Methanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Pharmacognostic Profile and Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of Jatropha Tanjorensis Linn (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats

Background: Jatropha tanjorensis has been used traditionally for the treatment of a variety of diseases, these include; renal problem, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, inflammation and in moderate depression. The pharmacognostic standardization of it’s can be used in the development of it’s monograph. Diabetes mellitus is disease that is responsible for millions of death yearly. Over the years, efforts have been made in the discovery of new bioactive compounds with Antidiabetic activity
 Objective: The objective of the study was to establish the pharmacognostic profile and anti-hyperglycemic activity of methanol leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats.
 Methods: The phytochemical analysis, pharmacognostic profile and acute toxicity study were done using standard methods. The anti-hyperglycemic activity of the methanol leaf extract of J. tanjorensis was investigated by using normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats for acute and sub-acute studies.
 Results: Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, saponins and tannins. The moisture content obtained was 5.67% w/w. The total ash value was 8.39%w/w, acid-insoluble ash value was 0.72% w/w and water-soluble ash value was 3.91% w/w. There was no mortality or any signs of behavioral changes or toxicity observed after oral administration of Jatropha tanjorensis up to the dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight in mice. The sub-acute anti-hyperglycemic study was carried out for 14days, there was a significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic effect of the methanol leaf extract of J. tanjorensis of 11.76, 55.51 and 77.65% blood glucose level reduction for 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, when compared with the negative control (- 23.18 %)and 67.29 % for positive control; Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg)which has less activity.
 Conclusion: From this study, it shows that J. tanjorensis leaf have anti-hyperglycemic property, which could justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The Pharmacognostic profile can be used for a monograph of the plant for its proper identification and quality control.

Phytochemical analysis of Different extract of Hyptis suaveolens(L.)Poit

Aromatic plants are the basin of secondary metabolites that are accountable for the plants medicinal efficacy and major origin of aromatic compound and essential oils. Now days due to richness of bioactive elements in plants they play a crucial role in production of enormously increasing herbal product. In the present study Hyptis suaveolens (L.)Poit from Mahodari ghat region were analysed for secondary metabolites by using plant parts (roots, leaves, stem and seed) and by using range of solvent from polar to non-polar. Many of different phytochemical Glycosides, Terpenoids, tannins, Flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, phlobatannins and phytosterols were found in methanolic extract of leaf and stem, seeds. While extract of hexane, Petroleum ether and chloroform exhibits presence of some of them. Obtained results show importance of biological active molecules for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. 
 Keywords Phytochemical, Secondary metabolites, bioactive compound

Phytochemical, analgesic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of <i>Calotropis procera</i> (apple of Sodom) leaves

With the emergence of new drug resistant microorganisms and current anti-oxidative drugs, many medicinal plants will continue to be the best source of drugs which could be administered as herbal supplements. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and analgesic activities of Calotropis procera leaf (methanol extract). Antimicrobial activities was carried out against selected clinical isolates by agar well diffusion method. The anti-oxidative activities of the extracts were determined by means of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenol, carbohydrate, steroids and triterpenes. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most susceptible bacteria at 500 mg/ml with inhibition zone of 17 mm followed by Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus aureus with 14 mm and MIC of 31.25 mg/ml each. The extract demonstrated dose-dependent varying degrees of anti-oxidative efficacy in the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays. For the DPPH assay, IC50 values of 115.2 μg/mL. The analgesic effects observed at 20 mg/kg more than that of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg of the extract. The results showed that Calotropis procera leaf extract possess compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant as well as analgesic properties. The findings will add value to the traditional uses of Calotropis procera leaves and conservation is necessary due to the significant medicinal properties demonstrated by the plant. Further research on isolation and characterization of the active compounds from fractions that showed antimicrobial and analgesic activities is recommended.

Phytochemical screenings and evaluations of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanolic leaf extract of Senna auriculata (L). Roxb

The current study examineed the "Phytochemical contents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanolic leaf extract of S. auriculata". Methanol was used to extract a leaf sample from a plant. The phytoconstituents and functional groups in the leaf extract had been investigated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. Concurrently, the agar well-plate method was used to assess antimicrobial activity against ten bacterial strains. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), reducing power activity, phosphomolybdenum activity, hydrogen peroxide activity, and nitric oxide inhibitory activity were employed to assess antioxidant activity. Carbohydrates, protein, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids were found in the phytochemical analysis. The GC-MS study of the leaf extract revealed the presence of 13 major bioactive substances with antimicrobial, free radical scavenging, and anticancer properties. The appearance of distinctive peak values with various functional groups, such as alcohol, alkanes, aromatic, esters, and amines, was indicated by the FTIR result. The leaf extract exhibited a potent antibacterial effect against all pathogens tested. The highest activity against A. hydrophila (15±0.6 mm) was found at a 100 µg/mL concentration. The antioxidant properties of leaf extract increased as concentration was increased. The leaf extract contains 108.13 mg GAE/g and 61.25 mg RE/g of phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively. Finally, the methanolic leaf extract of S. auriculata was found to have powerful antibacterial and antioxidant features and could be a valuable source of natural compounds for creating new medications. Although S. auriculata has been extensively studied for its antibacterial activity against pathogenic organisms, the findings showed that it is also effective against the fish pathogen A. hydrophila. More investigation is required to find and identify the biologically active compounds responsible for the plant’s antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Intra-specific pharmacognostic biochemical screening of various populations of Clitoria ternatea L. using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry product ion scanning (LC-MS2 PIS)

Purpose of the researchWhile many inferences have been made about the low degree of genetic variation among intra specific populations of Clitoria ternatea L. (CT), pharmacognostic biochemical investigations using tandem mass spectrometry have never been conducted. Methanol leaf extract of Clitoria ternatea L., populations collected from 13 different agro-climatic zones of India was assessed for identification and characterization of targeted nootropic metabolites, using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry product ion scanning (LC-MS2 PIS). Based on the RI values derived from LC-MS2 (PIS) superior population(s), in terms of the presence of the presence of nootropic metabolites, were identified. The intra-specific correlation among different populations, was analyzed through PCA (principal component analysis), scree plot, correlation matrix and hierarchical cluster analysis. Principal resultsThe targeted mass spectrum obtained by tandem mass spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of acetylcholine, choline, caffeic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol and D-L valine mass fragments in the leaf of CT. These mass groups are belonging to four classes viz., phenols, flavonoids, neurotransmitters and amino acids. Based on the high degree of relative intensities of targeted nootropic metabolites, the Odisha population, collected from Cuttack, outperformed the rest of twelve populations. Correlation matrix data also revealed that populations habituated in similar climatic conditions show significant correlation with each other. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified the 13 populations in two groups. The first group contained 11 populations and the second group is restrained into two populations; one from Cuttack, Odisha and second one from Udaipur, Rajasthan. Major conclusionThis is the first report to identify the superior population of Clitoria ternatea L. across India, through multivariate statistical analysis of LC-MS2(PIS) for gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, D-L-valine, acetylcholine, and choline. Even though earlier studies reported an enhancement of acetylcholine content in the central nervous system. The present work may explain that the plant is a producer of acetylcholine and choline itself so it can directly affect the memory and cognition of the brain. Simultaneously, the study confirms the presence of abovementioned seven nootropic metabolites in the leaf of CT. The Odisha population (collected from Cuttack) transcends over all other 12 populations, with highest RI values of seven nootropic metabolites. According to hierarchical cluster analysis, two populations, viz., the one collected from Cuttack, Odisha and the other collected from Udaipur, Rajasthan were distantly clustered from other eleven populations. Hence, both these populations should be given priority for pharmaceutical supply and value chain management systems.

Evaluation of Phenolic Content, Anti-oxidant and modulation of blood indices of Pavetta crassipes

IntroductionPavetta crassipes is a medicinal plant with various documented biological activities. It has a folkloric use as an anti-viral therapy and pharmacologically documented anti-microbial activity. However, its immune modulatory property has not been explored. The study is designed to evaluate the phytochemical profile as well as the anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory potential of the methanol extract of Pavetta crassipes leaf. Methodology In vitro antioxidants activity was determined by nitric oxide inhibitory assay. phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract was also determined. The immunomodulatory activity was evaluated using cyclophosphamide induced immunomodulation model in mice. Phytochemical evaluation of leaf extract was done using HPLC analyses. Results were expressed as the mean ± SEM, IC50 value for the antioxidant activity was determined, One-way ANOVA was used for differences in mean followed by Dunnett’s test for multiple comparison for the immunomodulatory activity. To test for level of significance, P< 0.05 was considered significant. ResultsThe extract had phenolic and flavonoid contents of 17.6 ±0.1 mg/GAE/g and 8.4 ± 0.3 mg/QE/g respectively. The extract also showed nitric oxide inhibitory antioxidant activity with IC50 of 2.3± 0.4 while gallic and ascorbic acid had IC50 of 1.6 ±0.1 and 8.0 ±0.6 respectively. P. crassipes leaf extract indicated a significant (p<0.05) countering influence to cyclophosphamide induced decrease in total white blood count, differential leucocyte counts and red blood count. HPLC analysis indicated the presence of phenolic compounds such a rutin, quercetin and chlorogenic acid. ConclusionThe phytochemical profile, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of the methanol extract of P. crassipes leaf as evaluated in this study corroborates and justifies its folkloric use.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDY (IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO) AND HPTLC DENSITOMERIC DETERMINATION OF QUERCETIN FROM METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF HOTTUYNIA CORDATA THUNB. FROM MIZORAM, INDIA

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. from Mizoram, India, using in-vitro and in-vivo models. In addition, the study also aimed to determine the quercetin content of the methanolic leaf extract using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) densitometry. Methods: The methanolic leaf extract of H. cordata was prepared using successive Soxhlet extraction, and its anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using in-vitro models such as inhibition of protein denaturation and inhibition of proteinase activity. The in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The quercetin content of the extract was determined using HPTLC densitometry. Results: The methanolic leaf extract of H. cordata showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. The extract exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation and proteinase activity and also significantly reduced paw edema in the rat model. The IC50 values of egg albumin and bovine serum albumin denaturation studies were 317.365 μg/mL and 198.918 μg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the methanolic leaf extract of the plant was 200 mg/kg b.w. and 400 mg/kg b.w., which considerably reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema, and their effects were comparable to those of the standard diclofenac sodium. The HPTLC densitometry analysis revealed the presence of quercetin in the extract, with a quercetin content of 21.8 ng/μL. Conclusion: The methanolic leaf extract of H. cordata Thunb. from Mizoram, India demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. The presence of quercetin in the extract may contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties. These findings provide scientific evidence for the traditional use of H. cordata as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Evaluation of gamma irradiation on medicinal plants for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic acid

The aim of this study is to assess how gamma irradiation affects the chemical profiles of medicinal plants. Two different forms; methanol leaf extracts and dried leaves, of the three medicinal plants were investigated. Utilising FTIR, HPLC, and LCMS techniques, the qualitative measurement of gallic acid (GA) in three different medicinal plants for both plant extract and dried plant before and after the gamma radiation treatment was carried out. In the meantime, HPLC has been used to do a quantitative analysis of GA in these plants in order to show the percentage concentration of phenolic acid. For these medicinal herbs, the FTIR study revealed that both plant extract and dried plant had comparable functional groups both before and after gamma radiation therapy. The chromatogram of the HPLC profile for these medicinal plants was similar in chemical constituents before and after gamma irradiation, but the samples that were treated with gamma irradiation had a slight increase in intensity (between 0.0002-0.0009 Au). Additionally, gamma irradiation at levels of 6-12 kGy and 9-13 kGy caused the mass peak of GA to deteriorate in mass spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, the percentage concentration of GA increased significantly as the gamma radiation dose increased for both forms.

HPLC Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Methanol Extract of the Leaves of Triumfetta cordifolia A. Rich. (Malvaceae) Available in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Triumfetta cordifolia is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, however, the aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves have not been explored scientifically to confirm this ethno-medicinal claim using animal model. In this study, aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves was tested for its anti- inflammatory properties and the profiling of flavonoid components using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy was performed utilizing a rat model of formalin-induced paw edema. The extract's anti-inflammatory effectiveness against formalin-induced paw edema revealed notable anti-inflammatory effects. The percentage inhibition of the extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg with 10.69% inhibition was comparable to the standard drug aspirin with 10.69% inhibition while the dose of 100 and 250 mg/kg has higher percentage inhibition (13.58%) in comparison with the standard drug aspirin (10.69%) at same time interval all in the curative measure. The major flavonoid compounds from the HPLC analysis include kaempferol, quercitrin, (+) - catechin, luteolin, quercetin, myricetin, hesperidin, narigin, apigenin and rutin. Thus, it can be suggested that the high content of flavonoids may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activities exhibited by the methanol extract of T. cordifolia. Therefore, the results obtained in this study shows that the methanol leaf extract of T. cordifloia possess potent anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammation.

Comparison of Phytochemical Composition, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activities of Extracts from Three Organs of Pistacia lentiscus from Saudi Arabia.

This in vitro study focused on the antimicrobial activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of three organs (stems, roots, and leaves) of Pistacia lentiscus against nine bacterial species, two fungal, and one yeast strain. A comparative study of the yield, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) composition, and polyphenol content of the different extracts was conducted. The obtained data showed that the yield of the methanolic extracts (between 13% and 33.3%) was greater than that of the aqueous extracts (between 10% and 18%). The highest yield recorded was in the presence of the methanolic leaf extract, followed by the stem and root extracts. Methanolic extracts are richer in polyphenols than aqueous extracts. Indeed, the highest content was observed in the leaf methanolic extract (28.4 mg GAE/g), followed by the stem (2.96 mg GAE/g), and then the root (2.62 mg GAE/g). HPLC revealed variability in the chemical compositions of the different methanolic extracts. The leaf extract was richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than the stem and root extracts. Regarding antimicrobial activity, it was concluded that the different methanolic extracts of lentisk were more active than the aqueous extracts. In addition, the different methanolic extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested strains, despite their morphology and Gram-staining. Indeed, the maximum inhibition zones and the minimum inhibitory concentrations for the bacterial strains sensitive to the different methanolic extracts of the mastic tree were in the range of 7 to 11 mm and 12.5 to 25 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, these extracts showed greater inhibitory activity against the tested fungal strains (A. niger and A. flavus) and yeast (C. albicans) than against the bacterial strains. These extracts can be used to treat antimicrobial infections and as food preservatives.

In vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects of Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Annona muricata on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-15 Cell Lines and its Effect On Expression of Bcl 2-associated X protein, B-cell C/Lymphoma 2 and p53 Genes

Abstract Background: Due to their wide spectrum of phytochemical components and lack of side effects, the use of plants for the prevention and treatment of cancer has recently attracted increased attention. One among them is Annona muricata, commonly called soursop. According to recent investigations, several types of cancer have been successfully treated using this plant’s extracts. However, studies on oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are very limited. Aim: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxic potential of leaf extract of A. muricata (LEAM) against oral tongue SCC-15 cell lines, using in vitro assays. Materials and Methods: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dipenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed to assess cytotoxic activity, and the apoptotic effect was determined using gene expression analyses of Bcl 2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell C/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and tumor-suppressor phosphoprotein (p53). Results: Significant cytotoxicity (P ≤ 0.05) with a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 40 μg/ml was observed with the LEAM on SCC-15 cell lines. A highly significant decrease was observed in Bcl-2 gene expression (P < 0.05), whereas p53 and BAX genes revealed a highly significant increase (P < 0.05) when SCC-15 cell lines were treated with LEAM in the study group compared to the control. Conclusion: These results show that LEAM has the potential for development as a therapeutic agent for cytotoxicity, particularly on oral SCC cells, following further investigation.

GC-MS Profiling of Bioactive Compounds of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Tephrosia Strigosa (Dalzell) Santapau & Maheshw. of Indian Thar Desert

GC-MS Profiling of Bioactive Compounds of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Tephrosia Strigosa (Dalzell) Santapau & Maheshw. of Indian Thar Desert

Quantitative Estimation of Quercetin of Some Selected Edible Plants of West Bengal by High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography Densitometry Method

ABSTRACT Introduction: Quercetin is a polyphenol, widely found in most edible fruits and vegetables. This plant pigment provides cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, asthma, and many more health benefits. Objective: The aim of this study is to quantify the quercetin by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method from the methanolic leaf extracts of three edible plants of Bengal, viz., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L., Oxalis corniculata L., and Polygonum plebeium R.Br. Materials and Methods: HPTLC was carried out on aluminum-backed plate precoated with silica gel 60 F254, using the solvent system of toluene, ethyl acetate, formic acid, and methanol (5.5:3:1:0.5 v/v/v/v). The method validation was done according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines in terms of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, and specificity. Results: The desired compound was well separated using the solvent system toluene, ethyl acetate, formic acid, and methanol (5.5:3:1:0.5 v/v/v/v) which gave a sharp and well-defined band with Rf 0.60 for quercetin. The calibration curves showed a good linear correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.9774). The linearity range was found to be 20–100 (μg/spot). Among the selected plants, the highest amount of quercetin was found in the leaf extracts of O. corniculata L. (220.035 ± 0.06 mg/100 g) and the lowest for N. arbor-tristis L. (31.253 ± 0.99 mg/100 g). Conclusion: The proposed HPTLC method for quercetin estimation was found to be simple, cost-effective, precise, and accurate and can be used for the quality control of plant material. O. corniculata L. was found to be a potent source of quercetin as it possesses a decent amount of quercetin.

Antibacterial activity of methanol leaf extract and fruit decoction from Morinda persicifolia Buch. – Ham

The study investigated antibacterial potentials of Morinda persicifolia Buch. – Ham collected from Lang Sen Wetland Reserve, Long An Province in Vietnam. Antimicrobial activity of M. persicifolia Buch. – Ham was evaluated based on size of antibacterial zone of methanol leaf extract by agar well diffusion method, values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by micro-well dilution method, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by spread plate method and MBC/MIC ratios of fruit decoction against five test bacteria. The results showed that the methanol leaf extract produced growth inhibition zones against test bacteria with diameters of smaller than 6 mm (2.41 mm -5.63 mm). The fruit decoction had MIC of 100 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa and 200 mg/mL for B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli; and MBC about 300 mg/mL to B. cereus and E. coli and 400 mg/mL to B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. MBC/MIC ratios of the fruit decoction against test bacteria were from 1.5 to 4. Thus, the methanol leaf extract was considered antibacterial at weak level and the fruit decoction was considered bactericidal.

Evaluation of Safety Profile of Costus Pictus D Don Methanolic Leaf Extract on Albino Wistar Rats

With the emerging trend of preferring naturopathy over modern medicine, common people are in more danger when consuming natural plant products without the knowledge of the toxic agents present in them. Aim and Objective: To evaluate the safety of methanolic leaf extract of Costus pictus D Don on albino Wistar rats. Methodology: The current study was designed strictly based on the organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD) guideline 423 for acute toxicity study to determine LD50 and guideline 407 for sub-acute toxicity study for hazard identification and risk assessment of the test solution. Methanolic leaf extract was prepared by soxhlation. 12 animals (each 12-week-old nulliparous, non-pregnant female Wistar rats with a mean weight of 142 ± 2 g), 3 per step were used for the acute toxicity study. The test was initiated with a single test dose of 300 mg/kg BW on three animals and continued till 2000 mg/kg BW. After ingesting the test dose each animal was observed individually for the first 4 hours and later every day for 2 weeks for signs of toxicity. For the sub-acute toxicity study, 30 adult Wistar rats (each 16-week-old rat weighing 250±12g) were randomized into 3 groups (1 control and 2 study groups) of 10 each consisting of five males and 5 females. Animals in the control group received 1% Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at a dose of 10 ml/kg BW whereas the animals in the study group received 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW) of the extract respectively for 28 days. Later, all the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were studied for hematological and biochemical changes. Results: The lethal dose of Costus pictus D Don methanolic leaf extract was fixed as more than 2000 mg/kg Body weight. No obvious change was observed in feeding habits, weight, hematology, biochemical parameters, and histopathology. Conclusion: Methanolic leaf extract of Costus pictus D Don was observed to be absolutely safe when given orally in albino Wistar rats.

<em>In-vitro</em> wound healing potential of <em>Ziziphus oenoplia</em> (L.) Miller

Non-healing wounds are a global health problem. Substances that enhance cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and prevention of bacterial infections accelerate the wound healing process. In this study, the wound healing potential of Ziziphus oenoplia, is investigated for its ability in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and antibacterial potential. The potential of cell proliferation enhancement (mean percent wound closure) and angiogenic response (mean vascular index) of hexanes, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of leaf and bark of Z. oenoplia were evaluated by scratch wound assay (SWA) using Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, respectively. The antibacterial activity of these extracts was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by disc diffusion method. Enhanced cell proliferation was shown by the hexanes, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and the hexanes extract of bark. An enhanced angiogenic response was shown by the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and the methanol and hexanes extracts of bark. Dichloromethane extract of both leaf and bark showed considerable antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa which is less susceptible to common antibiotics. SWA-directed fractionation of the hexanes extract of the leaf has resulted in the isolation and identification of an active fraction showing mean percent wound closure of 86.4% (positive control 90.2%) and mean vascular index of 34.5 (positive control 48.6). This fraction contained lupeol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, hexacosanol, and octacosanol. The present study provides supportive evidence for the potential of wound healing enhancement of leaf and bark extracts of Z. oenoplia.

Antibacterial and antibiotic potentiating capabilities of extracts isolated from Burkillanthus malaccensis, Diospyros hasseltii and Cleisthanthus bracteosus against human pathogenic bacteria.

Antibiotics which once a boon in medicine and saved millions of lives are now facing an ever-growing menace of antibacterial resistance, which desperately needs new antibacterial drugs which are innovative in chemistry and mode of action. For many years, the world has turned to natural plants with antibacterial properties to combat antibiotic resistance. On that basis, we aimed to identify plants with antibacterial and antibiotic potentiating properties. Seventeen different extracts of 3 plants namely Burkillanthus malaccensis, Diospyros hasseltii and Cleisthanthus bracteosus were tested against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Antibacterial activity of hexane, methanol and chloroform extracts of bark, seed, fruit, flesh and leaves from these plants were tested using, disk diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Antibiotic potentiating capabilities were tested using time-kill assay. B. malaccensis fruit chloroform extract showed the biggest zone of inhibition against MRSA (13.00±0.0 mm) but C. bracteosus bark methanol extract showed the biggest inhibition zone against MSSA (15.33±0.6 mm). Interestingly, bark methanol extract of C. bracteosus was active against MRSA (8.7±0.6 mm), MSSA (7.7±0.6 mm) (Gram-positive) and A. baumannii (7.7±0.6 mm) (Gram-negative). Overall, the leaf methanol and bark methanol extract of C. bracteosus warrants further investigation such as compound isolation and mechanism of action for validating its therapeutic use as antibiotic potentiator importantly against MRSA and A. baumannii.

Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of methanolic extract Combretum paniculatum Vent. in rats and mice using pylorus –ligation induced model

Combretum paniculatum (CP) vent is popularly used in traditional medicine to treat peptic ulcer disease. The anti-ulcer activities of 80% methanol leaf extract of CP was evaluated in rats and mice. The effects of CP extract on gastric ulcer in rats and mice in pylorus ligation –induced model was studied using varying concentrations (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight). Omeprazole (20mg/kg body weight) was used as the reference drug. Parameters such as volume, PH of gastric fluid, ulcer sore, percentage ulceration, percent inhibition of the ulcer sore, ulcer index and percent inhibition of ulcer index were determined. Histopathological study was also conducted. Data were analyzed using One-way analysis of variance followed by Tuckey’s post hoc test and P< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant as well as P< 0.01 as statistically highly significant. The oral median Lethal dose (LD50) was found to be greater than 2000mg/kg, phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides and steroids were found to be present while saponins were found to be absent. CP highly significantly (P<0.01) reduced gastric ulcer index by 49.6%, 62.4% and 87.6% , CP posseses both dose-dependent and time dependent anti-ulcer activities. This study validates the anti-ulcer pharmacological activities of this plant, further investigation should be carried out to isolate specific phytochemicals as well as authenticate the mechanisms of action responsible for these activities.

Evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of methanol leaf extract of Opilia celtidifolia diels (opiliaceae) in mice and chicks

Epilepsy affects 1% of the global population, with around 2.4 million new diagnoses annually. Approximately 80% of individuals with epilepsy reside in low- and middle-income countries, with a prevalence of 8.2 per 1000 in sub-Saharan Africa and 8 per 1000 in Nigeria. This study evaluated the anticonvulsant properties of methanol leaf extract of Opilia celtidifolia (MEC) in mice and chicks. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined in mice and chicks. The acute anticonvulsant properties of MEC were evaluated using pentylene tetrazole (PTZ), maximal electroshock (MES), strychnine, and picrotoxin-induced convulsions, while the chronic anticonvulsant effect was assessed through PTZ-induced kindling. The effects of MEC on cognition, coordination, motor deficits, sedation, and locomotion were assessed using the Y Maze, Beam Walking, and Open Field tests. The extract increased the mean percentage of survival and significantly delayed the mean onset of PTZ-induced seizure (p<0.05), strychnine-induced seizure (p<0.01), and picrotoxin-induced seizures (p<0.05) at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. However, the extract did not provide protection against MES-induced seizures. In the kindling model, the extract-treated mice exhibited a decrease in the seizure threshold, with an associated increase in oxidative stress. The extract treated mice showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in locomotor activity with apparent sedative effect but there was no obvious cognitive impairment in learning and memory, coordination or motor deficits. MEC is apparently non-toxic and possesses anticonvulsant activity against some animal models of epilepsy. It also exhibited decreased locomotor activity with apparent sedative effect in mice.

Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and qualitative phytochemical composition of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae)

Background: The high morbidity and mortality associated with microbial infections and the ineffectiveness of conventional antibiotics due to inappropriate use and resistance warrant alternative stratagems. Aim: We investigated the antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and qualitative phytochemical composition of the aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae) based on its ethnomedicinal information. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was investigated using the disk diffusion technique. The brine shrimp lethality assay method was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the study extracts on brine shrimp nauplii. Qualitative phytochemistry of the study extracts was performed using standard procedures. Results: The two extracts did not possess antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and were either inactive or slightly inactive against the other microbes at concentrations of ≤ 50 µg/ml. Notably, the aqueous extract exhibited high to very high activities against E. coli and S. aureus and very high to remarkable activities against B. cereus. The methanolic extract showed remarkable activity at concentrations of ≥200 µg/ml against E. coli, moderate to very high against S. aureus, high to very high against B. cereus, and moderate to high against C. albicans. The aqueous extract's minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 50 μg/ml (E. coli and B. cereus), 100 μg/ml (S. aureus), and 200 μg/ml (C. albicans). The minimum bactericidal concentration concentrations (MBCs) of the aqueous extract were 100 μg/ml (E. coli and B. cereus), 200 μg/ml (S. aureus), while the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for C. albicans was 400 μg/ml. The MICs of the methanolic extract were 25 μg/ml for E. coli, S. aureus, and B. cereus and 100 μg/ml for C. albicans, and the MBCs were 100 μg/ml for E. coli, S. aureus, and B. cereus, and the MFC for C. albicans was 200 μg/ml. The aqueous was non-toxic, while the methanolic extract was slightly toxic to brine shrimp nauplii, indicating their relative safety. Various phytochemicals were detected in the study extracts, depicting broad pharmacologic activity, including antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: The aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of P. peruviana may serve as a source of efficacious and safe novel antimicrobial agents upon further evaluation.