Methanol Extract Of Roots Research Articles

Isolation and Characterization of Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Benzene-1,2-Dicarboxylate from the Roots of Detarium microcarpum

The research aimed to Isolate the active constituent in methanolic root extract of Detarium microcarpum. The crude root extract of methanolic of Detarium microcarpum extracted with methanol by maceration method and concentrated to dryness. The crude methanol extract root of Detarium microcarpum yielded 9.65 % (w/w) while the partitioned portion yield of n-hexane 18.5 % (w/w) Chloroform 24.17 % (w/w), Ethyl acetate 5.2 % (w/w) and n-butanol 10.7 % (w/w) respectively. The phytochemical studies of the crude extract root of Detarium microcarpum and partitioned portion of ethyl acetate and n-butanol revealed the presence of carbohydrate, tannins, flavonoid, terpenoids, cardenolides, saponins and cardiac glycoside. The n-butanol partitioned portion of Detarium microcarpum was subjected to column chromatographic (CC). Fractions with similar retardation factor (Rf) were combined, coded and subsequently screened for phytochemicals. Fractions AIZ (B) gave the structure which was established using spectroscopic technique and characterized as Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate.

Antiulcer effects of the methanolic root extracts of Paulownia elongata on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats

Medicinal plants have been the basis of treatment of various diseases in African traditional medicine as well as other forms of treatment from diverse cultures of the world. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Antiulcer Effects of the Ethanol Root Extracts of Paulownia elongata on Indomethacin-Induced Peptic Ulcer in Male Albino Rats. A total of sixteen (20) male albino rats gotten from the HEMA animal Farm, Federal Housing Estate Bajabure Gerie, ulcer was induced by administration of indomethacin (30 mg/kg, orally, Clinical isolates of four bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium Bolulinum and Escherichia coli). The well method of the agar dilution was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts. Were used for the antibacterial evaluation, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used for phytochemical profiling. The study determined the phytochemical profile of methanol extracts of Paulownia elongate roots using GC-MS as displayed 20 chemical constituents, the antibacterial potential of the roots extract showed higher activity at 300 mg/kg/bwt with 18.12 + 0.9 mm on Salmonella typhi and at 400 mg/kg/bwt with inhibition rate 20.14+ 0.0 mm on Klebsiella pneumonia. The anti-ulcer potential was observed higher at 400 mg/kg/bwt in group 7 with potential of 87.71%. This activity of the crude roots extract was possible as a result of the chemical constituent observed. Thus this extract should be used as an agents to cutile diseases such as anti-microbials, anti-ulcer and well as diseases as cancer, HIV in the near feature with more research to isolate the active compounds.

Two new 30-norfriedelane triterpenes from Caloncoba glauca (P. Beauv.) Gilg (Achariaceae)

The chemical investigation of the methanolic root extract of Caloncoba glauca (P. Beauv.) Gilg exhibited two new 30-norfriedelane triterpenes, glaucalactones A and B (1–2), together with eight known compounds, caloncobalactone (3), friedelin (4), friedelanol (5), 3-oxo-friedelan-28-oic acid (6), stigmasterol (7), β-sitosterol (8), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9) and pentacosanoic acid (10). The structures of the isolates were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses (1D and 2D NMR, ESI-MS) and by comparison with previously reported data. All the compounds were tested for their antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial activities. Compound 1 displayed weak antibacterial effect with MIC value of 125 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherishia coli. Compound 6 exhibited moderated antifungal activity against Candida krusei with MIC value of 62.5 μg/mL. All the isolates were found to be inactive as antioxidants in the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays.

Aphrodisiac Potentials of Methanol Extract of Homalium letestui Root in Male Rats

Aims: In this study, the methanol extract of Homalium letestui root was investigated with a view to ascertaining the scientific basis for its ethnobotanical use, and establishing, if any, the mechanisms of its effects, as an aphrodisiac.
 Methodology: The crushed root of Homalium letestui was soaked in methanol for 72h and filtered with Whatman paper No.4; the extract was stored at -4oC. Mature male rats were divided into three groups (active, sluggish, and impotent) and administered with various doses of the extract. The rats were, thereafter, observed for the following: mount latency, intromission latency, ejaculation latency, post ejaculation latency, mount frequency, intromission frequency, erection frequency, and penile erection latency.
 Results: The result showed that the Homalium letestui root extract (n-butanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and aqueous fractions) caused and maintained erection in the subjects, and their effects on the rats were dose-dependent and statistically significant (p<0.05-0.001). In addition, the aphrodisiac properties of the Homalium letestui root may in part be predicated on the properties of its phytochemical constituents which include alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and cardiac glycosides.
 Conclusion: These findings, therefore, justify the Homalium letestui root’s folkloric use as a sexual performance enhancer and demonstrate that the plant possesses aphrodisiac properties.

Larvicidal activities of Cnidium officinale Makino extract encapsulated with cellulose nanocrystal-stabilized Pickering emulsion against Aedes albopictus Skuse, a vector of Zika virus

Phytochemicals extracted from plant structures are an appropriate alternative pesticide to prevent side effects from synthetic pesticides, such as environmental problems, direct damage to other organisms, and strong mutations. Since some phytochemicals with larvicidal activities against mosquito larvae have low surface tension, phytochemicals must be encapsulated with hydrophilic structures to be applied in the aqueous phase. Here, we suggest a phytochemical encapsulation method with sulfated cellulose nanocrystal (S-CNC) via Pickering emulsification. Before Pickering emulsification, 11 herbal plant extracts were studied for their larvicidal activities against Aedes albopictus Skuse to investigate a novel plant extract found in traditional medicine in Northeast Asian countries. Among them, Cnidium officinale Makino and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry exhibited outstanding larvicidal activity, and C. officinale showed approximately 1.9-fold higher larvicidal activity than S. aromaticum at the same concentration. After analysis of C. officinale root methanol extract (CoRM), we emulsified CoRM with various concentrations of S-CNC to improve the low solubility of CoRM to the aqueous phase. The colloidal stability of S-CNC-stabilized CoRM Pickering emulsion was examined in terms of phase behavior, droplet size distribution, rheological properties, surface tension, and zeta potential during storage. Then, we investigated the larvicidal activity of the Pickering emulsion, and Pickering emulsified CoRM showed 100% mortality at 0.125 mg mL−1 concentration against Ae. albopictus larvae. These results demonstrated that the Pickering emulsification with S-CNC can be utilized to encapsulate the larvicidal plant extracts, leading to improved management of insect-borne diseases.

Phytochemical screening of Zanthoxylum armatum roots and exploring its polyphenol content and antioxidant activity

The objective of the article is to investigate the chemical composition of Zanthoxylum armatum roots methanolic extract and to evaluate the polyphenol content and antioxidant potential. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA) techniques were used to characterize chemical composition of methanolic extract of roots. The GC-MS analysis extract resulted in the isolation of thirty-seven phytochemical constituents in methanol extracts. The root extracts were strongly characterized by 1-Propene, 2-nitro-3-(1-cyclooctenyl), (2E,4E)-N-Isobutyldodeca-2,4-dienamide, (+)- Seasmin and Paulowin. The phenolic composition of the root extract quantified by using HPLC revealed Ascorbic acid as most abundant polyphenol, followed by Gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Epigallocatechin gallate, Vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, while Caffeic acid was the recorded as least. In addition, root extract also showed the presence of antioxidant activity (DPPH Free radical scavenging, Metal Chelating and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Activity) and polyphenol content (Total Phenol, Flavonoid, and Tannin Content).

Characterization and active component identification of Premna herbacea roxb. root extract reveals anti-inflammatory effect and amelioration of imiquimod induced psoriasis via modulation of macrophage inflammatory response

Background1-2.88% of human populations are affected by psoriasis, one type of chronic inflammatory skin disease. Skin thickenings, erythema, scaling in skin are the most important symptoms of psoriasis. There are renewed interests amongst scientists in studying anti-inflammatory property of the plant extracts due to lower side effects and cost effectiveness. There are few reports suggesting anti-inflammatory activity of Premna herbacea roxb. but lacks systematic evaluation of these properties. MethodsWe, initially tested the anti-inflammatory activity of crude root methanolic extract in vitro, where it significantly reduced LPS generated ROS in splenic macrophages. We further tested the TLC and HPLC fraction in order to find active ingredient in Premna herbacea roxb. root extract that ameliorated the chronic inflammation of skin and performed GC-MS and LC-MS studies to identify active component. Upon finding significant anti-inflammatory effect of the crude root extract in vitro, We studied the efficacy of the Premna herbacea roxb. root extract in Imiquimod induced psoriasis like skin inflammation in male BALB/C mice that closely resembles human psoriasis. Immunophenotyping, Cytokine productions were observed by flow cytometry, status of gene expression was done by Real time PCR and nuclear co-localization was studied by confocal microscopy. ResultsWe observed progressive increase in signs and symptoms of the disease in imiquimod treated diseased animals but the Premna herbacea roxb. Root Methanolic Extract (PHRME) reduced the thickening of the skin, redness and scaling in these animals. In our study, along with progression of the disease, the production of macrophages increases and with the application of PHRME, the percentage of macrophages have reduced. ConclusionAs per the previous Indigenous traditional knowledge regarding use of Premna herbacea roxb. against inflammatory disorder and lack of detail mechanistic study of the crude root extract prompted us to elucidate the efficacy of the root extract in vitro and in vivo psoriatic mice model. For the first time we have identified three putative bioactive active components (5‑hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone, 3-Hydroxy-7,8,2′,3′-tetramethoxyflavone, 2,4′,6′-trimethoxy chalcone) from Premna herbacea root methanolic extract (PHRME) and we suggest PHRME and purified active fractions influence NFκB and COX2 signaling pathway to suppress inflammatory conditions. All of the purified components show strong binding efficiency in our molecular docking analysis. Our study also suggests that Premna herbacea roxb. root extract may be explored as cost effective alternative for established treatment regimen as our study also indicates low side effect of the extract against pre-clinical psoriatic model.

Implications of Asparagus racemosus and Terminalia chebula extracts on oxazolone induced inflammatory bowel disease in Danio rerio (zebrafish)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) occurs in the human intestine without any definitive etiology for which there is no cure yet. The present study analyses the anti-inflammatory and anti Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) potentials of the methanol extract of Indian herbal plants Asparagus racemosus (AR) and Terminalia chebula (TC). First, we prepared methanolic extracts of AR root and TC fruit using the Soxhlet procedure and analyzed their phytochemical composition by GC-MS. Second, the extracts were used against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus cultures and observed for growth and biofilm inhibition. Third, the anti-oxidant assays were performed for the same extracts. Finally, we studied pathological and hematological analysis to study a reduction in the number of inflammatory cells following oxazolone-induced IBD in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Both extracts contain steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, and carbohydrates as active ingredients with moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 μg/ml (TC) and 25 μg/ml (AR) against both bacteria. AR extract showed high biofilm inhibition on E. coli (80.8 ± 0.81%) and B. cereus (92.8 ± 1.08%) at 800 μg/mL and showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity IC50 value of 139.9 μg/mL. Further in IBD zebrafish, AR (14 mg/L) and TC (60 mg/L) exhibited a significant reduction in inflammatory cells in blood and improved pathological scores in the gut compared with positive drug Prednisolone (50 mg/L). Moreover, T. chebula showed a greater reduction in the number of inflammatory cells recruited in the intestine of IBD-induced fish compared to A. racemosus at the time point and dose examined.

Effect of Soil and Root Extracts on the Innate Immune Response of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) to Root Rot Caused by Ilyonectria mors-panacis.

Panax quinquefolius shows much higher mortality to Ilyonectria mors-panacis root rot when grown in soil previously planted with ginseng than in soil not previously planted with ginseng, which is known as ginseng replant disease. Treatment of ginseng roots with methanol extracts of previous ginseng soils significantly increased root lesion sizes due to I. mors-panacis compared to roots treated with water or methanol extracts of ginseng roots or non-ginseng soils. Inoculation of water-treated roots with I. mors-panacis increased expression of a basic chitinase 1 gene (PqChi-1), neutral pathogenesis-related protein 5 gene (PqPR5) and pathogenesis-related protein 10-2 gene (PqPR10-2), which are related to jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET) or necrotrophic infection, and also increased expression of an acidic β-1-3-glucanase gene (PqGlu), which is related to salicylic acid (SA). Infection did not affect expression of a cysteine protease inhibitor gene (PqCPI). Following infection, roots treated with ginseng root extract mostly showed similar expression patterns as roots treated with water, but roots treated with previous ginseng soil extract showed reduced expression of PqChi-1, PqPR5, PqPR10-2 and PqCPI, but increased expression of PqGlu. Methanol-soluble compound(s) in soil previously planted with ginseng are able to increase root lesion size, suppress JA/ET-related gene expression and trigger SA-related gene expression in ginseng roots during I. mors-panacis infection, and may be a factor contributing to ginseng replant disease.

GC-MS profile and antimicrobial activities of extracts from root of Senna occidentalis Linn.

Abstract We considered the extraction of plant materials from Senna occidentalis root, and its fractionation monitored by bioassay towards isolating its bioactive principles. Pulverized root sample of Senna occidentalis (fam. leguminaceae) was extracted with methanol using a maceration method. The crude methanol extract (MSo) 6.06 g was partitioned into petroleum ether and ethyl acetate to yield their respective fractions viz: petroleum ether fraction (1.20 g), ethyl acetate fraction (1.86 g) and methanol fraction (2.92 g). The crude methanol extract was analyzed using phytochemical screening, infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry while the fractions were examined for antimicrobial properties. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of tannins, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, phlobatannin, and absence of steroids. The infrared spectrum revealed a broad absorption band at 3437.26 cm-1 due to O-H symmetric stretch in polymeric alcohols, and absorption frequency of 1640.51cm-1 of moderate intensity due to C=O stretch. Enols are easily identified by the broad H-bonded O-H stretch absorption and low C=O stretch frequency as in β-keto enolic esters and phenol acetates, -CO-O-C=C-, (1690-1650 cm-1). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry identified the presence of ten compounds including n-hexadecanoic acid (23.76%), linoleic acid (1.64%), E-9-tetradecenoic acid (4.88%), octadecanoic acid, 2-(2 hydroxyethoxy) ethyl ester (6.24%) and E-2-octadecadecen-1-ol (13.74%). Similar broad spectrum antimicrobial activities were manifested by methanol and ethyl acetate fractions. Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus were the most susceptible with the highest zone of inhibition of 30 mm and 28 mm respectively at minimum inhibition concentration of 1.35 x103 μg/ml. The methanol fraction has the highest potency against the tested pathogens whereas the petroleum ether fraction exhibited activity only on gram negative pathogens. The antimicrobial activities observed in these fractions suggest the presence of active chemical components in the crude methanol root extract of Senna occidentalis thus provides a potential source of novel antimicrobial agents. Further work is however, required to isolate and characterize these bioactive principles.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis, Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Root Extract of Rhaphiostylis beninensis (Hook.f.) Planch. [family ICACINACEAE] against Uropathogens

In Nigeria, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are amid the most prevalent bacterial contagions, with a higher incidence rate in women. Depending on the severity of the infection, different antibiotics are used to treat UTIs. Herbal remedies have, on the other hand, been seen as the paranormal means of treating UTIs while antibiotic resistance has emerged as a problem for medics. This study examined the methanol extract of Rhaphiostylis beninensis (MRB) for its phytochemical and bioactive components, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. From the study, the methanol extract's antioxidant activities grew stronger as concentration increased. Alkaloids, saponin, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, and reducing sugar—giving the extract its pharmacological potential—were among the phytochemicals identified from the phytochemical screening. The GC-MS Chromatogram showed that there are 42 bioactive compounds in the MRB with the most prominent compounds being (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 19.96%, Lupeol 18.96%, cis-13-Octadecenoic acid 9.96%, n-Hexadecanoic acid 9.87%, 3',5'-Dimethoxyacetophenone 6.67%, 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol 3.21%, Octadecanoic acid 2.98%, Capsaicin 2.58%, α-Amyrin 2.53%, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester 2.49%, and Vitamin E 2.45%. The MRB showed significant minimum inhibitory concentration values against Pseudomonas putida PA25T, Escherichia coli EC3AT, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA129AT and Serratia marcescens and a significant MBC value against Escherichia coli EC3AT. This study emphasizes the medicinal efficacy of R. beninensis root and indicated that the plant could make a promising candidate for the isolation of bioactive compounds that could be synthesized as medications for the treatment of bacteria in uropathogenic disorders.

Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Biological Activities, and Computer-Aided Analysis of Potentilla nepalensis Hook Compounds as Potential Melanoma Inhibitors Based on Molecular Docking, MD Simulations, and ADMET.

Potentilla nepalensis Hook is a perennial Himalayan medicinal herb of the Rosaceae family. The present study aimed to evaluate biological activities such as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of roots and shoots of P. nepalensis and its synergistic antibacterial activity with antibacterial drugs. Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods were used for the calculation of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). A DPPH radical scavenging assay and broth dilution method were used for the determination of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the root and shoot extracts of P. nepalensis. Cytotoxic activity was determined using a colorimetric MTT assay. Further, phytochemical characterization of the root and shoot extracts was performed using the Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) method. The TPC and TFC were found to be higher in the methanolic root extract of P. nepalensis. The methanolic shoot extract of P. nepalensis showed good antioxidant activity, while then-hexane root extract of P. nepalensis showed strong cytotoxic activity against tested SK-MEL-28 cells. Subsequently, in silico molecular docking studies of the identified bioactive compounds predicted potential anticancer properties. This study can lead to the production of new herbal medicines for various diseases employing P. nepalensis, leading to the creation of new medications.

Study on the Phytochemical, Antioxidant and In Vitro Anticancer activity on root extract of Simarouba glauca DC

Plant made medicine plays main role in drug formulation and synthesis with moderate or no side effects. Simarouba glauca is exotic to India and known for its phytomedicine property belonging to the Simaroubaceae family prominent for its leaves arrangement and is called “Lakshmi taru” or “Paradise tree”. The goal of this study was to present the preliminary phytochemicals, antioxidants, and cytotoxicity mechanism of S. glauca root extracts in terms of apoptosis in cell cycle. Phytochemical, qualitative, and antioxidant assay analyses were performed with the standard protocol using HPTLC and cytotoxicity studies were analysed using a flow-cytometer. The Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated potent antioxidant activity and could serve as a lead source of natural antioxidants. In a concentration-dependent manner, anticancer study demonstrated cytotoxicity against the A549 cell line by stopping the cells at the S-phase. The main investigation reveals the antiproliferative properties of S. glauca methanolic root extract. Identification of cytotoxic compounds and their mode of action require further in-depth research. The outcome of our investigation offers compelling evidence that S. glauca methanolic root extract can be used as an effective ethnomedicinal agent with the ability to treat human disorders.

A New Annulenol from Aconitum heterophyllum with Bioactivity and Cytotoxicity against Vero and Lung Cell Line

In this research work, a detailed phytochemical and biological investigation of Aconitum heterophyllum was accomplished. The cold methanolic root extract of A. heterophyllum was subjected to VLC for fractionation over silica gel, which led to the isolation of two compounds 1,1,8,8-trimethyl-4-methylene-decahydro- 1H-cyclopenta-[8]-annulen-1-ol (1) and β-stigmasterol (2). The compounds were characterized by analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectral data. Compound 1 is first reported from this plant. The crude extract was screened for antimicrobial activity against several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and fungi using disk diffusion method where significant inhibitory activity was observed. The extract was also tested for cytotoxic property using brine shrimp lethality bioassay, which revealed moderate activity in comparison with the standard anticancer drug, vincristine sulphate. Antioxidant property of the crude methanol extract of A. heterophyllum was determined by the scavenging of the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical and found moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 53.25 μg/mL) when compared to standard antioxidant. Total phenolic and flavonoid content and polyphenolic compound content of the crude extract were determined by HPLC. The isolated compounds 1 and 2 showed dosedependent antiproliferation activity against the vero and lung A549 cells. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(1): 1-10, 2023 (June)

Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Various Extracts of Fibre Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivated in Lithuania.

The phytochemistry of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L., cv. Futura 75 and Felina 32) cultivated in Lithuania was investigated. The soil characteristics (conductivity, pH and major elements) of the cultivation field were determined. The chemical composition of hemp extracts and essential oils (EOs) from different plant parts was determined by the HPLC/DAD/TOF and GC/MS techniques. Among the major constituents, β-caryophyllene (≤46.64%) and its oxide (≤14.53%), α-pinene (≤20.25%) or α-humulene (≤11.48) were determined in EOs. Cannabidiol (CBD) was a predominant compound (≤64.56%) among the volatile constituents of the methanolic extracts of hemp leaves and inflorescences. Appreciable quantities of 2-monolinolein (11.31%), methyl eicosatetraenoate (9.70%) and γ-sitosterol (8.99%) were detected in hemp seed extracts. The octadecenyl ester of hexadecenoic acid (≤31.27%), friedelan-3-one (≤21.49%), dihydrobenzofuran (≤17.07%) and γ-sitosterol (14.03%) were major constituents of the methanolic extracts of hemp roots, collected during various growth stages. The CBD quantity was the highest in hemp flower extracts in pentane (32.73%). The amounts of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) were up to 24.21% in hemp leaf extracts. The total content of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) isomers was the highest in hemp flower pentane extracts (≤22.43%). The total phenolic content (TPC) varied from 187.9 to 924.7 (average means, mg/L of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)) in aqueous unshelled hemp seed and flower extracts, respectively. The TPC was determined to be up to 321.0 (mg/L GAE) in root extracts. The antioxidant activity (AA) of hemp extracts and Eos was tested by the spectrophotometric DPPH● scavenging activity method. The highest AA was recorded for hemp leaf EOs (from 15.034 to 35.036 mmol/L, TROLOX equivalent). In the case of roots, the highest AA (1.556 mmol/L, TROLOX) was found in the extracts of roots collected at the seed maturation stage. The electrochemical (cyclic and square wave voltammetry) assays correlated with the TPC. The hydrogen-peroxide-scavenging activity of extracts was independent of the TPC.

Onosma hispidum L. extract reverses hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and associated vascular dysfunction in rats

Onosma hispidum.L (O. hispidum) belongs to the family Boregineacea. A preliminary study and its medicinal use suggested its role in the management of hyperlipidemia. The present study aimed to assess the effect of methanolic root extract of O. hispidum in hyperlipidemia and associated vascular dysfunction. Oral administration of O. hispidum crude extract (Oh. Cr) to tyloxopol and high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic Sprague-Dawley rats for 10 and 28 days significantly reduced total triglycerides and cholesterol (p < 0.001), compared to hyperlipidemic rats. Oh. Cr 250 mg/kg orally treated rats significantly (p < 0.001) reduced both the total body weight and atherogenic index in tylaxopol and HFD rats. In HMG-CoA assay, the inhibition of the enzyme was significant in Oh.Cr (250 mg/kg) treated group. Histopathological studies indicated that the group treated with Oh.Cr 250 mg/kg/day showed regular morphology of aortic intima, media and adventitia, and improved the endothelial damage. To investigate the vascular dysfunction, isolated rat aorta rings from all groups were pre-contracted with 1 µM phenylephrine (PE), and the effect of acetylcholine (Ach) was monitored. In the aorta isolated from Oh.Cr (50 mg/kg) treated group, Ach completely relaxed the PE-induced contraction with EC50 value of 0.05 µg/mL 0.015 (0.01–0.2) compared to the hyperlipidemic control group (<30% relaxation). In atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) treated rat aorta, Ach showed 50% relaxation. The Oh.Cr extract also reduced (105.92 ± 1.14 to 66.63 ± 0.85 mmHg) mean arterial pressure in hyperlipidemic hypertensive rats. These findings suggest that extract of O. hispidum is an effective remedy for hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, which acts through inhibition of HMG-CoA and improving vascular dysfunction.

In vitro Antimicrobial Activities, Qualitative Phytochemical Screening, and Free Radical Scavenging Capacities of Gymnanthemum myrianthum

Various members of the genus Vernonia are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat fever, malaria, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, cough, fertility inducer and as a laxative. Vernonia myrianthum (Gymnanthemum myrianthum) is one of the medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Uasin-Gishu and Elgeiyo Marakwet counties to treat communicable and non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the phytochemicals, free radical scavenging capacity and antimicrobial activities of the methanolic root extract of Vernonia myrianthum. Standard phytochemical screening methods were employed to qualitatively evaluate the classes of phytochemicals present in the plant. The anti-oxidant capacity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to screen for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Vernonia myrianthum was found to contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carotenoids, and coumarin. The antioxidant activity on the extract as based on its IC50 values indicated good antioxidant activity. There was no significant difference (p≥0.01) between the zones of inhibition of Vernonia myrianthum and those of those of the positive control gentamycin (GEN, at 10 mcg) and amoxicillin (AMC, 30 mcg) at various test concentrations demonstrating that V. myrianthum could inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. The findings of this study are critical in understanding and documenting the phytochemistry, the antimicrobial properties and the antioxidant capabilities of V. myrianthum thus, laying the groundwork for future research on isolating bioactive compounds from these plants, as well as building the body of evidence needed to justify the ethnomedicinal usage of this plant in the treatment of numerous diseases by different communities.

Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don as a Valuable Source of Rosmarinic Acid: Biological Activities and HPLC Profiles.

Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don, colloquially known in Türkiye as "kaldırık", is an edible plant belonging to the Boraginaceae. This plant has been practiced in traditional medicine for many years for its various therapeutic benefits. The effectiveness and chemical composition of plants can vary depending on their parts, age, and extraction solvent. Therefore, the current study aimed to define the biological activities of various parts and extracts of T. orientalis, which were collected in distinct seasons as young and mature, and investigate the main component responsible for these biological effects. Plant material was collected in different seasons from the northwest of Türkiye. 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities were investigated to assess antiradical and antioxidant potential of the extracts. Anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was also tested using human red blood cell membrane stabilizing method. Folin-Ciocalteu test was conducted to determine the total phenolic content. Reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (RP-HPLC-PDA) analysis was performed. Both methanol and aqueous extracts exhibited significant radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities compared with control (p<0.05). The highest percentage of inhibition on ABTS and DPPH free radicals was obtained in aqueous extracts of the mature herbs and roots, respectively. Methanol extracts of the mature roots and herbs exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory capacity. Rosmarinic acid possessed a much higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect than the reference compounds used in each assay in our study. High rosmarinic acid content of the extracts suggests that the compound responsible for the great biological activity potential is rosmarinic acid. To the best of our knowledge, the presence of rosmarinic acid in herbs and roots of T. orientalis was shown for the first time in our present study. Phytochemical composition and effective biological activities of T. orientalis explain its traditional use and indicate its significant potential in pharmaceutical industry applications.

Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Cytotoxic Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Mezoneuron benthamianum Baill. Against Cancer Cells Lines

Abstract Despite the significant gains made in cancer therapy, cancer remains a major cause of global deaths due to rapid drug resistance. Therefore, urgent concerted efforts towards the discovery and development of newer and effective anticancer agents cannot be overemphasized. This study investigated in vitro cytotoxicity potential of methanol extracts of the root, stem, and leaves of Mezoneuron benthamianum. Leaf, stem and root samples were collected, authenticated, dried, separately pulverized and extracted in methanol. The methanol extracts were analysed for the presence of phytochemicals and cytotoxic potential evaluated by tetrazolium 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay on selected human cancer cells lines, HeLa (cervical cancer) and HEp-2 (epidermal carcinoma of the larynx), using mammalian Vero cells as a negative control. Data generated was subjected to descriptive statistics. The flavonoids in the plant was between 40 - 67.2% and was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) compared to alkaloids and saponins. At concentrations of ≥ 50 µg/mL, the extracts exhibited 100% cytotoxicity on the cancer cells. The methanol root and leaf extracts with CC50 of 15.64 and 11.38 µg/mL were more cytotoxic on HeLa and HEp-2, respectively. In comparison to the stem and root extracts, the methanol leaf extract was selectively more toxic to cancer cell lines than Vero cells (CC50 = 28.89 µg/mL). Preliminary investigation reveals that Mezoneuron benthamianum contain bioactive compounds that possess promising anticancer potential that could be exploited.

UHPLC-MS/MS phytochemical screening, polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential of Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Müll.Arg.) Pichon (Apocynaceae), a medicinal plant

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Müll.Arg.) Pichon (Apocynaceae) leaves, stem bark, and roots are commonly used as popular folk medicine in Zambia and other African countries. This work aimed to find out the broad categories of phytocompounds present in the plant, screen the polyphenols, and assess the total polyphenolic content and the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of leaf, stem bark, and roots. Maceration was used to extract secondary metabolites for preliminary phytochemical screening. QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe), based technique was used to recover polyphenols for liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) screening. Standard chemical tests were used for preliminary phytochemical screening. Total phenolic content (TPC) was evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method at 765 nm. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was evaluated by the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay at 510 nm. Antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method at 517 nm. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of antioxidants, polyphenols, and other valuable phytocompounds such as alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. The LCMS/MS polyphenolic screening revealed the presence of mainly polyphenolic metabolites. TPC values were higher in the leaf (171.099±0.515 mg GAE/g) and root (88.8093±3.156 mg GAE/g) than in the stem bark (71.061±0.515 mg GAE/g) extracts. Further, the leaf extract contained 129.402±0.407, the root contained 64.672±0.813, and the stem bark had 37.643±0.704 mg QE/g total flavonoids. The leaf extract exhibited in a dose-dependent manner higher DPPH radical scavenging activities (34.250, 50.625, 66.562, 81.406, and 97.344%), followed by the root (16.406, 31.406, 50.781, 65.625, and 82.188%), and the stem bark extract only had the least DPP quenching activities (15.469, 27.969, 40.469, 52.500, and 68.590%) for the concentration of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg/mL respectively. Further, the results from the DPPH assay show that the leaf extract had the best IC50 value of 19.973 µg/mL, followed by the root extract with 60.867 µg/mL, and the stem bark extract with 107.150 µg/mL. These antioxidant activities support the traditionally claimed therapeutic benefits of D. condylocarpon leaves, stem bark, and roots in the treatment of oxidative stress-related disorders such as diabetes mellitus, chronic wounds, and diarrhea. This study may lead to the production of new herbal medicines using D. condylocarpon.