Developed Method Research Articles

Postpartumzorg in de eerste lijn: samenvatting van een multidisciplinaire richtlijn (deel 1)

Postpartum care in primary care: summary of a multidisciplinary guideline The lying time at the maternity ward for a healthy woman giving birth to a healthy baby is now on average less than 3 days. Therefore, primary care providers have a greater responsibility in the follow-up of the mother and newborn during the postpartum period. This article is a summary of the first part of the multidisciplinary guideline Postpartum care in primary care developed by the national Working Group Development of Primary Care Guidelines (WOREL) according to the internationally recognised methods of guideline development. The guideline formulates recommendations for quality postpartum care in collaboration with all involved healthcare providers with the aim of recognising and addressing complications in the newborn and mother in a timely manner. It is important that healthcare providers know what is normal, which red flags they should not miss, have basic knowledge about conditions and situations, and timely refer the patient to primary or secondary care. The article describes what attitude to adopt in case of life-threatening and serious complications in the maternity woman (postpartum haemorrhage, pre-eclampsia, venous thromboembolism and endometritis) and the newborn (jaundice, neonatal sepsis, congenital heart defect, dehydration, nutritional difficulties and metabolic disorders), as well as in case of less severe complications or complaints in the maternity woman (perineal pain, headache, constipation, haemorrhoids, urinary incontinence, fatigue and back pain) and the baby (gastro-oesophageal reflux, thrush, nappy dermatitis, intestinal cramps, conjunctivitis, cord infections and fever). Finally, specific situations in both the mother (prevention of antibody formation, rubella vaccination, thyroid disorders and gestational diabetes) and the newborn (cord care, prevention of sudden death, vitamin K and vitamin D substitution, and child abuse) are highlighted.

Growth characteristics and SHG properties of Li:SrB4O7

In this paper, high-quality Li:SrB4O7 (LSBO) crystals have been obtained and the distribution of domain structures induced by Li+-doped has a certain regularity. The crystal defects, domain structure morphology and growth characteristics are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microstructure observation, etc. The results prove that the derivation of domain structure depends on the growth direction of crystal and Li+-doping enhances this result. Further frequency-doubling effect tests show that the as-prepared crystal can realize the frequency-doubling conversion of laser from 532 nm to 266 nm, which provides the ideas and methods for the further development and application of SBO NLO crystals.

Land use practices in the estates of landlords in the late XIX – early XX century

Importance. Unequal resource provision of owners’ property and a significant shortage of peasant hay and forest lands, aggravated by overgrowth and far-earth land, determined the practice of economic relations between landlords and communal farms.Research Methods. The problem of land use in the landlord economy system of post-reform Russia remains one of the most difficult in agrarian historiography. In the writings of prerevolutionary historians, the modernization of estates is highlighted in the writings of conservatives who linked crisis moments in the economy of estates with insufficient state support for owners and liberal figures stratifying savings into labor and capitalist ones. In the works of Soviet historians, the modernization of the latifundia is severely criticized.Results and Discussion. Many landlords, taking advantage of the positive situation in the grain market, expanded production and established a diversified economic complex. These trends were especially strong in estates with sugar and distilleries. However, even during the period of maximum capitalist development of the agricultural sector, the predominant form of land use of Latifundists remained a combination of running their own farm and rental distributions.Conclusion. The transition from a serfdom to a productive economy was associated with the modernization of the field-growing complex of estates, the use of agricultural innovations. However, the active introduction of grass planting by owners and the mechanization of agriculture have long been combined with unproductive methods of agricultural development.

Inversion of shear wave slowness and attenuation from dipole acoustic logging data based on an equivalent tool theory

The presence of a sonic logging tool affects the propagation characteristics of dipole-flexural wave in a fluid-filled borehole. As a result, the tool effect should be considered during the processing and inversion of the dipole-flexural wave for acoustic properties of shear wave. We show that the presence of the tool not only changes the slowness dispersion of the flexural wave but also results in a shift of its frequency-dependent attenuation toward lower frequencies. Equivalent tool theory (ETT) can realistically model the effect of an acoustic tool on guided wave propagation. With the ETT framework, we develop a unified workflow for estimating both the shear wave slowness and attenuation from dipole array acoustic waveforms. The workflow is an extension of the model-based dispersive processing of dipole logging data. The proposed workflow involves two inversion procedures. By matching the actual dispersion data with the theoretical dispersion predicted by the ETT, we can invert the shear wave slowness and tool parameters. With the estimated shear wave slowness and other borehole parameters, we further calculate the partition coefficients of flexural waves using the ETT. Based on the concept of energy partitioning, we formulate a linear optimization problem and invert for the shear wave attenuation from the frequency-dependent dipole attenuation. We use synthetic and field data to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the developed method. The results show that it is important to incorporate the tool effect when processing dipole acoustic logging data for shear wave slowness and attenuation, especially in a fast formation.

Natural kapok fiber as a green and efficient adsorbent for in-syringe solid-phase extraction in the determination of antidepressants in biofluids

Effective antidepressant monitoring is crucial for safe treatment, with liquid chromatography being the primary detection method. Due to the complexity of biofluids, meticulous sample preparation is vital to remove interferences and concentrate analytes. In this study, a novel solid-phase extraction method utilizing unprocessed kapok fiber (KF) as an eco-friendly and efficient sorbent, ingeniously incorporated within an in-syringe device for the extraction of antidepressants from biofluids was introduced. The extraction process displayed several advantages, including simplicity and rapidity (less than 3 min with minimal manual intervention), as well as the potential for automation, which represents significant advancements in sample preparation techniques. The method demonstrated excellent analytical performance when coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection, achieving good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.991), excellent relative recovery (92.6–107.5 %), high precision in intraday and interday analyses (RSDs within 0.8–6.0 % and 1.2–7.9 %, respectively), and good sensitivity with limits of quantification between 5–10 ng/mL. Notably, given the use of a renewable and biodegradable material with KF, and a low-toxicity desorption solvent with ethanol, the developed method stands out for its environmental sustainability, aligning with green analytical chemistry principles. Its application to real biological samples validates its efficacy as a rapid and reliable tool for clinical and forensic monitoring of antidepressants. Moreover, the low cost of this method facilitated by the economical nature of KF and the reusability of syringes further enhances its practicability. This study presents a unique approach by employing natural and renewable KF as adsorbents, thereby eliminating the need for complex material synthesis and making a pioneering contribution to the field of analytical chemistry for drug analysis in complex matrices.

The tracement of origins of aquatic products by characterization of their gut or gill microbiome via MALDI-TOF MS analysis

Tracement of the origin of seafoods and aquatic products is an important issue for avoiding the falsification of production regions of aquatic products. Herein, by analyzing black tiger shrimp (Penaeusmonodon) as a model of aquatic products, we demonstrated a method to trace the origin of aquatic products by analyzing the gut microbiome of black tiger shrimp (Penaeusmonodon) collected from three commercial farms in China, via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. Multivariate analysis was executed on the obtained mass spectrometric datasets of bacteria extracted and collected from shrimp samples with different production regions. The gut microorganisms of black tiger shrimps can be identified by scoring the gut microbiota of black tiger shrimps collected from three producing areas. The black tiger shrimp from three production regions were found with distinguished characteristics of bacterial prevalence in their digestive gland microbiota. The dominant bacteria genus in digestive gland microbiota from black tiger shrimp samples from the three production regions are completely different. Single-blind shrimp samples with unknown production region was successfully screened by comparing the detected MS data in different ways. This strategy can trace the production region of the analyzed shrimp samples in a quick and efficient mode. The application of the present protocol was further demonstrated by analyzing the biometric species from gill tissue of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) samples collected from crab-producing areas in Jiangsu Province (China), that is, Taihu Lake, Gaoyou Lake, and Hongze Lake for tracing their production area. It is expected to extend the presently developed method to provide clues for the origin traceability of other aquatic products.

Application of continuous wavelet transform and convolutional neural networks in fault diagnosis of PMSM stator windings

Efficiency, reliability, and durability play a key role in modern drive systems in line with the Industry 4.0 paradigm and the sustainability trend. To ensure this, highly efficient motors and appropriate systems must be deployed to monitor their condition and diagnose faults during the operation. For these reasons, in recent years, more and more research has been focused on developing new methods for fault diagnosis of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). This paper proposes a novel hybrid method for the automatic detection and classification of PMSM stator winding faults based on combining the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) analysis of the negative sequence component of the stator phase currents with a convolutional neural network (CNN). CWT scalogram images are used as the inputs of the CNN-based interturn short circuits fault classifier model. Experimental tests were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach under various motor operating conditions and at an incipient stage of fault propagation. In addition, the effects of the input image format, CNN structure, and training process parameters on model accuracy and classification effectiveness were investigated. The results of the experimental tests confirmed the high effectiveness of fault detection (99.4%) and classification (97.5%), as well as other important advantages of the developed method.

Experimental research and application of drilling and blasting with directional damage-reduction shaped charge

In this research, a directional reduction charging structure was proposed to solve the problems caused by drilling and blasting method such as serious damage to surrounding rocks, working face low contour flatness and serious over-under break of root base c. Drilling and blasting tests, numerical calculations and field applications were designed and performed for the verification of the blasting advantages of charge structure. Test results showed that the peak positive strain along the protection direction of directional protection shaped charge was significantly smaller than that of ordinary charge, where PVC material presented the strongest effect such that the peak positive strain of specimen 1 at measuring point 4 (protection direction) was only 0.27 times that at measuring point 9 (non-protected direction). Numerical simulations indicated shaped jet formation, damage-reduction and charge penetration process and obtained the force law of cement target plate. Experimental results revealed that application of charge in tunnel controlled blasting achieved a clear controlling effect on contour line excavation. Compared with ordinary smooth blasting method, all technical indicators of the developed method were improved such that half hole mark rate was increased by about 33% and the amount of over-under break was decreased by about two times. Research results are of certain significance for the stability of surrounding reserved rocks and formation of roadway in blasting engineering and the developed method was found to be applicable to mining, shaft excavation and other projects.

The Formation of 2D Holograms of a Noise Source and Bearing Estimation by a Vector Scalar Receiver in the High-Frequency Band

The holographic signal-processing method for a single vector scalar receiver (VSR) in the high-frequency band in shallow water is developed in the paper. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the theoretical analysis, numerical modeling, and experimental verification of holographic signal processing for a noise source by the VSR. The developed method is based on the formation of the 2D interferogram and 2D hologram of a noise source in a shallow-water waveguide. The 2D interferograms and 2D holograms for different channels of the VSR (P sound pressure and VX and VY vibration velocity components) are considered. It is shown that the 2D interferogram consists of parallel interference fingers in the presence of a moving noise source. As a result, the 2D hologram contains focal points located on a straight line, and the angular distribution of the holograms has the main extreme value. It is shown in the paper that the holographic signal-processing method allows detecting the source, estimating the source bearing, and filtering the useful signal from the noise. The results of the source detection, source bearing estimation, and noise filtering are presented within the framework of experimental data processing and numerical modeling.

Bioanalysis of Stress Biomarkers through Sensitive HILIC-MS/MS Method: A Stride toward Accurate Quantification of MDA, ACR, and CTA.

Quantifying reactive aldehyde biomarkers, such as malondialdehyde, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde, is the most preferred approach to determine oxidative stress. However, reported analytical methods lack specificity for accurately quantifying these aldehydes as certain methodologies may produce false positive results due to harsh experimental conditions. Thus, in this research work, a novel HILIC-MS/MS method with endogenous histidine derivatization is developed, which proves to have higher specificity and reproducibility in quantifying these aldehydes from the biological matrix. To overcome the reactivity of aldehyde, endogenous histidine is used for its derivatization. The generated adduct is orthogonally characterized by NMR and LC-HRMS. The method employed a hydrophilic HILIC column and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) to accurately quantify these reactive aldehydes. The developed method is an unequivocal solution for quantifying stress in in vivo and in vitro studies.

Early age structural build-up and pore stability in raw foam at ambient conditions: Implications for the final properties of glass-ceramic foam

Alkali activation followed by foaming techniques is an effective method for glass-ceramic foam development where early-age reactions in the alkali-activated precursors and the foaming reaction happen simultaneously. Therefore, this early reaction stage must be clearly understood to control the pore characteristic in the glass-ceramic foams. However, correlations between early-age structural build-up and foaming stability and their consequences on the final properties of the sintered glass-ceramic foams have not been investigated. This research aims to examine this relationship. 80–95 wt % of waste glass and 5–20 wt % of slag were used as alkali-activated precursors in this research. Using the alkali activation and combined foaming technique, the raw glass foam was developed and hardened at ambient conditions. The early-age reactivity and structural build-up of the binder and foamed suspension were studied through the rheological parameter and chemical structure analysis over the hardening period. During the hardening process, the percolation effect and development of reaction gels contribute to network formation and stability of the foamed suspension. As the hardening time increases, the matrix strengthens, and the pores stabilise through crosslinking of the gels. After hardening, the raw glass foams were sintered and their properties were evaluated and correlated with early-age structural build-up in fresh glass foam. This study demonstrates that the early-age interaction during matrix development and the foaming process controls the pore stability, connected pore volume, and strength of the final glass-ceramic foams. By understanding these parameters, the properties and pore stability in final glass-ceramic foams can be controlled effectively.

Development Of Smart App Creator 3 (SAC) Learning Media In Learning History To Increase Students' Interest In Learning At Senior High School 3 Magelang

This research has: 1) the purpose of developing history learning media using the Smart App Creator 3 (SAC) application; and 2) to determine the feasibility of learning media using the Smart App Creator 3 (SAC) application. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method using the Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluate (ADDIE) model. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 3 Magelang. The small group test subjects were 34 students, while the large group test subjects were 108 students. Data analysis used qualitative data (observation and interview) and quantitative data (questionnaire). The results of product development have produced history learning media based on the Smart App Creator 3 (SAC) application. The product was assessed by material experts and media experts with a score of 94 and 103 included in the criteria of good/worthy of use and the results of the large group trial scored 86 in high criteria so that the media is suitable for use in learning History at SMA Negeri 3 Magelang.

Clinical Prediction Models for Prognosis of Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Comprehensive Review of Regression-Based and Machine Learning Models.

Colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is a disease entity that warrants special attention due to its high frequency and potential curability. Identification of "high-risk" patients is increasingly popular for risk stratification and personalization of the management pathway. Traditional regression-based methods have been used to derive prediction models for these patients, and lately, focus has shifted to artificial intelligence-based models, with employment of variable supervised and unsupervised techniques. Multiple endpoints, like overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and development or recurrence of postoperative complications have all been used as outcomes in these studies. This review provides an extensive overview of available clinical prediction models focusing on the prognosis of CRLM and highlights the different predictor types incorporated in each model. An overview of the modelling strategies and the outcomes chosen is provided. Specific patient and treatment characteristics included in the models are discussed in detail. Model development and validation methods are presented and critically appraised, and model performance is assessed within a proposed framework.

Engineering Styrene Oxide Isomerase Towards Enhanced Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of (<i>S</i>)‐Flurbiprofen

The conventional synthesis of (<i>S</i>)‐flurbiprofen, a valuable non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), involves inefficient chiral resolution with low‐yielding multiple reaction steps, or asymmetric synthesis with low enantioselectivity and/or regioselectivity. Here, we developed high‐yielding, enantioselective, and sustainable synthesis of (<i>S</i>)‐flurbiprofen via two chemoenzymatic approaches from a simple alkene: (A) enzymatic epoxidation‐isomerization‐oxidation cascade and Pd‐catalyzed arylation; and (B) chemical epoxidation, enzymatic isomerization‐oxidation cascade, and Pd‐catalyzed arylation. Styrene oxide isomerase (SOI)‐catalyzed enantio‐retentive Meinwald rearrangement was the key step in the two pathways, but SOI suffers from low activity. SOI was engineered via two rounds of iterative saturation mutagenesis and screening with a three‐enzyme cascade assay, generating a double‐mutant SOI<sub>DM</sub> (N99A/D95A) with 5.5‐fold improvement in catalytic efficiency (<i>k</i><sub>cat</sub>/<i>K</i><sub>M</sub>). In Pathway A, cascade biotransformation of 3‐fluoro‐4‐bromo‐α‐methylstyrene with engineered <i>E. coli</i> strain expressing SOI<sub>DM</sub>, styrene monooxygenase (SMO) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and subsequent Pd‐catalyzed arylation afforded (S)‐flurbiprofen in 98% yield and 91% <i>ee</i>. In Pathway B, chemical epoxidation (Sharpless dihydroxylation and ring‐closing), cascade conversion using an engineered <i>E. coli</i> strain expressing SOI<sub>DM</sub>, ALDH and NADH oxidase (NOX), and Pd‐catalyzed arylation produced (<i>S</i>)‐flurbiprofen in 83% yield and 98% <i>ee</i>. Compared to conventional synthesis, the developed methods reduced reaction steps, minimized waste generation and improved enantioselectivity or overall yield.

NADES extraction, UHPLC-ELSD-based quantification, and network pharmacology-guided target identification of fourteen specialised metabolites from Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don.

Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don is a folk medicinal herb rich in structurally diverse steroidal saponins. The annual demand for this herb in India is about 200-500 metric tons, highlighting the need for a thorough quality assessment. The objective of this study is to develop an easy and reliable ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (UHPLC-ELSD)-based quality assessment method with 14 specialised metabolites of T. govanianum and identify the potential targets of this herb using network pharmacology. A UHPLC-ELSD method was developed and validated with 14 markers of T. govanianum. The developed method and natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-assisted extraction were utilised for the recovery enhancement study of targeted specialised metabolites from rhizome samples (collected from five geographically distinct areas). In addition, the network pharmacology approach was performed for these 14 markers to predict the plausible biological targets of T. govanianum. The developed method showed good linearity (r2: 0.940-0.998), limit of detection (LOD) (2.4-9.0μg), limit of quantification (LOQ) (7.92-29.7μg), precision (intra-day relative standard deviations [RSDs] 0.77%-1.96% and inter-day RSDs 2.19-4.97%), and accuracy (83.24%-118.90%). NADES sample TG-1* showed the highest recovery (yield: 167.66 ± 4.39 mg/g of dry weight) of total saponin content (TSC) as compared to its hydroethanolic extract (yield: 103.95 ± 5.36 mg/g of dry weight). Sample TG-1* was the most favourable (yield: 167.66 ± 4.39 mg/g) in terms of TSC as compared to other analysed samples (32.68 ± 1.04-88.22 ± 6.79 mg/g). Govanoside D (yield: 3.43-28.06 mg/g), 22β-hydroxyprotodioscin (yield: 3.22-114.79 mg/g), and dioscin (yield: 1.07-20.82 mg/g) were quantified as the major metabolites. Furthermore, network pharmacology analysis of targeted 14 markers indicated that these molecules could be possible therapeutic agents for managing neuralgia, diabetes mellitus, and hyperalgesia. The current study represents the first report for the simultaneous quantification and a network pharmacology-based analysis of 14 chemical marker compounds isolated from T. govanianum.

Literature Review: Study of the Use of Interactive Multimedia in Mathematics and Natural Sciences Learning in Indonesia

The use of information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching has become an important issue in recent years in order to improve the quality of education. One use of ICT is as a learning tool, namely in the form of interactive multimedia. Learning using interactive multimedia develops on the basis of conventional learning which cannot meet students' learning needs. This interactive multimedia can be a supplement and complement to learning which represents learning resources. Interactive multimedia is multimedia that is equipped with a controller that can be operated by the user, so that the user can choose what they want for the next process. Interactive multimedia has been widely created and used in Mathematics and Natural Sciences learning in Indonesia. In this paper, a literature review study will be carried out on the use of interactive multimedia in learning in the fields of mathematics and natural sciences, to see developments, development methods, weaknesses and the results that have been achieved. On this occasion, the author provides observation results based on evidence through a literature review regarding the extent of multimedia use in learning, especially in the field of exact sciences such as mathematics and natural sciences.

Establishment of rapid extraction and sensitive detection system of trace corn syrup DNA in honey

Honey adulteration with exogenous syrup has become a common phenomenon, and current detection techniques that require large instruments are cumbersome and time-consuming. In this study, a simple and efficient method was developed by integrating the rapid extraction of nucleic acids (REMD) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), known as REMD-RPA, for the rapid screening of syrup adulteration in honey. First, a rapid extraction method was developed to rapidly extract corn syrup DNA in five minutes to meet the requirements of PCR and RPA assays. Then, the RPA method for detecting endogenous maize genes (ZssIIb) was established, which could detect 12 copies/μL of the endogenous maize gene within 30 min without cross-reacting with other plant-derived genes. This indicated that the RPA technique exhibited high sensitivity and specificity. Finally, the REMD-RPA detection platform was used to detect different concentrations of corn syrup adulteration, and 1 % adulteration could be detected within 30 min. The 22 commercially available samples were tested to validate the efficacy of this method, and the established RPA was able to detect seven adulterated samples in less than 30 min. Overall, the developed method is rapid, sensitive, and specific, providing technical support for the rapid field detection of honey adulteration and can serve as a reference for developing other field test methods.

Simultaneous Determination of Selected Steroids with Neuroactive Effects in Human Serum by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Neuroactive steroids are a group of steroid molecules that are involved in the regulation of functions of the nervous system. The nervous system is not only the site of their action, but their biosynthesis can also occur there. Neuroactive steroid levels depend not only on the physiological state of an individual (person's sex, age, diurnal variation, etc.), but they are also affected by various pathological processes in the nervous system (some neurological and psychiatric diseases or injuries), and new knowledge can be gained by monitoring these processes. The aim of our research was to develop and validate a comprehensive method for the simultaneous determination of selected steroids with neuroactive effects in human serum. The developed method enables high throughput and a sensitive quantitative analysis of nine neuroactive steroid substances (pregnenolone, progesterone, 5α-dihydroprogesterone, allopregnanolone, testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and epiandrosterone) in 150 μL of human serum by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The correlation coefficients above 0.999 indicated that the developed analytical procedure was linear in the range of 0.90 nmol/L to 28.46 μmol/L in human serum. The accuracy and precision of the method for all analytes ranged from 83 to 118% and from 0.9 to 14.1%, respectively. This described method could contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of various diseases. Similarly, it can also be helpful in the search for new biomarkers and diagnostic options or therapeutic approaches.

A specific and sensitive GC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of 2-phenoxyethanol and selected metabolites in human blood and urine.

2-Phenoxyethanol (PhE) is widely used as a preservative in consumer products such as cosmetics as well as at the workplace as a component of metal-working fluids and hydraulic fluids. Therefore, both industry workers and consumers may potentially be exposed to PhE. An analytical method for the quantification of PhE and three selected metabolites, namely phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA), 4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid (4-OH-PhAA), and 4-hydroxyphenoxyethanol (4-OH-PhE) in human urine and blood was developed and validated. The sample preparation includes enzymatic hydrolysis of urine samples or protein precipitation of blood samples, followed by liquid-liquid extraction and silylation of the target analytes. Analyses of the extracts were carried out by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). 3,4-Hydroxyphenoxyethanol, a probably minor PhE metabolite could not reliable be analyzed due to its instability. The limits of quantification (LOQ) of the analytes ranged between 0.5 and 6.1 μg/L and 2.0 and 3.9 μg/L in urine and blood, respectively. The method was successfully applied to spot urine samples of 50 individuals without occupational exposure to PhE and additionally to blood samples from seven volunteers. In urine, PhAA and 4-OH-PhAA could be quantified in all analyzed samples, whereas 4-OH-PhE and unchanged PhE were found in 36 % and 32 % of the samples, respectively. In blood, PhAA was also found in every sample in levels above the LOQ, whereas PhE itself was detected in three of seven samples only. Neither 4-OH-PhAA nor 4-OH-PhE were found in any of the analyzed blood samples. The developed method promises to be a valuable tool for PhE monitoring of urine and blood samples and may also enable an advanced investigation of PhE biotransformation pathways in humans.

Renewal of the regression model for normalization of specific energy consumption

Purpose. To develop a method of updating the regression model for the normalization of specific energy consumption in the presence of frequent and significant changes in the energy efficiency of the production process. Methodology. Analysis of existing methods of updating regression models, comparison of their possibilities, and synthesis of the method of updating the model in conditions of frequent and significant changes in the energy efficiency of the production process. Findings. It was established that in the presence of a significant number of possible variants of structural and mode changes in the energy consumption of the control object, the introduction of associated variables into the regression model is problematic, as it requires an increase in the number of experimental data in conditions of their expected heterogeneity. The flaw of the well-known regression model for normalizing the power consumption of the object of control is revealed, which consists of the fact that the model does not take into account the last values in the sequence of their appearance of experimental data obtained in the process of energy efficiency control. This reduces the accuracy of predicted energy consumption values. It is proposed to update the regression model every time after performing the energy efficiency control and sample adjustment. Adjustments are implemented by checking the homogeneity of the obtained experimental data, followed by their addition to the elements of the existing sample and removal (if necessary) from the sample of outdated data. The defined sequence of adjustment of the initial data allows timely updating of the model and implementation of the forecast of specific energy consumption, entering data reflecting the latest changes that occurred in the facility's energy supply. The proposed method of updating the model implements the approximation in time of the moment of energy efficiency control to the moment of obtaining experimental data for building a regression dependence for normalizing energy consumption values. This helps to increase the accuracy of the forecast of normalized values. A significant change in the conditions of production of products with a violation of the homogeneity of data is accompanied by a transition to the transitional mode of adjustment, where it is proposed to reduce the number of elements of the existing sample, ensuring the sequential removal of the elements furthest from the next moment of control. Extraction continues until data homogeneity is achieved. During the daily control of the efficiency of electricity consumption, the change in the values of the regression model coefficients in the process of its renewal reflects the changes in the object's electricity consumption that occurred over the last day. This allows you to separate their impact from the impact of changes that occurred earlier and to assess the level of this impact. Originality. For the first time, the shortcomings of the existing methods of updating regression models in the conditions of frequent and significant changes in the energy efficiency of the production process were identified. A method of updating the model under these conditions has been developed, which involves adjusting the sample of experimental data by changing the number of its elements and checking the homogeneity of the data. Practical value is that the sequence of actions during the implementation of the developed method of updating the regression model is defined, which allows for an increase in the accuracy of calculating the normalized values of specific energy consumption.