Digital Watermarking Method Research Articles

A Hybrid Domain-Based Digital Watermarking Technique for Robust and Imperceptible Image Copyright Protection

This work provides a strong digital watermarking method to attain undetectable and robust watermark embedding by combining many domain transformations and decomposition methods. To guarantee good watermark embedding and retrieval, the technique uses Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Onion Peel Decomposition (OPD), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and Singular Value Decomision (SVD). Using a strength value, the single values of the carrier picture are changed to incorporate the watermark, therefore guaranteeing low distortion and great imperceptibility. The sequence of transforms is reversed during extraction to faithfully retrieve the watermark. Under several assault scenarios—including JPEG compression, Gaussian noise, salt-and-pepper noise, scaling, cropping, and blurring—a thorough investigation was done to assess resilience. Performance was evaluated using the normalised cross-correlation (NCC) metric—which measures the resemblance between the original and extracted watermark. With an average NCC of 0.99 over all attacks, the proposed system matched or surpassed present state-of- the-art methods. The technique also generated a strong Mean Structural Similarity Index Metric (MSSIM) of 0.9966, the lowest Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 4.2729, and the highest Peak Signal-to-- Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 36.0477.Comparatively with both random and non-random distribution approaches, comparison with average NCC values of 0.98 and 0.99 correspondingly indicated significant resilience. The random spread method exhibited higher resistance to blurring attacks, even if the non-random spread strategy was best in scaling and cropping attacks. Visual examinations confirmed considerable similarity between the watermarked and retrieved images under all attack scenarios. These results show how effectively the proposed approach balances imperceptibility and robustness, hence ensuring dependability for safe digital watermarking applications in demanding surroundings.

Fortifying Textual Integrity: Evolutionary Optimization-powered Watermarking for Tampering Attack Detection in Digital Documents

Digital document helps as the lifeblood of present communication, yet their vulnerability to tampering poses major safety anxieties. Digital text watermarking is an effective mechanism to protect the reliability of text-based data in the digital. Introducing a hidden layer of accountability and safety, allows individuals and organizations to trust the written word and make sure the truth behind all the files. Watermarking model identifies the tampering attack by inspecting the embedded signature for distortions or alterations. Watermarks can able to mechanically classify and repair themselves once tampered with, improving document resilience. Watermarking acts as a powerful tool to detect tampering attacks in digital document. By embedding strong and imperceptible watermarks in document distribution or creation, alterations are recognized by specialized procedure. This study introduces an Evolutionary Optimizer-powered Watermarking for Tampering Attack Detection in Digital Document (EO-WTAD3) model. The main intention of EO-WTAD3 approach is to support textual integrity using the applications of metaheuristic optimizer algorithm based watermarking technique for detecting tampering attacks in digital document. In the EO-WTAD3 method, a digital watermarking method has been proposed for the ownership verification and document copyright protection using data mining concept. Moreover, the EO-WTAD3 technique utilizes the concepts of data mining to define appropriate characteristics from the document for embedding watermarks. Moreover, fractional gorilla troops optimization (FGTO) algorithm can be applied for the assortment of optimal situation of watermarks in the content, ensuring both imperceptibility and strong to tamper. The performance validation of the EO-WTAD3 methodology takes place employing multiple datasets. The extensive result analysis portrayed that the EO-WTAD3 system accomplishes improve solution with other existing approaches with respect distinct aspects.

Audio, Text, Image, and Video Digital Watermarking Techniques for Security of Media Digital

The proliferation of multimedia content as digital media assets, encompassing audio, text, images, and video, has led to increased risks of unauthorized usage and copyright infringement. Online piracy serves as a prominent example of such misuse. To address these challenges, watermarking techniques have been developed to protect the copyright of digital media while maintaining the integrity of the underlying content. Key characteristics evaluated in watermarking methods include capability, privacy, toughness, and invisibility, with robustness playing a crucial role. This paper presents a comparative analysis of digital watermarking methods, highlighting the superior security and effective watermark image recovery offered by singular value decomposition. The research community has shown significant interest in watermarking, resulting in the development of various methods in both the spatial and transform domains. Transform domain approaches such as Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transform, and Singular Value Decomposition, along with their interconnections, have been explored to enhance the effectiveness of digital watermarking methods.

A digital watermarking method for medical images resistant to print-scan based on QR code

A digital watermarking method for medical images resistant to print-scan based on QR code

Research on Robust Digital Watermarking Based on Reversible Information Hiding

The development of modern Internet communication technology and the popularization of multimedia technology have brought convenience to the sharing and storage of multimedia information such as images, videos, and audio. However, at the same time, it has brought about the problem of copyright theft of multimedia information, causing serious information security risks. Digital watermarking technology embeds copyright information in multimedia information in an invisible way, which can effectively realize copyright protection and traceability of infringement. Aiming at the problem that the existing learning model-based methods cannot fully extract and fuse the features of carrier images and watermark images, a robust digital watermarking method based on reversible information hiding is proposed. First, a watermark embedding model based on reversible information hiding is established, and the features of the download volume image and the watermark image in different dimensions are fully extracted and fused to generate a dense image with excellent visual quality. Then, a watermark extraction model based on reversible information hiding is established, and a noise layer is added between the embedding and the extraction model, and the attacked dense image is input to the watermark extraction model to extract the watermark. Under the constraint of the loss function, the network model learns to embed watermark information in the area that is more robust to the attack and is not easy to cause visual quality degradation, so as to optimize the comprehensive performance of the method. Experimental results show that the proposed method effectively improves the imperceptibility and robustness.

Text information hiding and recovery via wavelet digital watermarking method

According to the wavelet digital watermarking method, wavelet text hiding algorithm is presented for hiding some text information in a signal with white noises and the corresponding recovery algorithm is also presented for obtaining text information from a synthesized signal. Firstly, wavelet text hiding algorithm is introduced and an example is given for demonstrating how to hide text information in a signal s with a white noise ε, where s = f(x) + ε and f(x) is a function such as sin x, cos x and so on. A synthesized signal tilde{s} can be obtained by wavelet text hiding algorithm. Then, the corresponding text recovery approach is also introduced and the text information is recovered from the synthesized signal tilde{s} by an example. Some figures of the example are shown that the wavelet text hiding algorithm and its recovery are feasible. Moreover, the roles of wavelet function, noise, embedding mode and embedding position are analyzed in the text information hiding and recovering, and it implicates its security. 1000 groups of English texts with different lengths are chosen for illustrating computational complexity and running time of the algorithms. The social application of this approach is explained by a system architecture figure. Finally, some future directions are discussed for our follow-up study.

A novel reversible fragile watermarking method in DWT domain for tamper localization and digital image authentication

Medical images are extremely valuable and sensitive data because of their significance in research, diagnosis, and treatment. However, the transmission of medical images over an unsecured network can lead to security issues such as modification, removal, copying, and unauthorized access. For this reason, the protection of medical information is of great importance. This paper proposes a novel reversible fragile digital watermarking method for tamper localization and authenticity and integrity protection in medical images. In the proposed method, the host image is firstly divided into 8×8 non-overlapped blocks. Then the image is transformed to the frequency domain by applying a Discrete Wavelet Transform, and the watermark information is embedded. Finally, the image is converted from the frequency domain to the spatial domain using an inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform. During this transformation, an intelligent optimization technique is used to correct the rounding errors and obtain the watermarked image with the highest level of imperceptibility. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method offers a watermarked image with high imperceptibility, extracts the host image lossless during the watermark extraction phase, and performs tamper localization with high precision.

Maximize the Security for Image Processing Using an Improved Watermarking Approach

Creating a dependable and effective digital image watermarking (WM) method necessitates balancing imperceptibility, resilience, capacity, and security. Several studies have combined spatial and transform domains to meet these needs. We investigated the current state of hybrid digital image WM. When developing a hybrid WM strategy, it is critical to consider software compatibility. Following a brief review of the literature, we used a table to analyse and evaluate current hybrid approaches. Furthermore, the limitations and possibilities of these approaches are discussed. We investigated the limitations of current research methodologies and proposed new research directions. The internet’s role in distributing digital material has resulted in more digitalisation and more complex copyright concerns. Copyright breaches are being reduced through the deployment of innovative digital WM techniques. As a result of this research, a WM system capable of dealing with a wide range of threats is being developed. The goal of this study is to maximise security while maintaining visibility and resilience. Discrete wavelets transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) were used to investigate covert operations; DWT was used to isolate each level of the host image, which was then processed using SVD. At the time, normalized correlation was the best method for measuring watermarked images. In research, DWT–SVD was more accurate in detecting assaults; it shows structural similarity index and normalized correlation are 98.4 and 98.35, respectively. Watermarked images can withstand a variety of assaults due to their invisibility and resilience; this system repels assaults that alter pixel values better than traditional methods.

Database Watermarking Algorithm Based on Decision Tree Shift Correction

With the transmission and sharing of data in the Internet of Things (IoT), while bringing development to life and the economy, it also inevitably threatens the data copyright protection and authentication. Digital watermarking technology can provide an effective solution for copyright protection by embedding the watermark in the data to prove the copyright attribution. The existing methods of digital watermarking in IoT mainly target multimedia, without considering the copyright authentication in database data. Unlike multimedia information, the database does not focus on the subjective visual perception when using the data, but rather on the potential values unlocked from the data through algorithms such as data mining. Therefore, we propose a new database watermarking algorithm based on decision tree shift correction (DTSC), considering the data copyright authentication and usability when applying for data mining algorithm. The algorithm adjusts the watermarked data by the DTSC method and makes the watermarked decision tree identical to the original in the iteration process. It solves the problem of database data copyright authentication in IoT and ensures the usability of the data when used for decision tree model construction. From the simulation results, it can be seen that the proposed method ensures the usability of the data for the classification and regression tree decision tree algorithm while embedding the watermark in the database data, and the data distortion of the proposed method does not differ from that of the traditional watermarking algorithm.

Comprehensive review of watermarking techniques in deep-learning environments

Recently, the demand for the generation, sharing, and storage of massive amounts of multimedia information—especially in the form of images—from different intelligent devices and sensors has increased drastically. This introduces issues including the illegal access and fraudulent usage of this information as well as other security concerns. Watermarking consists of embedding a watermark design in a digital cover and then later extracting it to provide a solution for ownership conflict and copyright violation issues involving the media data. Presently, in watermarking, the use of deep-learning approaches is incredibly beneficial due to their accuracy, superior results and strong learning ability. We present a comprehensive review of watermarking techniques in deep-learning environments. We start with basic concepts of traditional and learning-based digital watermarking; we later review the popular deep-learning model-based digital watermarking methods; then, we summarize and compare the most recent contribution in the literature; finally, we highlight obfuscation challenges and further research directions.

Advanced Dipper-Throated Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithm for Digital Image Watermarking

Recently, piracy and copyright violations of digital content have become major concerns as computer science has advanced. In order to prevent unauthorized usage of content, digital watermarking is usually employed. This work proposes a new approach to digital image watermarking that makes use of the discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), dipper-throated optimization (DTO), and stochastic fractal search (SFS) algorithms. The proposed approach involves computing the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) on the cover image to extract its sub-components, followed by the performance of a discrete cosine transform (DCT) to convert these sub-components into the frequency domain. Finding the best scale factor for watermarking is a significant challenge in most watermarking methods. The authors used an advanced optimization algorithm, which is referred to as DTOSFS, to determine the best two parameters—namely, the scaling factor and embedding coefficient—to be used while inserting a watermark into a cover image. Using the optimal values of these parameters, a watermark image can be inserted into a cover image more efficiently. The suggested approach is evaluated in comparison with the current gold standard. The normalized cross-correlation (NCC), peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and image fidelity (IF) are used to measure the success of the proposed approach. In addition, a statistical analysis is performed to evaluate the significance and superiority of the proposed approach. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach in improving upon standard watermarking methods based on the DWT and DCT. Moreover, a set of attacks is considered to study the robustness of the proposed approach, and the results confirm the expected outcomes. It is shown by the achieved results that the proposed approach can be utilized for practical digital image watermarking, and that it significantly outperforms other digital image watermarking methods.

A Hyper-Chaotically Encrypted Robust Digital Image Watermarking Method with Large Capacity Using Compress Sensing on a Hybrid Domain.

The digital watermarking technique is a quite promising technique for both image copyright protection and secure transmission. However, many existing techniques are not as one might have expected for robustness and capacity simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a robust semi-blind image watermarking scheme with a high capacity. Firstly, we perform a discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) transformation on the carrier image. Then, the watermark images are compressed via a compressive sampling technique for saving storage space. Thirdly, a Combination of One and Two-Dimensional Chaotic Map based on the Tent and Logistic map (TL-COTDCM) is used to scramble the compressed watermark image with high security and dramatically reduce the false positive problem (FPP). Finally, a singular value decomposition (SVD) component is used to embed into the decomposed carrier image to finish the embedding process. With this scheme, eight grayscale watermark images are perfectly embedded into a carrier image, the capacity of which is eight times over that of the existing watermark techniques on average. The scheme has been tested through several common attacks on high strength, and the experiment results show the superiority of our method via the two most used evaluation indicators, normalized correlation coefficient (NCC) values and the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Our method outperforms the state-of-the-art in the aspects of robustness, security, and capacity of digital watermarking, which exhibits great potential in multimedia application in the immediate future.

Vowel and non-vowel frame segmentation based digital speech watermarking technique using LPA method

With the increased use of the Internet in everyday life, data transmission over the internet needs to be secure, so it necessitates the adoption of watermarking. Watermarking is the best solution for securing digital content and ensuring the integrity of the original data. It also certifies digital content and provides the best form of concealing information for permission. In many circumstances, the information is problematic as the use of digital content evolves rapidly. In this paper, we have proposed a novel speech watermarking method based on vowel and non-vowel frame segmentation using the Linear predictive analysis (LPA) method. The different vowel frame segments have been used in the LPA method to estimate the predicted values. The proposed model has used the LPA method, which allows for a more adaptive and skilful demonstration of a novel digital speech watermarking method. Afterwards, the specific locations have been chosen to embed the minimum value obtained from the grayscale watermark image. For the evaluation purpose, we have considered objective and subjective measures. The average SNR, MOS, and BER values of the proposed method are 45.68 dB, 4.55, and 0, respectively. The imperceptibility of watermarked speech and extracted watermark signals using the proposed method have approximately 48 dB, and 59 dB, respectively. The results show that the proposed speech watermarking procedure is more secure, powerful, and subtle than existing watermarking techniques because it reduces time and memory significantly.

A robust adaptive blind color image watermarking for resisting geometric attacks

Due to the differences of observation equipment and technical means, the size of the color digital image is not the same. In addition, most of digital watermarking methods used to protect the copyright of color digital images have weak robustness against geometric attacks. Therefore, this paper proposes a robust adaptive blind watermarking method to protect the copyright of color digital images. In the proposed method, the frequency domain characteristics of Slant transform are used to directly calculate the maximum energy coefficient of the pixel block, the maximum element of the coefficient matrix obtained after Slant transform in the spatial domain, and the color digital watermark is embedded by quantifying the maximum energy coefficient. At the same time, the adaptive strategies, which including the adaptive image size, the adaptive quantization step, the adaptive watermark encoding and the adaptive watermark embedding position, are proposed in this paper. Moreover, the proposed method can use geometric features of the image to correct many attacked images. Compared with the state-of-the-art watermarking methods, the proposed method can achieve acceptable imperceptibility and has larger watermark capacity, stronger robustness, higher security and better real-time performance.

Digital watermarking method for image feature point extraction and analysis

Multimedia information (e.g., photos) is subject to numerous attacks when extensively dispersed, excellent stealth and robustness play a critical role in information concealment. Next, to further improve the imperceptibility of the generated images, we introduce an information embedding based on feature extraction, since the feature points themselves are robust as strong corner points in the images. We will perform specific practical applications in information-hiding scenarios, such as ticket anticounterfeiting, copyright protection, tampering hints, and covert marking. As a result, while assuring the accuracy of hidden data, assault resistance must also be addressed. In this paper, a strategy for watermark embedding utilizing image feature points is proposed. In principle, the embedding and extraction of digital watermarks are achieved in the transform domain by discrete wavelet transform processing to make digital images more robust than before. The effectiveness of the algorithm is analyzed by experimental data, in which different wavelet bases are used. To check the robustness of the watermarking algorithm, various attacks are performed on watermarked images.

A comprehensive survey on robust image watermarking

With the rapid development and popularity of the Internet, multimedia security has become a general essential concern. Especially, as manipulation of digital images gets much easier, the challenges it brings to authentication certification are increasing. As part of the solution, digital watermarking has made significant contributions to image content security and has attracted increasing attention. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review on digital image watermarking methods that were published in recent years illustrating the conventional schemes in different domains. We provide an overview of geometric invariant techniques and emerging watermarking methods for novel medias, such as depth image based rendering (DIBR), high dynamic range (HDR), screen content images (SCIs), and point cloud model. Particularly, as deep learning has achieved a great success in the field of image processing, and has also successfully been used in the field of digital watermarking, learning-based watermarking methods using various neural networks are summarized according to the utilization of neural networks in the single stage training (SST) and double stage training (DST). Finally, we provide an analysis and summary on those methods, and suggest some future research directions.

Digital Image Watermarking Technique Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Discrete Cosine Transform

Digital watermarking has been proposed as a viable solution to the need of copyright protection and authentication of multimedia data in a networked environment, since it makes possible to identify the author, owner, distributor or authorized consumer of a document. In this paper a new watermarking technique to add a code to digital images is presented: the method operates in the frequency domain embedding a pseudo-random sequence of real numbers in a selected set of DCT coefficient. And a new method for digital image watermarking which does not require the original image for watermark detection. The watermark is added in select coefficients with significant image energy in the transform domain in order to ensure non- erasability of the watermark. Advantages of the proposed method include: improved resistance to attacks on the watermark, implicit visual masking utilizing the time-frequency localization property of wavelet transform and a robust definition for the threshold which validates the watermark.. Experimental results demonstrate that this proposed technique is robust to most of the signal processing techniques and geometric distortions.

METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF METHODS FOR EMBEDDING DIGITAL WATERMARKS

In recent years, we have seen a significant increase in traffic moving across various networks and channels. The development of technology and global network leads to an increase in the amount of multimedia traffic. To authenticate and avoid abuse, data should be protected with watermarks. This paper discusses various robust and invisible watermarking methods in the spatial domain and the transform domain. The basic concepts of digital watermarks, important characteristics and areas of application of watermarks are considered in detail. The paper also presents the most important criteria for assessing the digital watermark effectiveness. Based on the analysis of the current state of the digital watermarking methods, robustness, imperceptibility, security and payload have been determined as the main factors in most scientific works. Moreover, researchers use different methods to improve / balance these factors to create an effective watermarking system. Our research identified the main factors and new techniques used in modern research. And the assessment of watermark method effectiveness was proposed.

Elaboration of Digital Watermarking Method for a Protection of Cloning Attack on Paper Certificates

Paper (or plastic) certificates are considered as a means against different forgery of product quality and brand falsification. It is commonly to use barcodes or data matrices to solve this problem. However such approach does not work usually against such sophisticated attacks as cloning of certificate copies. In the current paper we propose to use a digital watermarking and estimation of inner noises of scanners and printers in order to detect cloning attack effectively. Algorithm of cloning attack detecting is presented. The probabilities of attack missing and false alarm are proved.

Blind Extraction of Digital Watermarking Algorithm for Color Images

Digital watermark technology hides copyright information in digital images, effectively protecting the copyright of digital images. At present, the color image digital watermarking algorithm still has defects such as the inability to balance robustness, invisibility and the weak anti-attack ability. Aiming at the above problems, this paper studies the digital watermarking method based on discrete wavelet transform and discrete cosine transform. Then this paper proposes a color image blind digital watermarking algorithm based on QR code. First, convert the color image from RGB space to YCbCr space, extract the Y component and perform the second-level discrete wavelet transform. secondly, block the LL2 subband and perform the discrete cosine transform. finally, use the embedding method to convert the watermark information after the Arnold transform embedded in the block. The experimental results show that the PSNR of the color image embedded with the QR code is 56.7159 without being attacked. After being attacked, its PSNR and NC values are respectively 30dB and 0.95 or more, which proves that the algorithm has good robustness and can achieve watermarking blind extraction.