to the formation of hypotheses as a background for further studies.

Rapid estimation and compensation method of commutation error caused by Hall sensor installation error for BLDC motors

Hall sensors provide significant commutation signals for brushless DC (BLDC) motors. However, installation errors of Hall sensors are almost inevitable for BLDC motors, which can lead to commutation errors, further current ripples and torque ripples. Meanwhile, abnormal diode conducting in inactive phase can be aroused by large commutation errors at high speed. Therefore, the commutation errors make a negative influence on motor efficiency and degrade the performance of BLDC motors. Here, a simple and fast method to estimate the commutation error is proposed. Based on the analysis of the commutation process under commutation error, only the turn-off phase current at the commutation instant is required for the estimation of delayed commutation error, while only the time interval of the turn-off phase current decreasing to zero after commutation instant is needed when advanced commutation occurs. In order not to affect the dynamic performance of a BLDC motor, this study utilises a straightforward compensating method of commutation error. The experimental results represent that the proposed method is effective at different speeds, load torques, and under load-variation with good transient performance.

Adaptive iteratively reweighted sine wave fitting method for rapid wind vector estimation of pulsed coherent Doppler lidar.

Wind vector estimation method that provides more available data in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime improves the performance of pulsed coherent Doppler lidar. The adaptive iteratively reweighted sine wave fitting (airSWF) method proposed here reweights the contribution of each radial wind velocity adaptively and iteratively when estimating the wind vector. Based on the processing results of both the simulated and real-captured signal, the airSWF method provides more available wind vector estimates with little computational time increment, compared with the direct sine wave fitting (DSWF) and weighted DSWF methods. Specifically, the proportion of available wind vector estimates determined using the airSWF method increases by >20% when the detection height exceeds 1 km. Another significant advantage of the airSWF method over the filtered sine wave fitting (FSWF) method is that no prior knowledge is required. Moreover, the computational complexity of the airSWF method is lower than that of the FSWF and maximum of the function of accumulated spectra methods.

A VALIDATED ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF CYTARABINE AND DAUNORUBICIN IN BULK AND INFUSION FORMULATION BY REVERSE PHASE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective: The novel liposomal infusion formulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin liposomal infusion is considered as new hope in acute myeloid leukemia treatment. The objective of the present study is to develop and validate a simple, rapid, accurate, precise and sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of cytarabine and daunorubicin in bulk and infusion formulation.&#x0D; Methods: The chromatographic separation of the drugs was achieved on Denali C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) in isocratic mode with mobile phase consisting of water (pH was adjusted to 3):acetonitrile in the ratio of 55:45 with a flow rate of 1 ml/min at a detection wavelength of 240 nm using photodiode array (PDA) detector. The column temperature was set at 30°C with 10 μl injection volume. The proposed method was validated as per the International council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.&#x0D; Results: The retention times for cytarabine and daunorubicin were found to be 2.323±0.12 min and 3.140±0.16 min, respectively. Linearity (r2=0.999) was observed over a concentration range of 16.2–97.5 μg/ml for cytarabine and 7.2–43.5 μg/ml for daunorubicin. The percentage relative standard deviation (RSD) for precision studies was found to be 0.2 for both the drugs.&#x0D; Conclusion: A simple, rapid, economic, accurate, and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for simultaneous quantitative estimation of cytarabine and daunorubicin, and the method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. Hence, the method can be employed for the routine analysis of cytarabine and daunorubicin in bulk and infusion formulation.

Partitioning intraspecific variation in seed dispersal potential using a low‐cost method for rapid estimation of samara terminal velocity

Abstract Seed or samara terminal velocity is a key trait affecting the dispersal potential of wind‐dispersed plants. However, this trait is often represented in dispersal models by a single mean value per species. This is despite considerable variation in dispersal traits within species and individuals that may have implications for both phenotypic selection and rates of spread. Methodological constraints may have acted as a barrier for robust assessments of intraspecific variation in seed terminal velocity. To quantify intraspecific variation in wind dispersal traits, we develop a low‐cost, time‐efficient method to measure the terminal velocity of a large number of samaras. We made three separate terminal velocity measurements for each of 750 Pinus radiata samaras, allowing partitioning of variation among individual cones, trees and source populations. We use the mechanistic WALD model to assess the potential influence of observed variation in samara terminal velocity on predicted dispersal kernels under a variety of realistic conditions. We demonstrate a twofold range in samara terminal velocity within P. radiata, with the highest variation occurring within individual cones, and the lowest among cones within individual trees. We identify a potential influence of source population on terminal velocity. Our modelling results demonstrate that this within‐species variation is sufficient to affect the shape of the predicted dispersal kernels, particularly the kernel tails and therefore the likelihood of long‐distance dispersal events. The effect of samara terminal velocity on dispersal is especially pronounced under environmental conditions that enhance seed dispersal. Our findings illustrate the scale of within‐species variation in a key dispersal trait, and the likely effect of this variation on dispersal distance. We suggest that the high level of variation observed within individual cones of P. radiata is likely to reduce the potential for phenotypic selection, and may either be indicative of a “bet‐hedging” strategy, or simply the result of the constraints of cone morphology on samara development. To obtain accurate dispersal models for wind‐dispersed species we highlight the necessity of capturing this variation for inclusion in future modelling approaches, and describe a device that can achieve such measurements easily and at low cost.

Evaluation of Leaf N Concentration in Winter Wheat Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform Analysis

Leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) is an important indicator for accurate diagnosis and quantitative evaluation of plant growth status. The objective was to apply a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) analysis in winter wheat for the estimation of LNC based on visible and near-infrared (400–1350 nm) canopy reflectance spectra. In this paper, in situ LNC data and ground-based hyperspectral canopy reflectance was measured over three years at different sites during the tillering, jointing, booting and filling stages of winter wheat. The DWT analysis was conducted on canopy original spectrum, log-transformed spectrum, first derivative spectrum and continuum removal spectrum, respectively, to obtain approximation coefficients, detail coefficients and energy values to characterize canopy spectra. The quantitative relationships between LNC and characteristic parameters were investigated and compared with models established by sensitive band reflectance and typical spectral indices. The results showed combining log-transformed spectrum and a sym8 wavelet function with partial least squares regression (PLS) based on the approximation coefficients at decomposition level 4 most accurately predicted LNC. This approach could explain 11% more variability in LNC than the best spectral index mSR705 alone, and was more stable in estimating LNC than models based on random forest regression (RF). The results indicated that narrowband reflectance spectroscopy (450–1350 nm) combined with DWT analysis and PLS regression was a promising method for rapid and nondestructive estimation of LNC for winter wheat across a range in growth stages.

A novel method for rapid estimation of lactic acid bacterial concentration in fermented milk based on superhydrophobic surface wettability

A novel and facile method is developed for rapid estimation of lactic acid bacterial concentration in fermented milk. Growth of bacteria in a liquid changes physicochemical property of the medium and its behavior at solid-liquid interface. Wettability determines characteristic of solid-liquid interface. Nano-rod, helical tetragonal and L-shaped morphologies were designed and fabricated. Hydrophobicity and zeta potential were measured for dried surfaces of 5 dairy bacterial strains. Relationship between microbial population and changes in solid-liquid interface was studied by wettability and surface free energy measurements. Due to hydrophobic surface property of conventional dairy strains, they strongly affect solid-liquid and liquid-vapor surface tensions when dispersed in a liquid, which are dependent on the bacterial concentration. Response surface methodology results showed that type and concentration of bacteria, droplet volume and solid–surface morphology affect wettability significantly. Higher hydrophobicity resulted in higher ∆θ (absolute value of the difference between the pure physiological saline and the bacterial suspension contact angles) dependence on the bacterial concentration. Probiotic bacteria concentration in fermented milk was estimated using the proposed method. A direct relationship was obtained between milk contact angle and bacterial concentration. Results show that this physical method can be applied for rapid estimation of bacterial concentration.

Spectrophotometric Analysis of Azithromycin and Clarithromycin in Tablets and Human Plasma Using p-Chloranilic Acid

A novel spectrophotometric method for rapid estimation of clarithromycin and azithromycin in authentic sample, pharmaceutical dosage forms and in human plasma was developed using p-chloranilic acid. The method depends on charge transfer reaction between p-chloranilic acid and the mentioned drugs. Linearity was observed over a concentration range of 5 to 50 μg/mL-1 clarithromycin and azithromycin. The results indicate that the proposed method is very sensitive, rapid, accurate, selective, and reproducible. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The method has been successfully applied for the analysis of marketed formulations and spiked human plasma.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HARMONIZATION RECOMMENDED FORCED DEGRADATION STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW VALIDATED ISOCRATIC REVERSE-PHASE ULTRA HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF TELMISARTAN AND AMLODIPINE I

Objective: The objective of this research work is to develop a simple, rapid, cost-effective, accurate, precise, and robust stability-indicating reversephase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitative estimation of telmisartan (TEL) and amlodipine (AMD) in combined tablet dosage form.&#x0D; Methods: The method uses Poroshell 120EC-C18 column (4.6 mm × 50 mm, 2.7 μm) with an optimized mobile phase containing acetonitrile:50 mM ammonium acetate buffer in the ratio (45:55 v/v), pH adjusted to 4.5 with acetic acid. The flow rate was 0.5 ml/min, column temperature at 25°C and detection was monitored by a PDA detector at a wavelength of 245 nm. International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) recommended stress degradation studies were performed on TEL, AMD standard drugs, and tablet formulations; further stressed samples were analyzed by the proposed method.&#x0D; Results: Major degradation of TEL and AMD was observed under acidic, alkali, hydrolytic and oxidation conditions. The described method was validated as per the ICH guideline and validation parameters such as system suitability, linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness results were within acceptable limits.&#x0D; Conclusion: The method was found to be suitable and accurate for quantitative estimation and stability study of title drugs in pharmaceutical preparations.

Rapid resistance estimation method of non-Wigley trimarans

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a rapid resistance estimation method (RREM) for trimarans in early design stages. The method considers the total resistance as the combination of the viscous and wave-making resistance. The viscous resistance is the product of the form factor (1+k) and the frictional resistance calculated by ITTC-1957 equation. The wave-making resistance is calculated based on Michell’s Integral method proposed by Yeung et al. [2004. Interference-resistance prediction and its application to optimal multi-hull configuration design. Trans Soc Nav Archit Mar Eng. 112:142–168]. The implementation of the method is modified for general (non-Wrigley) hull forms. Results are compared with towing tank test data and the CFD simulations and indicate that RREM can provide acceptable resistance estimation, for Froude numbers higher than 0.4 with low computational cost. RREM provides a choice for the resistance estimation of high-speed trimarans and integration in design optimisation, where computational costs are at times prohibitive.