Method For Synthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Multifunctional MXene–Fe3O4–Carbon Nanotube Composite Electrodes for High Active Mass Asymmetric Supercapacitors

Ti3C2Tx–Fe3O4–carbon nanotube composites were prepared for electrochemical energy storage in the negative electrodes of supercapacitors. The electrodes show a remarkably high areal capacitance of 6.59 F cm−2 in a neutral Na2SO4 electrolyte, which was obtained by the development of advanced nanofabrication strategies and due to the synergistic effect of the individual components. Enhanced capacitance was achieved using the in-situ synthesis method for the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The superparamagnetic behavior of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles facilitated the fabrication of electrodes with a reduced binder content. Good mixing of the components was achieved using a celestine blue co-dispersant, which adsorbed on the inorganic components and carbon nanotubes and facilitated their co-dispersion and mixing. The capacitive behavior was optimized by the variation of the electrode composition and mass loading in a range of 30–45 mg cm−2. An asymmetric device was proposed and fabricated, which contained a Ti3C2Tx–Fe3O4–carbon nanotube negative electrode and a polypyrrole–carbon nanotube positive electrode for operation in an Na2SO4 electrolyte. The asymmetric supercapacitor device demonstrated high areal capacitance and excellent power-density characteristics in an enlarged voltage window of 1.6 V. This investigation opens a new avenue for the synthesis and design of MXene-based asymmetric supercapacitors for future energy storage devices.

Digitizing protocols into single reactors for the one-pot synthesis of nanomaterials

Digitizing protocols into single reactors for the one-pot synthesis of nanomaterials

Silicon nanoparticles: Comprehensive review on biogenic synthesis and applications in agriculture

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have opened new advances in agriculture. Among other nanoparticles, silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs), due to their unique physiological characteristics and structural properties, offer a significant advantage as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanozeolite and targeted delivery systems in agriculture. Silicon nanoparticles are well known to improve plant growth under normal and stressful environments. Nanosilicon has been reported to enhance plant stress tolerance against various environmental stress and is considered a non-toxic and proficient alternative to control plant diseases. However, a few studies depicted the phytotoxic effects of SiNPs on specific plants. Therefore, there is a need for comprehensive research, mainly on the interaction mechanism between NPs and host plants to unravel the hidden facts about silicon nanoparticles in agriculture. The present review illustrates the potential role of silicon nanoparticles in improving plant resistance to combat different environmental (abiotic and biotic) stresses and the underlying mechanisms involved.Furthermore, our review focuses on providing the overview of various methods exploited in the biogenic synthesis of silicon nanoparticles. However, certain limitations exist in synthesizing the well-characterized SiNPs on a laboratory scale. To bridge this gap, in the last section of the review, we discussed the possible use of the machine learning approach in future as an effective, less labour-intensive and time-consuming method for silicon nanoparticle synthesis. The existing research gaps from our perspective and future research directions for utilizing SiNPs in sustainable agriculture development have also been highlighted.

Advances in Enantiomer-Dependent Nanotherapeutics.

The nanoscale properties of nanomaterials, especially nanoparticles, including size, shape, and surface charge, have been extensively studied for their impact on nanomedicine. Given the inherent chiral nature of biological systems and their high enantiomeric selectivity, there is rising interest to manipulate the chirality of nanomaterials to enhance their biomolecular interactions and improve nanotherapeutics. Chiral nanostructures are currently more prevalently used in biosensing and diagnostic applications owing to their distinctive physical and optical properties, but they hold great promise for use in nanomedicine. In this Review, we first discuss stereospecific interactions between chiral nanomaterials and biomolecules before comparing the synthesis and characterization methods of chiral nanoparticles and nanoassemblies. Finally, we examine the applications of chiral nanotherapeutics in cancer, immunomodulation, and neurodegenerative diseases and propose plausible mechanisms in which chiral nanomaterials interact with cells for biological manipulation. This Review on chirality is a timely reminder of the arsenal of nanoscale modifications to boost research in nanotherapeutics.

Comparative study of photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using chemically synthesized transition metal oxide nanoparticles

This paper focuses on simple synthesis method of some transition metal oxide nanoparticles and their uses in the photocatalytic degradation of Methyl Orange synthetic dye. MnO2, Fe3O4, Co2O3, CuO, and ZnO nanoparticles are prepared with wet chemical method. Synthesized samples are characterized with an ultraviolet–visible spectrometer (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscope . Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange with the prepared nanoparticles are studied using UV–Vis spectrometer. All the nanoparticles show different photocatalytic activities towards the methyl orange dye. CuO and ZnO nanoparticles show significantly better results in photocatalysis process amongst all TMO NPs.

Biomimetic Synthesis of Nanoparticles: State-of-the-Art

A state-of-the-art review of biomimetic nanoparticle synthesis is presented. The technique’s origin has been traced to the studies, started over 150 years ago, on the hyperaccumulation of certain metals by different species of plants. How the initial intracellular method of nanoparticle synthesis evolved into the now widely used extracellular route has been described. The review then covers the gist of all the studies reported on the biomimetic synthesis of nanoparticles of different metals using extracts of different botanical species (plants). The synthesis mechanism is discussed, and the factors influencing the nanoparticles’ extent, shapes, and sizes are identified.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Vernonia amygdalina plant extract and its antimicrobial activities

The green nanoparticles synthesis method from leaves extract revealed full an economical, sustainable and eco-friendly method. In this study, the leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina was as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). M/DW binary solvent was selected for its relatively better extraction performance than methanol, ethanol, distilled water and ethanol/distilled water. Furthermore, the effect of solvent ratio of M/DW, precursor concentration, ratio of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to plant extract, temperature, time and pH on the synthesis of AgNPs was carried out. Greenly synthesized Agents was confirmed using UV–Vis spectroscopy and characterized by XRD and FT-IR. Besides, its antimicrobial activities were also evaluated using agar diffusion techniques. The UV–Vis spectra showed specific Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) absorption peaks between 411 nm and 430 nm which revealed the formation of AgNPs during the synthesis. The nanoparticle synthesis was further confirmed by XRD analysis. Phytochemical screening test and FT-IR analysis of V. amygdalina leaves extract revealed the existence of phenolic, Tannin, saponins and flavonoid groups, which capped the nanoparticles during the synthesis. The antibacterial activities of the synthesized AgNPs were evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (S. pyogenes and S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) and higher inhibition zones were observed.

Recent research progress on the synthesis and biological effects of selenium nanoparticles.

Selenium is an essential trace element for the human body, with the chemical and physical characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. Selenium has bioactivities related to the immune system, antioxidation, anti-virus, and anti-cancer. At the same time, it also plays a role in reducing and alleviating the toxicity of heavy metals. Compared with inorganic selenium, organic selenium is less toxic and has greater bioavailability. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have the advantages of high absorption rate, high biological activity, and low toxicity, and can be directly absorbed by the human body and converted to organic selenium. Selenium nanoparticles have gradually replaced the traditional selenium supplement and has broad prospects in the food and medical industries. In this paper, the chemical, physical, and biological methods for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles are reviewed, and the microbial synthesis methods of selenium nanoparticles, the effects of selenium nanoparticles on crop growth, and the antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-tumor effects of selenium nanoparticles are also systematically summarized. In addition, we evaluate the application of selenium nanoparticles in selenium nutrition enhancement, providing support for the application of selenium nanoparticles in animals, plants, and humans.

SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES IN THE PRESENCE OF HYPERBRANCHED OLIGOMERIC IONIC LIQUID AS THEIR SURFACE STABILIZER

A method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the presence of proposed by us protic anionic oligomeric ionic liquid (OIL) of hyperbranched structure as a stabilizer of their surface was developed. Reduction of Ag(I) silver cations was carried out with trisodium citrate in an aqueous environment at temperature of 100°C for an hour. The OIL proposed and used by us as a surface stabilizer of colloidal AgNPs is a product of exhaustive acylation of hyperbranched oligoester polyol of the 3rd generation (contains 32 terminal primary aliphatic hydroxyl groups) with cyclic 2-sulfobenzoic anhydride and subsequent neutralization of the resulting sulfonic compound with N-methylimidazole. The synthesized AgNPs stabilized with the OIL are powders soluble in water that opens up wide possibilities of using the developed AgNPs to obtain nanodisperse systems, in particular hydrosols and nanocomposite functional polymer materials. The formation of «guest-host» type complexes between the OIL and silver ions Ag(I) and the adsorption of carbonyl and ionic (their cationic component) groups on the surface of the formed AgNPs were established by FTIR. According to FTIR data trisodium citrate is also partially adsorbed on the surface of the formed silver nanoparticles and takes part in complex formation. The formation of AgNPs was also confirmed by X-ray analysis. The X-ray diffractograms of the obtained AgNPs show reflections at 38.0, 44.2, 64.4 and 77.3°, which are correspondingly related to (111), (200), (220) and (311) reflections of crystal planes and indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic structure. It should be noted that the intensity of the above-mentioned reflexes increases with an increase in amount of the OIL used in the synthesis that confirms the stabilizing effect of the OIL in relation to the AgNPs and favoring the formation of the last ones due to autoreduction of silver. X-ray data evidences presence of trisodium citrate in the composition of the AgNPs being absorbed on the surface or as the complex with silver ions. The formation of AgNPs is also confirmed by TEM data. The TEM micrograph shows nanosized spherical particles of the «core-shell» type, where according to FTIR and X-ray analys a reduced silver is the core, and the OIL and trisodium citrate forms the shell as a stabilizer. These nanoparticles form swarm-like structures. Analysis of the microphotograph showed that the obtained AgNPs are characterized by a narrow size distribution in the range of 5–10 nm. The synthesized AgNPs stabilized with OIL and trisodium citrate are powders soluble in water, which opens up wide possibilities of their use for obtaining highly dispersed systems, in particular hydrosols and nanocomposite functional polymer materials based on them.

Formation Mechanism of Amorphous Li4GeO4 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Induction Thermal Plasma for All-Solid-State Batteries

Induction thermal plasma as an advanced synthesis method for amorphous nanoparticles attracts a lot of attention. Amorphous Li4GeO4 nanoparticles were synthesized by induction thermal plasma with different Li/Ge molar ratios and quenching gas flow rates. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy were conducted to understand the product morphology and chemical composition. The formation mechanism was investigated according to experimental results and thermodynamic analysis. The topological order of prepared nanoparticles was discussed in the short range and intermediate range based on O–Ge–O and Ge–O–Ge angle distributions, respectively. An enhanced amorphous degree of Li4GeO4 and a fraction of high-temperature-phase γ-Li4GeO4 were obtained in high Ge content and quenching rate conditions. The amorphous Li4GeO4 degree achieved around 65% with 10 L/min quenching gas injection. However, excessive Ge content and quenching rate also result in byproduct Li2GeO3 formation. The above results indicate that amorphous Li4GeO4 nanoparticles can be efficiently synthesized by induction thermal plasma with an appropriate Li/Ge molar ratio and quenching rate.

Heme protein identified from scaly-foot gastropod can synthesize pyrite (FeS2) nanoparticles.

The scaly-foot gastropod (Chrysomallon squamiferum), which lives in the deep-sea zone of oceans around thermal vents, has a black shell and scales on the foot. Both the black shell and scales contain iron sulfide minerals such as greigite (Fe3S4) and pyrite (FeS2). Although pyrite nanoparticles can be used as materials for solar panels, it is difficult to synthesize stable and spherical nanoparticles in vitro. In this study, we extracted organic molecules that interact with nano-pyrite from the shell of the scaly-foot gastropod to develop a low-cost, eco-friendly method for pyrite nanoparticles synthesis. Myoglobin (csMG), a heme protein, was identified in the iron sulfide layer of the shell. We purified recombinant csMG (r-csMG) and demonstrated that r-csMG helped in the conversion of ferric ions, sulfide ions and sulfur into spherical shaped pyrite nanoparticles at 80°C. To reduce the effort and cost of production, we showed that commercially available myoglobin from Equus caballus (ecMG) also induced the in vitro synthesis of pyrite nanoparticles. Using structure-function experiments with digested peptides, we highlighted that the amino acid sequence of r-csMG peptides controlled the spherical shape of the nanoparticle while the hemin molecules, which the peptides interacted with, maintained the size of nanoparticles. Synthesized pyrite nanoparticles exhibited strong photoluminescence in the visible wavelength region, suggesting its potential application as a photovoltaic solar cell material. These results suggest that materials for solar cells can be produced at low cost and energy under eco-friendly conditions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Pyrite is a highly promising material for photovoltaic devices because of its excellent optical, electrical, magnetic, and transport properties and high optical absorption coefficient. Almost all current pyrite synthesis methods use organic solvents at high temperature and pressure under reducing conditions. Synthesized pyrite nanoparticles are unstable and are difficult to use in devices. The scaly-foot gastropod can synthesize pyrite nanoparticles in vivo, meaning that pyrite nanoparticles can be generated in an aqueous environment at low temperature. In this study, we demonstrated the synthesis of pyrite nanoparticles using a heme protein identified in the iron sulfide layer of the scaly-foot gastropod shell. These results exemplify how natural products in organisms can inspire the innovation of new technology.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COTTON FIBRES TREATED WITH PARTICLES EXTRACTED FROM CITRUS PLANTS: A REVIEW

Nanotechnology is an emerging technology in textile sector for the fabrication of functional textiles with different properties such as antibacterial, hydrophobicity, UV-protection, flame retardancy, anti-static and self-cleaning. In current COVID-19 crises, the development of antimicrobial textiles through the deposition of nanoparticles has emerged as a research subject of particular interest. Recently, the green-synthesis of nanoparticles from plant extracts has become an effective alternative to conventional physical and chemical synthesis methods due to being environmentally benign and nontoxic. In this review article, the significance of nanotechnology in antibacterial finishing of textiles, mechanism of antibacterial activity of nanoparticles, significance of green synthesis methods for nanoparticles have been discussed. The green-synthesis of different nanoparticles from the citrus plant extracts and their application on textiles for imparting antibacterial activity is reviewed in particular. The chemical composition of citrus plant extracts and their role as bioreductants in the synthesis of nanoparticles is also highlighted. Moreover, different qualitative and quantitative standard testing protocols employed for the antimicrobial characterization of plant extracts and textiles have been discussed. The major challenges and limitations associated with the plant-based biosynthesis of nanoparticles have also been highlighted.

Air atmosphere available fast one-pot synthesis of VO2 nanoparticles with excellent thermochromic properties by a novel liquid-shielding method

As a typical strongly correlated transition oxide, vanadium dioxide (VO2) based nanomaterials have drawn many research attentions these years due to the giant metal-to-insulator phase transition (MIPT) at around 68 °C. However, due to the complexities of the V–O system and interplays between various vanadium oxide phases, the synthesis of high-quality VO2 nanopowders is still fraught with many challenges, especially in air atmosphere. In this paper, we report a novel air atmosphere available liquid-shielding synthesis method for thermochromic VO2 nanoparticles, by using low-eutectic molten-salt (LiCl–KCl) as the liquid-state air-insulation medium at elevated temperature and high-pressure pressed VOSO4–KCl pillars immersed in these liquid salts as the precursor. Small amounts of glucose are added to introduce a slight reductive environment, and well dispersed VO2 nanoparticles with excellent thermochromic properties can be directly synthesized at an ultra-low temperature of 375 °C. This feasible and atmosphere-available mass-production method is rarely reported in the related fields, which may provide a novel protocol strategy for the synthesis of high performance thermochromic VO2 and other functional oxide powders.

Chlorella minutissima-assisted silver nanoparticles synthesis and evaluation of its antibacterial activity.

The conventional methods of nanoparticles synthesis led to the production of highly toxic by-products and the use of toxic chemicals that are highly expensive in nature. Thus, the recent past has witnessed a surge in green synthesis of nanoparticles as a sustainable alternative. The present study outlines the biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) synthesis from an aqueous extract of Chlorella minutissima. The effect of certain parameters such as the reaction mixture's pH and precursor metal solution to algal extract ratios were explored and optimized. The UV spectrophotometric analysis of Ag-NPs gave surface plasmon response maximally at 426nm. The developed Ag-NPs were characterized using zeta potential, indicating their high stability (-21.2mV) with a mean diameter of 73.13nm. Results from field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that the particles were spherical in shape. Ag-NPs synthesized using Chlorella minutissima extract could significantly inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. The study highlights that using C. minutissima extract for Ag-NPs synthesis is a convenient and fast process for controlling the growth of Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria.

Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extract of mint leaves

Silver nanoparticles are widely used in areas such as biosensing, hydrogen production, electronics, photovoltaics, antimicrobials, and biomedical engineering applications. Biological synthesis is regarded as a safe and non-toxic process, but its main disadvantage is the slow processing time. The mint leaf extract can act as both a reducing and stabilizing agent for the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles. In this work, a rapid and green method for the microwave-assisted biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles was investigated using an aqueous leaf extract of mint as a biosource of cost-effective, non-hazardous reducing and stabilizing agents. The optimum conditions for microwave extraction of mint leaves were 220 s at 800 W and a 5 g/L mint-to-water ratio. Meanwhile, the optimal conditions for the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles were as follows: concentration of silver nitrate solution = 2 mM, microwave reaction time = 100 s at 800 W, and pH = 8. The silver nanoparticles obtained by the microwave heating process showed a surface plasmon band centered at 420 nm with a higher peak height than those prepared by the conventional heating process. Dynamic light scattering analysis has shown the synthesized silver nanoparticles to have an average diameter of 54 nm.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using extract of banana peel waste assisted by microwave irradiation

Silver (Ag) nanoparticles are among the most desirable nanomaterials for a variety of applications, such as lithium-ion battery, water pollution monitoring, photocatalytic water splitting, and medical devices. Their increased production and integration in environmental applications play an important role for nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering. The synthesis methods of Ag nanoparticles include physical, chemical, and biological routes. In this study, we reported a rapid, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient method to synthesize Ag nanoparticles using an extract of banana peel waste as a reducing and capping agent under microwave radiation. A comparison between the conventional heating method and microwave radiation revealed that the microwave radiation method for the extraction of banana peel waste and the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles required much shorter extraction and reaction times. The effects of extraction conditions (banana peel content and extraction time) and synthesis conditions (silver nitrate concentration and reaction time) on Ag nanoparticles were investigated. The optimum conditions were found to be for the extraction: 50 g/L banana peel-to-water ratio and microwave extraction time of 140 s at 800 W and for the Ag nanoparticles synthesis: microwave reaction time of 120 s at 800 W and 1 mM silver nitrate solution and. Plasmonic Ag nanoparticles with a surface plasmon resonance peak at 420 nm and an average size of about 149 nm were synthesized.

A New Combination Method of N-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles Synthesis for Heavy Metal Ions Cr(VI) Photoreduction Applications

Through a combination of biosynthetic and hydrothermal methods, N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst has been successfully synthesized using various concentrations of ammonia as a nitrogen source, namely 10% w/w (NTO10), 20% w/w (NTO20), 35% w/w (NTO35), and 50% w/w (NTO50). The synthesis of TiO2 was conducted using Aloe vera (L) Burm F. rind extract as a natural capping agent via the biosynthetic method, followed by a nitrogen doping process via the hydrothermal method. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that all phases were anatase. According to the results of the UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) analysis using the Tauc-Plot method, all N-doped TiO2 samples showed a decrease in the energy gap compared to the TO sample. This indicates that the doping of TiO2 using nitrogen has been successfully doped into TiO2. The photocatalytic activity of N-doped TiO2 was evaluated for the photoreduction of the Cr(VI) model pollutant using a 24-watt LED lamp as a visible light source for 120 minutes. The results indicate that the NTO35 is the best-prepared N-doped TiO2, which showed a reduced rate for the Cr (VI) model pollutant of 50.88%, or two times greater than that of undoped TiO2.

Role of Honey as a Bifunctional Reducing and Capping/Stabilizing Agent: Application for Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

The use of natural reducing and capping agents has gained importance as a way to synthesize nanoparticles (NPs) in an environmentally sustainable manner. Increasing numbers of studies have been published on the green synthesis of NPs using natural sources such as bacteria, fungi, and plants. In recent years, the use of honey in the synthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs has become a new and promising area of research. Honey acts as both a stabilizing and reducing agent in the NP synthesis process and serves as a precursor. This review focuses on the use of honey in the synthesis of silver NPs (Ag-NPs) and zinc oxide NPs (ZnO-NPs), emphasizing its role as a reducing and capping agent. Additionally, a comprehensive examination of the bio-based reducing and capping/stabilizing agents used in the honey-mediated biosynthesis mechanism is provided. Finally, the review looks forward to environmentally friendly methods for NP synthesis.

Biosynthesis, Characterization and Antioxidant Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Punica Granatum Peel Extract as Reducing Agent

The green synthesis method of nanoparticles using plant extracts attracts great attention as a reliable, low-cost, sustainable, environmentally friendly protocol that prevents or minimizes waste generation. In this study, Punica granatum peel extract was used as the reducing plant material and zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn (CH3COO)2. 2H2O) solution was used as the starting metal. In the synthesis, optimum conditions were determined by UV visible spectroscopy using different metal ion concentrations, plant extract amount, temperature, and pH parameters. For characterization of ZnONPs synthesized at optimum conditions, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta potential and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) analyzes were made. It has been determined that the synthesized ZnONPs are spherical, have good stability, high purity, and nanoscale. The free radical scavenging capacity of biosynthesized ZnONPs was evaluated by DPPH analysis with different concentrations. The IC50 value was determined as 250µg ml-1.

Review: Electrochemiluminescence of Perovskite-Related Nanostructures

Perovskite nanostructures are promising nanomaterials for their possible application in electrochemiluminescent (ECL) analytical systems due to their unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the application of perovskite and perovskite-related nanostructures, with different chemical compositions and modifications, in ECL with various media, coreactants, and reaction types. The most optimal methods of perovskite nanoparticle synthesis and electrode modification methods were reviewed. Possibilities and perspectives of the use of perovskite-related nanostructures for the ECL generation were demonstrated.