Methanol Extract Of Fruits Research Articles

The Phenolic, Flavonoid, and Anthocyanin Content From Methanol Extract of Senggani Fruit and Its Antioxidant Activity

Senggani fruit is an edible fruit that tastes sweet, has an attractive color, blue or reddish purple, and is thought to contain anthocyanin. The senggani fruit can be used as a source of natural dyes and is known to have active components as a source of antioxidants. This study aimed to measure the phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content and the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of senggani fruit. Senggani fruits were extracted by maceration using methanol. The phytochemical screening test was performed. The phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu, AlCl3, and pH differential, respectively. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method. The phytochemical screening test showed the methanol extract of senggani fruit contained phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. In this study, the total phenol content was 154.880 mg GAE/g, the total flavonoid content was 6.827 mg QE/g, and the anthocyanin level was 7.516 mg/100 g. The antioxidant activity using the DPPH method showed that the methanol extract of senggani fruit had moderate antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 99.79 ppm.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Effects of Solanum indicum Fruit Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Globally, diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of premature mortality after cardiovascular diseases and tobacco chewing. It is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterised by the faulty metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins as a result of defects in insulin secretion or resistance. It was estimated that approximately 463 million of the adult population are suffering from diabetes mellitus, which may grow up to 700 million by 2045. Solanum indicum is distributed all over India and all of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The different parts of the plant such as the roots, leaves and fruits were used traditionally in the treatment of cough, asthma and rhinitis. However, the hypoglycaemic activity of the plant is not scientifically validated. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-hyperlipidaemic activity of methanolic fruit extract of Solanum indicum (SIE) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Experimentally, type II diabetes was induced in rats by an i.p. injection of STZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg. The effect of the fruit extract was evaluated at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight in STZ-induced diabetic rats for 30 days. The oral administration of fruit extract caused a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the blood glucose level with a more prominent effect at 200 mg/kg. The fruit extract showed dose-dependent α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activity. It reduced the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels remarkably in diabetic rats compared to normal. The extract showed the reduced activity of endogenous antioxidants, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the liver of STZ diabetic rats. The result confirmed that the fruit extract of Solanum indicum showed a dose-dependent blood glucose lowering effect and significantly reduced elevated blood cholesterol and triglycerides. It prevented oxidative stress associated with type II diabetes in STZ rats.

Rhizophora mucronata Lam., a halophyte from Mauritius Island, inhibits the entry of Zika virus in human cells (A549)- an in vitro and in silico analysis

The recent appearance of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil should serve as a wake-up call to international authorities, as it poses a threat to global public health. In the present study, we investigated whether a mangrove plant, Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (R. mucronata) collected in Mauritius, possesses anti-ZIKV activity at the non-cytotoxic doses. ZIKVMC-MR766NIID (ZIKVGFP) was used for assessing anti ZIKV activity. In silico docking (Autodock 4) and molecular simulation were performed on collected data. Using a recombinant ZIKV expressing reporter green fluorescent protein(GFP) protein, we discovered that fruit and root methanolic, decocted fruit and root extracts were effective inhibitors of ZIKV infection in human epithelial A549 cells at negligible cytotoxicity. The mechanisms by which such extracts prevented ZIKV infection are linked to the inability of the virus to attach to the host cell surface. The outcomes of this study were supported by the docking calculations in which some of the dominant compounds have shown high binding affinity against ZIKV. The scientific data gathered in this study might pave the way for the future development of possible R. mucronata inhibitors to combat ZIKV.f Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Wild Fruits from Malawi

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of 17 edible wild fruits that are widely distributed and consumed in Malawi for pharmacological value exploration. Qualitative phytochemical analysis, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant activity (TAA), and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH) were performed in aqueous and methanolic fruit extracts. The results showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, coumarins, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and quinones. Piliostigma thonningii had the highest total phenolic content (1675.33 ± 12.34 mg GAEg-1 FW) in methanolic extracts, and Annona senegalensis gave the highest levels of total flavonoid content (649.67 ± 2.08 mg RE g-1 FW) in aqueous extracts. The results of antioxidant activities (FRAP, TAA, and DPPH) varied widely, and the variations were significant (P &lt; 0.05). Thespesia garckeana and Mangifera indica exhibited a high ability to chelate metal cations in methanolic extracts and in aqueous extracts, respectively. DPPH levels were higher in aqueous extracts and ranged from 11.07% to 99.61%. This study provides evidence that the studied edible fruits of Malawi have potential as value‐added products for various treatments of oxidative stress‐associated ailments as they contain more phytochemical constituents. We recommend further studies to determine if the presence of a particular class of phytochemicals would translate into the bioactivity capability of these edible fruits.

Toxicity and safety profiling of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch fruit and leaf methanolic extract in Sprague Dawley rats

Toxicity and safety profiling of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch fruit and leaf methanolic extract in Sprague Dawley rats

Taxus wallichiana Zucc. (Himalayan Yew): A Medicinal Plant Exhibiting Antibacterial Properties.

Taxus wallichiana Zucc. or the Himalayan yew is a gymnosperm growing along the Himalayan region of India and adjacent countries. Traditionally, this plant was extensively used by indigenous people for folk medicines for treating various diseases such as fever, headache, diarrhoea, fractures, problems of the nervous system etc. It is also practiced in the Unani system of medicine. The plant is rich in various bio-organic compounds and natural products, such as hydrocarbons, glycosides, flavonoids, phenol, tannins, terpenoids etc. In this research work, an effort has been made to highlight the valuable properties of T. wallichiana. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the secondary metabolites (flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids) and antibacterial potential of methanol extracts and the subsequent fractions of the leaves and fruit of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. In order to rationalise traditional use, methanol extracts from the leaves and fruit of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. were tested against five bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin was used as a standard. All extracts and fractions displayed significant anti-microbial effects. Taxus wallichiana leaves and fruit methanolic extracts showed a maximum zone of inhibition with Bacillus subtilis, which is 18±0.0mm, and Staphylococcus aureus, 19±0.2mm. The methanolic extracts of the leaves of Taxus wallichiana tested positive for glycosides, flavonoids, phenol, tannins and terpenoids, whereas the T. wallichiana fruit tested positive for flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. According to the research findings, it was identified that the methanol extract of Taxus wallichiana exhibited quite high anti-microbial activity as well as secondary metabolites, and with this quality, together with lots of its other values, this plant can very well become a source of medicine for the better management of a large number of diseases, including cancer, and value-added products.

Rich in Phenolics-Strong Antioxidant Fruit? Comparative Study of 25 Strawberry Cultivars.

Phenolic compounds of 25 newly introduced strawberry cultivars were profiled using spectrophotometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total phenolic and anthocyanin content (TPC and TACY, respectively), as well as vitamin C, and concentrations of individual phenolic compounds in fruits were evaluated to identify the most promising cultivars according to their phenolic profile. The highest values of TPC, TACY, and vitamin C were recorded in 'Premy' (1.53 mg eq GA g-1 FW), 'Sandra' (30.60 mg eq Pg-3-g 100 g-1 FW), and 'Laetitia' (56.32 mg 100 g-1 FW), respectively. The DPPH and •OH radicals scavenging activity of fruit methanolic extracts was estimated using EPR spectroscopy. All cultivars are almost uniformly effective in the scavenging of •OH radical, while 'Tea', 'Premy', and 'Joly' were marked as highly potent cultivars (over 70%) in terms of DPPH-antiradical activity. Specific peroxidase activities were the highest in 'Garda', 'Federica', and 'Rumba' (0.11, 0.08, and 0.06 U mg-1 prot, respectively). 'Laetitia', 'Joly', 'Arianna', 'Tea', and 'Mila' cultivars were distinguished from others as the richest concerning almost all flavonoids and phenolic acids, including some other parameters of bioactivity. These cultivars could be recommended to consumers as functional fruit foods.

Evaluation of In-vivo Anticancer Activity Choerospondias axillaris in Swiss Albino Mice Models

Background and Objective: The fruits of the plant, Choerospondias axillaris are one of the richest sources of flavonoids phenol and vitamin C that have been shown to possess a variety of biological activities. The present study was aimed to study the potential anti-cancer activity of the methanolic extract of fruit of Choerospondias axillaris using the in-vivo model to scientifically validate the folkloric use of the Choerospondias axillaris.&#x0D; Study Design: In-vivo model.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Study: Department of pharmacology, Karnataka College of pharmacy, Bangalore India, between October 2021 to June 2022.&#x0D; Methods: Anti-cancer property of Choerospondias axillaris was evaluated against DMBA/croton oil induced skin tumorigenesis in Swiss albino mice. A single topical application of DMBA (100g/100l of acetone), followed 2 weeks later by repeated application of croton oil (1% in acetone three times a week) for 16 weeks. In contrast, animals treated orally with Choerospondias axillaris 200mg/kg/b.w. (group IV) and orally with Choerospondias axillaris 400mg/kg/b.w. (group V) and 5 Flu 10mg/kg (group III). The following parameters like; body weight, tumor incidence, cumulative number of tumors, tumor yield, average latency period, number of papillomas, haematological parameters, Serum Zinc and C-Reactive Protein, anti-oxidants enzyme, pro-inflammatory cytokines &amp; Histopathological of Tumor skin studies were observed.&#x0D; Results: 100 percent tumor incidence exhibited in group II (DMBA/croton oil) whereas the group IV (Choerospondias axillaris 200mg/kg) and group V (Choerospondias axillaris 400mg/kg) and group III (5 Flu 10mg/kg) exhibited 50, 33.7 and 42.5% tumor incidence, which significantly lesser when compared to than group II (Toxic control). The cumulative number of papillomas during the observation period of 16 weeks was significantly decreased in the Choerospondias axillaris treated groups IV, V and III (9, 4 and 6 no’s tumor respectively) in comparison to 18 cumulative numbers of papillomas in carcinogen control group. The average latent period significantly increased in the Toxic control group to 3.2, 4.3, 6.5 and 5.4 in group II, IV, V and III respectively. Tumor yield were significantly lesser (1.5, 0.66 and 1.0) as compared to DMBA/Croton oil treated control. Furthermore, the level of LPO was significantly increased whereas, the activity of CAT level were significantly decreased in skin tissue of DMBA/Croton oil treated animals compared Choerospondias axillaris treated animals. Similarly, NLR (&lt; 3.0), ESR, Serum Zinc and CRP have got improved in treated with Choerospondias axillaris. Protein expression of TGF-beta, IFN-G, TNF-alpha and IL-6 have shown Improvement in markers indicating a reduction in inflammation and immune imbalance in treated with Choerospondias axillaris compared with DMBA/Croton oil where shown moderate immune suppression.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the results it can be concluded that the test drug Choerospondias axillaris could be a potential candidate for the treatment of skin cancer.

Qualitative screening and Quantitative determination of secondary metabolites from different plant extracts of Solanum khasianum Clarke

The medicinal plants have gained significant importance in traditional medicine and pharmacy due to wide variety of curative properties. The medicinal properties of the plants rely on the presence of various phytoconstituents. The present study focused on screening of phytochemicals from different parts (leaf, stem, petiole, fruit and root) of Solanum khasianum using solvents with varying polarity like methanol, butanol, chloroform, acetonitrile and water. The qualitative screening of phytoconstituents showed the existence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, saponins and absence of quinones in all 25 extracts tested. The quantitative determination showed that root extract contains considerable amounts of total flavonoids (214.74±0.45), total phenols (183.47±0.38), total alkaloids (132.46±0.28), total antioxidants (95.66±0.27), total tannins (14.66±0.07) whereas total saponins were present in high content in fruit methanolic extract (44.99±0.33). The presence of these phytoconstituents indicates the therapeutic potential of S. khasianum and scientifically validates the traditional use of this plant.

Toxicological and molecular adverse effect of Illicium verum fruit constituents toward Bradysia procera.

Bradysia procera, a ginseng stem fungus gnat, is one of the most serious insect pests of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng), causing significant damage to plant growth. The goal of this study was to determine the toxicity and mechanism of action of phenylpropanoids (trans-anethole and estragole) isolated from the methanol extract and hydrodistillate of Illicium verum fruit against third-instar larvae and eggs of Bradysia procera. The filter-paper mortality bioassay revealed that estragole [median lethal concentration (LC50 ) = 4.68 g/cm2 ] has a significant fumigant effect, followed by trans-anethole (LC50 = 43.92 g/cm2 ). However, estragole had the lowest toxic effect when compared to commercially available insecticides. After 7 days, estragole and trans-anethole at 75 g/cm2 inhibited egg hatchability up to 97% and 93%, respectively. At 0.09 g/cm2 , insecticides had an inhibitory effect on egg-hatching ability ranging from 88% to 94%. Furthermore, in both closed and open containers, these active constituents were able to consistently induce vapor-phased toxicity. Both estragole and trans-anethole have the ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is involved in neurotransmitter function. However, the active constituent estragole from I. verum fruit acted as a potent AChE inhibitor and had a slightly lower effect on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) than octopamine alone. This finding suggests that estragole may influence Bradysia procera neurotransmitter function via both the AChE and octopaminergic receptors. More research is needed to demonstrate the potential applications of I. verum fruit-derived products as potential larvicides and ovicides for Bradysia procera population control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antioxidant, Anti-Cancer Activity and Phytochemicals Profiling of Kigelia pinnata Fruits

Over the past few years, research studies on the therapeutic benefits of medicinal plants with potent antioxidant activity and few side effects have grown significantly. This has sparked interest in determining whether naturally occurring antioxidants could take the place of synthetic antioxidants, which are currently being constricted because of their toxic and carcinogenic properties. The identification and quantification of phytochemicals in the methanolic extract of Kigelia pinnata fruits was measured using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) techniques. Additionally, the methanolic extract of fruits was used to determine antioxidant activity. Free radical-scavenging (DPPH) and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power were measured using spectrophotometry, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was compared with two common antioxidants, vitamin C and α-tocopherol. Moreover, mature fruits have high DDPH, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, mature fruits have high levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content; these compounds are thought to be the sources of the antioxidant activity. The major constituents of the methanolic extracts from the mature fruits of K. pinnata were found to be larixinic acid, 3,5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (DMDP), and 5-Hydrxoymethylfurfural. We performed the elemental analysis of the whole fruit. Huh-7 (liver cancer), PANC-1 (pancreatic cancer), Colo-205 (colorectal cancer), HT-29 (colorectal cancer), SNU-16 (gastric carcinoma), SW620 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and HCT116 (colon carcinoma) were tested in vitro for anticancer activity. Both methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of mature fruits had a positive effect on all cancer cell lines as compared to the doxorubicin drug. In addition, the methanolic extracts of mature fruits showed more potent cytotoxic effects than the ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, the most pronounced cytotoxic effects of the methanolic extract were detected in SW620 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), with an IC50 value of 6.79 μg/mL, SNU-16 (gastric carcinoma), with and IC50 value of 8.69 μg/ ml, and in PANC-1 (pancreatic cancer) with an IC50 value of 10.34 μg/mL. Moreover, the results show that the water, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of mature fruits have antioxidant capacity, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power, DPPH scavenging activity and also anticancer activity. Therefore, the present study suggests that the phytochemical profiles of mature fruits of K. pinnata may be used as potential natural antioxidants and anti-cancer cell lines.

Terminalia chebula possesses anticancer potential

Cancer is one of the major human diseases and causes large suffering / economic loss worldwide. These days various new strategies are being developed to treat human cancer, but the sure-shot, perfect cure is yet to be brought into the world of medicine. In the search of potential anticancer agents from natural products, the present investigation was carried out to evaluate the in vitro anticancer efficiency of The anticancer activity was determined by the cytotoxic potential of test material at 100 μg/ml via SRB assay. Cells were allowed to grow for 24 h on 96 – well flat bottom tissue culture plates and cells were further allowed to grow in the presence of test material for 48h. Cell growth was terminated by addition of 50% (w/v) tricarboxylic acid and cells were stained with SRB dye. Excess dye was removed by washing with 1% (v/v) acetic acid and bound dye was dissolved in Tris buffer. OD was taken at 540 nm and growth inhibition of 70% or above was considered active. The methanolic extract of fruit showed in vitro anticancer effect in the range of 75%-95% against four human cancer cell lines of colon, melanoma, prostrate and lung origin. The methanolic fruit extract of harad can be explored for lead molecule in the development of anticancer drug to provide a great service to cancer patients.

Phenolic constitutents, antioxidant and repellent activities of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits using different solvent extracts

ABSTRACT The organic solvent extracts (hexane, chloroform, acetone, methanol and water) of coriander fruits were reported for their antioxidant and repellent activities. The methanol and acetone extracts revealed the highest antiradical activity as compared to the other solvent extracts. HPLC analysis revealed that phenolic acids were the major compounds in chloroform and acetone extracts, whereas flavonoids in methanol and water extracts. The methanol extract of coriander fruits exhibited the highest repellent effect against coleopteran insects. Additionally, the hexane extract of coriander fruits also exhibited potent repellent and toxic activities against rice weevil. It appeared that coriander fruit extract obtained with the apolar solvent had more repellent potential against Sitophilus oryzae as compared to Tribolium castaneum. For Lasioderma serricorne, the methanol extract of coriander fruits reduced in a very significant way the adults followed by the chloroform and hexane extracts.

IN VITRO ANTIPLATELET ACTIVITY OF AN ISOFLAVANONE ISOLATED FROM METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF EMBLICA OFFICINALIS FRUITS

Objective: In this study, we aimed to isolate a polyphenolic compound from a polyphenolic-rich fraction from Emblica officinalis fruits and also study its effect on adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen-induced in vitro platelet aggregation. Methods: The polyphenolic-rich fraction was prepared by 80% methanolic extraction. The residue was extracted successively with hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Ethyl acetate residue was selected for column chromatography because of its high polyphenolic content. It was subjected to repeated column chromatography of series with different eluents of increasing polarity. A brown amorphous powder was obtained from ethyl acetate: methanol (7:3) fraction. This sample was subjected to UV-visible spectrum, IR spectrum, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and electrospray mass spectrum (ES-MS) studies for its structural elucidation. Results: A compound, 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy 3'-methoxy isoflavanone was identified from polyphenolic rich ethyl acetate: methanol (7:3) fraction separated from the 80% methanolic extract of Embica officinalis fruits by repeated column chromatography. Yield of the compound was 421.05 mg/kg. This compound exhibited antiplatelet activity well comparable with that of quercetin. Conclusion: The present study proved that the isolated compound 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy 3'-methoxy isoflavanone exerts a significant inhibitory activity on ADP and collagen-induced in vitro platelet aggregation, which can be considered as an effective remedy for alleviating complications of cardiovascular diseases.

Evaluation In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-cancer Activity of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. on Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Rauvolfiatetraphylla L. is a significantly endangered woody shrub that belongs to the familyApocynaceaeand it has enormous medicinal properties. Although the plant Rauvolfiatetraphylla is used to treat cancer inthe traditional medicine of some regions, its cytotoxic activity has not been subjected to rigorous investigation.Extracts were obtained from various organic solvents such as Hexane, Chloroform, Ethylacetate andMethanol by the sequential method. The antioxidant activity was accomplished on various crude extractsby 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay of R. tetraphylla and showed maximum radical scavengingactivity in methanol extract of fruit (IC50 = 60.37 μg/ml) followed by methanol extract of theleaf (IC50 =62.61μg/ml). Screening of in vitrocytotoxicity was performed on all the crude extracts by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on Breast Cancer cell line (MDAMB231).Among the four-leaf extracts, maximum cytotoxicity activity was obtained by methanol 73.20 μg/mL andthe IC50 value 64.29 μg/ml. Fruit extracts showed maximum cytotoxicity in 65.30 μg/mL methanol andIC50 values were 74.84μg/ml.

17β-neriifolin from unripe fruits of Cerbera manghas suppressed cell proliferation via the inhibition of HOXA9-dependent transcription and the induction of apoptosis in the human AML cell line THP-1.

Homeobox A9 (HOXA9) is a transcription factor that is overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of AML, and is a factor responsible for a poor prognosis. Therefore, the development of HOXA9-targeting molecules may contribute to not only better understanding of the mechanism of HOXA9 regulation, but also the development of therapeutic applications. We constructed a reporter assay system using the promoter region of the KBTBD10 gene, to which HOXA9 directly binds and regulates transcription, in the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. Using this luciferase gene assay, we screened 1120 plant extracts and a methanol extract of the unripe fruits of Cerbera manghas was found to suppress the reporter gene expression mediated by the KBTBD10 promoter. From the extract, five steroid-type compounds were identified as the active constituents: 7α-neriifolin (1), 17β-neriifolin (2), 17α-digitoxigenin β-D-glucosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-thevetoside (3), 17β-digitoxigenin β-D-glucosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-thevetoside (4), and acetylthevetin B (5). Among the five compounds, 17β-neriifolin most potently inhibited HOXA9-dependent gene expression without affecting the HOXA9 mRNA levels, and suppressed cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. The findings on the structure-activity relationships of the compounds from C. manghas may contribute to the development of small molecule inhibitors of HOXA9.

Study on the Anti‐inflammatory activity of Saponin from Dioscorea bulbifera using in vitro and in silico methods

Dioscorea bulbifera is commonly known as Aerial Yam is a perennial, non-spiny, climbing plant consist of numerous medicinal benefits. It contains a large number of polyphenols including organic acids and saponins. Aim of the present study is to screen the anti-inflammatory activity of saponin from the aqueous methanol fruit extract of Dioscorea bulbifera. The presence of saponin was tested using the qualitative phytochemical screening and separated using TLC. Total saponin content was 30µg/g. The identification of saponin activity against inflammation was carried out using several assays such as Cyclooxygenase inhibition assay, Lipooxygenase Inhibition assay and Protein denaturation inhibition assay using Diclofenac sodium. In silico study was conducted for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity using the COX-2 as target. The docking results revealed that dioscin was predicted to have the highest binding efficacy with COX-2 receptor with a binding energy of -662.07 kcal/mol. Thus the study shows that the Dioscorea bulbifera fruit contain a safe and effective Anti-inflammatory activity.

Peelu (Salvadora oleoides Decne.): An Unexplored Medicinal Fruit with Minerals, Antioxidants, and Phytochemicals.

The Peelu (Salvadora oleoides Decne.) fruit is well known for its nutritional and medicinal values. The current study analyzed the chemical composition of Salvadora oleoides fruit. Fresh Peelu fruits were harvested, and physicochemical properties, proximate composition, macro- and micronutrients, and phytochemical properties were determined. Moreover, ethanol and methanol fruit extract was analyzed for physicochemical properties. The Peelu fruit seemed to be a potential source of essential macro- ((nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)) and micronutrients (zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)). The fruit had significant biochemical properties (total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity (TA), and TSS : TA ratio) with appreciable moisture, crude fiber, and ash contents. The fruit extracts demonstrated significantly higher antioxidants and phenolics, ascorbic acid contents, and carotenoids. Phytochemical screening of fruit revealed the presence of coumarins, flavonoids, phlobatannins, tannins, and terpenoids. Physicochemical and sensory evaluation of extracts indicated its potential for further in vivo study trials. The Peelu fruit was found to be a good source of mineral nutrients, proximate contents, vitamins (ascorbic acid and carotenoid), phytochemicals (total phenolic sand antioxidant contents), and pharmaceutically important metabolites that can be used as functional drink.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Properties of Momordica charantia Methanolic Extract Against Selected Bacterial Strains

Introduction: The persistent development of bacterial resistance against currently available antibacterial drugs necessitates the search for new antimicrobial agents. The major part of this research is to overcome drug resistance in infectious agents by utilizing medicinal plants as the main natural source in the production of new pharmaceuticals. As 25-50% of contemporary medications are derived from plants, this sparked renewed interest in therapeutic plants. Due to the largely diverse phytochemical compounds found in crude extracts of medicinal plants, they could be used as an alternative source of antimicrobial agents. This study aims to screen the phytochemical compounds and evaluate the antibacterial effect of Momordica charantia fruit extract, obtained by maceration in 100% absolute methanol. Method: Disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods were performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of M. charantia fruit extract on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Results: The phytochemical tests conducted revealed that the fruit extracts tested positive for alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. The methanolic extract of M. charantia fruit demonstrated antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a mean inhibition zone of (17mm±0.82), but not against E. coli or S. typhimurium. For S. aureus, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 125mg/ml and 500mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the current study offers insight into the therapeutic potential of M. charantia where the methanolic fruit extract of the fruit has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and has the potential to be exploited as an antimicrobial agent.

Exogenous Application of Aloe vera Leaf Extract Improves Silybin Content in Silybum marianum L. by Up-Regulating Chalcone Synthase Gene

Biotic elicitors such as Aloe vera extract (ALE) have been shown to stimulate growth and modify the bioactive composition of various plant species. ALE has a unique mixture of nutrients that support plant production and growth. In this study, the bio-stimulative effects of ALE foliar spray on plant production and growth, silybin levels, and chalcone synthase gene expression in Silybum marianum were examined. The findings indicated that foliar spray of all the ALE concentrations under study increased plant growth and yield. Additionally, by raising the silybin level of the plant extract, ALE increased the therapeutic value of S. marianum. Further, the activation of the chalcone synthase gene by ALE was analyzed by gene expression research. S. marianum’s growth and production were improved by the application of 60 mL/L ALE, while the silybin level and the chalcone synthase gene expression levels were improved by the application of 40 mL/L ALE. In addition, methanolic fruit extract that contained a higher silybin content also demonstrated a higher anti-microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.