Screening Methods For Prostate Cancer Research Articles

Early Screening of Prostate Cancer Using Molecular Approaches in Hospitals' Patients' Families: Systematic Review

Prostate cancer is a major global health concern, with Saudi Arabia reporting an incidence rate of 6.1 per 100,000 individuals. This study investigates molecular screening methods for prostate cancer, particularly in familial populations, to improve early detection and management within Saudi Arabian hospitals. A systematic review was conducted using a structured methodology that adhered to PRISMA guidelines, focusing on peer-reviewed human studies and excluding non-clinical and animal studies. Out of 225 identified articles, 35 were evaluated in detail, and 32 were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The included studies highlighted the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of molecular screening approaches, emphasizing biomarkers such as PSMA-RGS, ctDNA, PTEN, ERG, SPINK1, and TFF3. These findings underscore the importance of integrating molecular markers into diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies to enhance patient outcomes and support personalized treatment approaches.

Understanding Prostate Cancer: Causes, Risks, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men after skin cancer. Most men who get prostate cancer don't die from it. More than 90% of men diagnosed with prostate cancer survive for at least five years. If detected early, while the tumor has not spread outside of the prostate, the survival rate is nearly 100% with treatment. Early-stage prostate cancer rarely causes symptoms, symptoms develop after the disease progresses. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and digital rectal exam (DRE) are common screening methods for prostate cancer. However, whether or not to use these screening techniques is still controversial. Active surveillance is a strategy for managing low-risk prostate cancer without immediate treatment. The idea is to avoid unnecessary side effects by carefully watching how the cancer develops over time.

Development and validation of an imageless machine-learning algorithm for the initial screening of prostate cancer.

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing is a low-cost screening method for prostate cancer (PCa). However, its accuracy is limited. While progress is being made using medical imaging for PCa screening, PSA testing can still be improved as an easily accessible first step in the screening process. We aimed to develop and validate a new model by further personalizing the analysis of PSA with demographic, medical history, lifestyle parameters, and digital rectal examination (DRE) results. Using data from 34,224 patients in the screening arm of the PLCO trial (22,188 for the training set and 12,036 for the validation set), we applied a gradient-boosting model whose features (Model 1) were one PSA value and the personal variables available in the PLCO trial except those that signaled an ex-anteassumption of PCa. A second algorithm (Model 2) included a DRE result. The primary outcome was the occurrence of PCa, while the aggressiveness of PCa was a secondary outcome. ROC analyses were used to compare both models to other initial screening tests. The areas under the curve(AUC) for Model 2 was 0.894 overall and 0.908 for patients with a suspicious DRE, compared to 0.808 for PSA for patients with a suspicious DRE. The AUC for Model 1 was 0.814 compared to 0.821 for PSA. Model 2 predicted 58% more high-risk PCa than PSA ≥4 combined with an abnormal DRE and had a positive predictive value of 74.7% (vs. 50.6%). Personalizing the interpretation of PSA values and DRE results with a gradient-boosting model showed promising results as a potential novel, low-cost method for the initial screening of PCa. The importance of DRE, when included in such a model, was also highlighted.

Upcycling HOXB13: enhancing prostate cancer detection with a novel antibody†.

Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent and, upon metastasis, deadliest cancers in men. Timely identification is essential for effective treatment. Furthermore, accurate determination of prostatic origin is crucial for personalized therapy once the cancer has spread. However, current prostate cancer screening methods are lacking. A recent article in The Journal of Pathology addresses this issue by utilizing an improved antibody to reevaluate HOXB13 as a lineage marker for prostate cancer. The study's findings support the concept that, despite decreased expression in advanced prostate cancer, HOXB13 remains highly suitable for determining prostatic origin due to its androgen receptor independence, high specificity, and sensitivity. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Prostate Cancer Screening Methods and Its Management Along Its Precision Medicine Recent Approach in The Light of ESMO Guidelines, A Review Article

Risk of clinically significant prostate cancer is related to age, family history, PSA level, free and total PSA ratio as well as finding of digital rectal examination DRE, subclinical prostate cancer is common in men over 50 years of age, hence PSA (Prostate specific Antigen) testing Has been recommended in men over 60years of age if PSA level is more than 2ng/ml. The 5 - year survival rate for prostate cancer in India is 64%. Although many cancers deem fit for cancer screening but prostate cancer screening having limited role author will try described about current recommendation of prostate cancer screening, recent data of HBCR Hospital based cancer registry shall also be discussed in order to understand disease burden in Indian context, along with management of prostate cancer in depth. Recently precision medicine has opened its wings for prostate cancer as well what we achieve out of it shall further address in this review article.

Knowledge and Attitude of Men towards Prostate Cancer Screening. A Case Study of Men Attending Services in Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu

Introduction: The aim of the study is to determine the knowledge and attitude of men towards screening for prostate cancer in Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu. The study assessed the level of awareness of men on the risk factors of prostate cancer. This was done so as to ascertain the extent to which prostate cancer screening methods as provided by the health workers are accepted. This helped to show the attitudes towards screening for prostate cancer. Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive study. A total sample of 120 men receiving screening services during the period of study were used. Questionnaire was used as the method for data collection. This was both administered and self-administered. Data were analyzed using frequency tables. Results: The findings revealed that majority of the men, 84 (70%) were aware of methods of prostate cancer screening while 36 (30%) were not aware. On the knowledge about preferred types of screening measures, majority of the respondents 108 (90%) identified PSA test while 12 (10%) had no preferred prostate cancer method. The respondents’ attitude towards uptake of prostate cancer screening methods, showed a positive attitude as majority of the respondents had a mean score of 44.6 with an average mean score of 2.8. However, the knowledge on risk factors of prostate cancer showed low knowledge with a mean score of 21.6. Conclusion: The fact that a good number of the respondents had low knowledge on the risk factors for prostate cancer, presupposes the need for healthcare workers to health educate men on the risk factors of prostate cancer as well as the benefits of regular prostate cancer screening so as to increase prostate cancer screening uptake thereby, reduce the prevalence of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer screening awareness among expatriates’ adults living in Saudi Arabia

Background: Cancer is the second major cause of death worldwide. Early detection of cancer is a cornerstone of cancer survival. Cancer of the prostate is a major cause of concern for all men, as it offers a serious health risk, particularly to human males over 40 years. The main aim of the current study was to determine the level of awareness of prostate cancer screening among expatriates’ adults living in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was used during March 2020 and January 2021; 337 expatriates' men were selected using a convenient sampling from shopping centers and coffee shops. A structured questionnaire designed included 16 questions, the first 4 questions designed to know the demographic features, while the other 12 questions concerned with the level of knowledge about PC and the level of awareness regarding PC screening. Results: Collected data revealed that 259 (77%) of the study participants did not have any information in regards to prostate cancer and prostate cancer screening methods. Conclusion: More than half of expatriates’ adults’ men have poor knowledge in regard of prostate cancer and screening. Therefore, Special attention should be paid for raising awareness about male prostate cancer and prostate cancer screening.

The Effectiveness of Prostate Imaging and Reporting and Data System Version 2 in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer with Screening Parameters Correlation.

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second most common reason for cancer-related mortality in men. The purpose of cancer screening is to detect the disease at an early stage to help effective treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of MRI and PI-RADS in the diagnosis of prostate cancer and examine the relation between screening parameters with prostate cancer. The PACS system was analyzed and MRI images between September 2016 and April 2018 were listed. The state of patients regarding having pathology results were obtained. PSA values were listed. The prostate volume and the prostate density was calculated. PI-RADS assessment was used for each prostate lesion. Data of 138 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 63±8.9. The mean prostate gland volume was 63.8±39.3ml, the mean PSA value was 12.51±25.22 and the mean PSA density was calculated as 0.319±0.945. A statistically significant difference was found between age and prostate volume and cancer. The age of the cancer cases was higher than those who did not have cancer (p<0.05). A negative correlation was found between prostate volume and cancer status. The prostate volume of non-cancer cases was higher compared to cancer cases (p=0.0001). 55 patients had no malignancy. It was observed that 56.4% of cancer patients had significant cancer. The frequency of using PI-RADS scores was 4% for P1, 36% for P2, 14% for P3, 28% for P4, and 18% for P5. Clinically significant cancer was present in 57.9% of patients with PI-RADS score4 and 69.6% of patients with PI-RADS score5. It was found that diagnostic values were significantly high for prostate cancer screening in patients with PI-RADS scores4 and 5 (Sensitivity 76.4%, Specificity 73.5%, Negative predictive value 82.4%, Positive predictive value 65.6%). PI-RADS and MRI can be useful for the diagnosis of the clinically significant prostate cancer in patients at risk for prostate cancer. It is a non-invasive, repeatable method for prostate cancer screening and diagnosis. In prostate screening PSA reliability may be questioned. Additional methods are needed for the diagnosis. For this reason MRI and PI-RADSv2 is an effective predictor of prostate cancer in patients with high PSA levels.

Extracellular Vesicle Proteome in Prostate Cancer: A Comparative Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Studies.

Molecular diagnostics based on discovery research holds the promise of improving screening methods for prostate cancer (PCa). Furthermore, the congregated information prompts the question whether the urinary extracellular vesicles (uEV) proteome has been thoroughly explored, especially at the proteome level. In fact, most extracellular vesicles (EV) based biomarker studies have mainly targeted plasma or serum. Therefore, in this study, we aim to inquire about possible strategies for urinary biomarker discovery particularly focused on the proteome of urine EVs. Proteomics data deposited in the PRIDE archive were reanalyzed to target identifications of potential PCa markers. Network analysis of the markers proposed by different prostate cancer studies revealed moderate overlap. The recent throughput improvements in mass spectrometry together with the network analysis performed in this study, suggest that a larger standardized cohort may provide potential biomarkers that are able to fully characterize the heterogeneity of PCa. According to our analysis PCa studies based on urinary EV proteome presents higher protein coverage compared to plasma, plasma EV, and voided urine proteome. This together with a direct interaction of the prostate gland and urethra makes uEVs an attractive option for protein biomarker studies. In addition, urinary proteome based PCa studies must also evaluate samples from bladder and renal cancers to assess specificity for PCa.

Identification of Significantly Expressed Gene Mutations for Automated Classification of Benign and Malignant Prostate Cancer.

Among males, prostate cancer (Pca) is the cancer type with the highest prevalence and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. The current screening methods for prostate cancer lack effectiveness such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal exam (DRE). Machine learning models have been used to predict Pca progression, Gleason score, and laterality. In this research paper, we have employed novel Machine learning techniques such as Bayesian approach, Support vector machines (SVM), Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest and AdaBoost for detecting malignant prostate cancers from benign ones. Moreover, different feature extracting strategies are proposed to improve the detection performance and identify potential genomic biomarkers. The results show the Lasso feature set yielded high performance from the models with SVM achieving exemplary classification accuracy of 97%. The Lasso and SVM combination reported many significant biomarker genes and gene mutations including but not restricted to CA2320112, CA2328529, and CA2436168.

The role of microRNA in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the actual problem of oncourology due to the steady increase in incidence. Despite active use of prostate cancer screening methods and introduction of new diagnostic markers into practice, the problem of overdiagnosis and over-treatment of this disease remains selevant. MicroRNAs are a promising biomarker, whose diagnostic and prognostic significance for prostate cancer is being actively studied now. This review provides information on microRNAs detected in the tissues of the prostate gland, blood and urine of patients with prostate cancer.

Performance Evaluation of Deep Learning-Based Prostate Cancer Screening Methods in Histopathological Images: Measuring the Impact of the Model’s Complexity on Its Processing Speed

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer among men worldwide, with almost 1.3 million new cases and 360,000 deaths in 2018. As it has been estimated, its mortality will double by 2040, mostly in countries with limited resources. These numbers suggest that recent trends in deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis could play an important role, serving as screening methods for PCa detection. These algorithms have already been used with histopathological images in many works, in which authors tend to focus on achieving high accuracy results for classifying between malignant and normal cases. These results are commonly obtained by training very deep and complex convolutional neural networks, which require high computing power and resources not only in this process, but also in the inference step. As the number of cases rises in regions with limited resources, reducing prediction time becomes more important. In this work, we measured the performance of current state-of-the-art models for PCa detection with a novel benchmark and compared the results with PROMETEO, a custom architecture that we proposed. The results of the comprehensive comparison show that using dedicated models for specific applications could be of great importance in the future.

A valuable MRI examination method for prostate cancer screening.

To investigate the value of the 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and the prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) score in prostate cancer (PCa) screening.Forty PCa patients diagnosed by pathology from December 2014 to September 2018 were recruited as the PCa group; 60 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were recruited as the benign group. Patients from both groups underwent 1.5T MRI scanning. The prostate ADC values, exponential apparent diffusion coefficient (eADC) values, and PI-RADS scores of patients from the 2 groups were compared. The different methods for PCa diagnosis were compared.The ADC values of patients in the PCa group were significantly lower than those in the benign group, whereas the eADC values of patients were significantly higher than those in the benign group, with statistically significant differences (P < .05). The differences in the PI-RADS scores of patients from the 2 groups were statistically significant (P < .05). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve results showed that the ADC value combined with the PI-RADS score was superior to the ADC value or the PI-RADS score alone in sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index for PCa diagnosis. By comparing the area under the curve (AUC) of each ROC curve from the different diagnostic methods, the combination of ADC value and PI-RADS score showed the largest area.The ADC value from 1.5T MRI combined with the PI-RADS score could be used as the standard for PCa screening, which would effectively improve screening for PCa and be valuable for clinical applications.

Associations of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Testing in the US Population: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Survey.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is one of the standard screening methods for prostate cancer (PC); however, a high proportion of men with abnormal PSA findings lack evidence for PC and may undergo unnecessary treatment. Furthermore, little is known about the prevalence of PSA testing for US men, after the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against routine PSA screening in 2012. Our objectives were to: (1) examine the self-reported patterns of PSA testing following a change in the USPSTF prostate cancer screening recommendations and (2) to determine the associated socio-demographic factors. Data were from the 2010 and 2015 National Health Interview Surveys. Men were ages ≥ 40years and responded to the question "Ever had a PSA test?". Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine PSA testing prevalence in 2010 and 2015, and their associated socio-demographic factors. The analytic sample contained 15,372 men. A majority (75.2%) identified as non-Hispanic (NHW) and 14.2% were foreign-born. Those surveyed in 2015 were less likely to report ever having had a PSA test when compared to those in 2010. Compared to US-born and older NHW men, PSA testing was statistically significantly lower among foreign-born men and men belonging to all other racial categories. Fewer men reported PSA testing following the USPSTF 2012 recommendations. Associated socio-demographic factors included nativity, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment and type of health insurance. Further studies are required to elucidate our findings and their health implications for the US native and foreign-born population.

The Prognostic Value of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase Gene Expression in Urine of Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy as First Treatment of Choice.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a slow-growing tumor representing one of the major causes of all new cancer cases and cancer mortality in men worldwide. Although screening methods for PCa have substantially improved, the outcome for patients with advanced PCa remains poor. The elucidation of the molecular mechanism that drives the progression from a slow-growing, organ-confined tumor to a highly invasive and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) is therefore important. We have already proved the diagnostic potential of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) when detected in urine of individuals at risk of developing PCa. The aim of this study was to implement IDO as a prognostic marker for PCa patients undergoing surgical treatment. We have thus conducted an observational study by collecting 100 urine samples from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy as first treatment of choice. To test the integrity of our investigation, scale dilution cells of an established PC3 cell line were added to urine of healthy donors and used for gene expression analysis by a TaqMan assay on the catalytic part of IDO mRNA. Our data show that the quantification of IDO mRNA in urine of patients has a very promising ability to identify patients at high risk of cancer advancement, as defined by Gleason score. Our goal is to lay the groundwork to develop a superior test for PCa. The data generated are thus necessary (i) to strengthen the IDO-based diagnostic/prognostic test and (ii) to provide patients and clinicians with an affordable and easy screening test.

A novel liquid biopsy aid for identifying clinically significant prostate cancer in at-risk men: Combining artificial intelligence with flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping.

e17508 Background: Current screening methods for prostate cancer (PCa) result in a large number of false positives making it difficult for clinicians to assess disease status thus warranting advancements in screening and early detection methods. The goal of this study was to design a liquid biopsy assay that uses flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping and artificial intelligence (AI) analysis to detect clinically significant PCa in at-risk men. Methods: Standard multiparametric flow cytometry techniques were used to immunophenotype 27 different MDSC, myeloid, and lymphocyte cell populations found in the peripheral blood of 114 biopsy-confirmed PCa (GS6 = 54; ≥ GS7 = 60) and 58 biopsy-confirmed benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients. Pattern recognition neural networks (PRNNs), a type of AI, were trained with flow cytometry data from two data sets: patients with confirmed clinically significant PCa (≥ GS7) versus patients with BPH or clinically insignificant PCa (GS6). Predictions were evaluated using the performance of the trained PRNNs on 37 known ≥ GS7 PCa patients and 40 known BPH/ &lt; GS7 PCa patients not used in the PRNN training set (holdout samples). Results: In the holdout data set, 21 out of the 23 patients with clinically significant PCa were identified correctly (Sens = 91.3%, 95%CI = 72.0%-98.9%; PPV = 33.3%, 95%CI = 28.4%-38.7%) while 30 out of the 72 patients at low-risk or no-risk were identified correctly (Spec = 41.7%, 95%CI = 30.2%-53.9%; NPV = 93.8%, 95%CI = 79.5%-98.3%) for an accuracy of 53.7% (95%CI = 43.2%-64.0%). For all patients in this study, our data suggests that approximately 47 out of the 112 patients with BPH or GS6 PCa could have avoided an unnecessary prostate biopsy procedure. Conclusions: Pairing our PRNN with surface biomarker blood-based analyses of various leukocyte populations has enabled the ability to objectively identify patterns indicative for the existence of clinically significant PCa (≥ GS7). In a clinical setting, we believe that this technology, in use with other known clinical factors, would allow for clinicians to have a more informed decision when recommending their patients for a prostate biopsy procedure.

Detecting Prostate Cancer Using Pattern Recognition Neural Networks With Flow Cytometry-Based Immunophenotyping in At-Risk Men.

Current screening methods for prostate cancer (PCa) result in a large number of false positives making it difficult for clinicians to assess disease status, thus warranting advancements in screening and early detection methods. The goal of this study was to design a liquid biopsy test that uses flow cytometry–based immunophenotyping and artificial neural network (ANN) analysis to detect PCa. Numerous myeloid and lymphoid cell populations, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells, were measured from 156 patients with PCa, 123 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 99 male healthy donor (HD) controls. Using pattern recognition neural network (PRNN) analysis, a type of ANN, PCa detection compared against HD resulted in 96.6% sensitivity, 87.5% specificity, and an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.97. Detecting patients with higher risk disease (⩾Gleason 7) against lower risk disease (BPH/Gleason 6) resulted in 92.0% sensitivity, 42.7% specificity, and an AUC of 0.72. This study suggests that analyzing flow cytometry immunophenotyping data with PRNNs may prove to be a useful tool to improve PCa detection and reduce the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies performed each year.

Prostate cancer screening: assessment of knowledge and willingness to screen among men in Obio Akpor LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria

BackgroundWorldwide prostate cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer deaths and is the commonest cancer diagnosed among Nigerian men. Screening techniques can be employed to detect the disease earlier in apparently healthy individuals, and increasing evidence shows that this can decrease morbidity and mortality of the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and intention to screen for prostate cancer among men in Obio Akpor Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria.ResultsRespondents were within the ages of 40 and 75 years. The most frequently reported source of information about prostate cancer screening was the news media 72 (35.0%) and healthcare workers 62 (30.1%). Thirty (14.9%) of the respondents had good knowledge of prostate cancer, while 80 (39.6%) had good knowledge of prostate cancer screening methods. Concerning prostate cancer screening methods, only 47 (23.3%) were able to correctly identify screening methods for prostate cancer. With regards to intention to screen, 104 (51.5%) were willing to be screened for prostate cancer.ConclusionThis study showed that the knowledge of prostate cancer was poor with only approximately half of the participants expressing intentions to screen for the disease. This emphasizes the need for the Rivers State Ministry of Health to carry out awareness campaigns on the importance of prostate screening.

ARFI and shear wave imaging of the prostate to delineate clinically-significant cancers

Current prostate cancer screening methods involve non-targeted needle biopsies and the detection of clinically-insignificant lesions that receive excessive treatments, exposing patients to unnecessary adverse side effects and placing a burden on our health care systems. There is a strong clinical need for improved prostate imaging methods that are sensitive and specific for clinically-significant prostate cancer lesions to guide needle biopsies, target focal treatments, and improve overall patient outcomes. We have developed a 3D, in vivo Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging and Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (SWEI) system using a side-fire endorectal linear array with a custom rotation stage to collect prostate imaging volumes to identify regions of suspicion that should be targeted during biopsy procedures. We have validated that ARFI imaging can reliability identify regions of clinically-significant prostate cancer by comparing our imaging volumes with whole-mount histology in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy; however, there was opportunity to improve the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity by combining ARFI imaging data with SWEI. While ARFI images contain regions of relative contrast (decreased displacement) to delineate regions of suspicion, we hypothesized that SWEI could provide absolute shear wave speeds that could quantify the degree of suspicion of an identified lesion, with more aggressive lesions being stiffer and having higher shear wave speeds. In an ongoing clinical study of over 30 patients, we have demonstrated that the combination of ARFI and SWEI data can improve the diagnostic accuracy of clinically-significant lesion identification, while the inclusion of B-mode echogenicity was not found to improve diagnostic accuracy. More complex classification models to identify clinically-significant prostate cancer using ARFI and SWEI metrics are being developed using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Support-Vector Machines (SVMs). These classification models will be further extended to explore the diagnostic value of additional quantitative ultrasound metrics derived from the raw radiofrequency (RF) data and other imaging methods commonly used in the diagnostic workup of prostate cancer patients, such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI).

Integrating Novel Screening Methods For Prostate Cancer, Cost-Utility Interventions

Integrating Novel Screening Methods For Prostate Cancer, Cost-Utility Interventions