Methanol Extract Of Bark Research Articles

Analgesic effect of methanolic extracts of leaf, bark and fruit of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn

Background: Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. (Oxalidiaceae) is very popular in folk remedy because the plant has high medicinal value and majority parts of the plant such as leaf, fruit and flower are used to treat fever, mumps, pimple, inflammation, rheumatism, itches, boils, bilious colic, stomach ache, aphthous ulcer, cough, cold, syphilis, hypertension, diabetes etc. However, so far no scientific work has been performed which may support its use in pain. Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate possible analgesic actions of methanol extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. (Oxalidiaceae) leaf, bark and fruits in animal models to support its traditional use for first time. Methods: The crude methanolic extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. (Oxalidiaceae) leaf, bark and fruits were investigated for the evaluation of analgesic potential in mice. Analgesic activity was assessed by using acetic acid induced writhing method, formaldehyde induced paw licking method and tail immersion method. Results: Methanolic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) of leaf demonstrated maximum analgesic effect in tail immersion suggesting it to be a centrally acting analgesic. On the other hand leaf extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) reduced acetic acid induced pain significantly (p<0.05) and bark extract (500 mg/kg) also reduced acetic acid induced pain significantly (p<0.05) but the effect is less than standard Diclofenac (100 mg/kg, 61.29% inhibition) (p<0.001). In the formalin induced paw licking time test, methanolic leaf extracts reduced nociception induced by formalin injection in both phases significantly (p<0.05-0.001) among which at higher dose (500 mg/kg) was most effective in later phase (41.81% inhibition) (p<0.001).The results demonstrate the analgesic properties of extracts. Conclusion: The study indicates that methanolic extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi has significant analgesic action which support the traditional use of this plant. Bangladesh Medical Res Counc Bull 2022; 48: 120-126

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Schinus molle linens

The majority of the world population prepares medicines from plants to cure diseases. Schinus molle linens is a multipurpose plant that has been used for various remedies as constituents of traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of methanol extract and solvent fraction extracts of the stem bark of Schinus molle. Powder of Schinus molle was extracted with methanol by using the maceration method and the fractions were obtained by successive fractionation of the methanol extract with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the crude methanol extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, anthraquinones, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and saponins. In addition to this, the antimicrobial activity of crude and solvent fraction extract was tested against S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and C. albicans at a concentration of 90.0, 180.0, and 900.0 μg/ mL. The crude methanol extract and chloroform fraction exhibited greater activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The n-hexane and n-butanol fractions showed the least activity against most test bacteria and fungi. The study showed that it is possible to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi at different concentrations.

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS SAPONIN DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK METANOL KULIT BATANG SEKILANG (Embelia borneensis Scheff.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 DAN Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175

Sekilang stem bark (Embelia borneensis Scheff.) contains secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. Saponin compounds are divided into two types, namely steroids and triterpenoids which have the ability as antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic and expectorant. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of saponin and to determine the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of sekilang bark against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The research stages included plant determination, sample collection, simplicia making, extract preparation by maceration method using methanol, phytochemical screening, identification of saponins and antibacterial activity test of methanol extract of sekilang stem bark by disc diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria with a concentration of 15% , 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%. The results showed that the methanol extract of sekilang stem bark contained triterpenoid saponins and had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans bacteria at concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% with an inhibition zone formed of 7.65 mm, 7.89 mm, 7.67 mm, 7.98 mm, and 7.13 mm the criteria for antibacterial strength were categorized as moderate. The methanolic extract of the bark of sekilang did not show antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, because there was no inhibition zone formed around the paper disc. The positive control used was amoxicillin 0.1% and the negative control used 1% DMSO.

Antihyperglycemic Properties of Extracts and Isolated Compounds from Australian Acacia saligna on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Our early work indicated that methanolic extracts from the flowers, leaves, bark, and isolated compounds of Acacia saligna exhibited significant antioxidant activities in vitro. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria (mt-ROS) interfered with glucose uptake, metabolism, and its AMPK-dependent pathway, contributing to hyperglycemia and diabetes. This study aimed to screen the ability of these extracts and isolated compounds to attenuate the production of ROS and maintain mitochondrial function via the restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Downstream effects were investigated via an immunoblot analysis of the AMPK signalling pathway and glucose uptake assays. All methanolic extracts effectively reduced cellular ROS and mt-ROS levels, restored the MMP, activated AMPK-α, and enhanced cellular glucose uptake. At 10 µM, (-)-epicatechin-6 (from methanolic leaf and bark extracts) markedly reduced ROS and mt-ROS levels by almost 30% and 50%, respectively, with an MMP potential ratio 2.2-fold higher compared to the vehicle control. (-)-Epicatechin 6 increased the phosphorylation of AMPK-α by 43%, with an 88% higher glucose uptake than the control. Other isolated compounds include naringenin 1, naringenin-7-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside 2, isosalipurposide 3, D-(+)-pinitol 5a, and (-)-pinitol 5b, which also performed relatively well across all assays. Australian A. saligna active extracts and compounds can reduce ROS oxidative stress, improve mitochondrial function, and enhance glucose uptake through AMPK-α activation in adipocytes, supporting its potential antidiabetic application.

Hypoglycemic and Antimicrobial Properties of Parkia biglobosa, Lannea humilis Stem Bark and KO-888 Methanol Extracts as a Target for Treatment of Diabetic Wounds

Diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency or insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia and a lowered immune response when the individual is exposed to infection, increasing the risk of a delay in wound healing. The aim of the study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antimicrobial properties of Parkia biglobosa, Lannea humilis stem bark methanol extracts, and KO-888 (Jigsimur). These plants’ stem barks were extracted with methanol using soxhlet extraction. The phytochemical screening of the extracts and KO-888 was carried out using standard procedures. Hypoglycemia was induced in 45 male albino rats divided into 9 groups of 5 each, and extracts were administered orally with 2.5 mg/kg of glucose and treated with various doses of the extracts and KO-888. The antibacterial properties of the extracts and KO-888 were tested against pure isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The formulated extracts and KO-888 were tested on 25 male rats grouped into 5 groups of 5 rats each and applied topically to the excised wound for 20 days. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, hydrogen cyanides, glycosides, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids with copious concentrations of glycosides, alkaloids, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. While, steroids, hydrogen cyanides, alkaloids, and terpenoids were absent in K0-888 compared to the plant extracts. The hypoglycemic effect of the extracts and KO-888 showed a significant (p=.05) decrease in blood glucose levels at all doses, similar to glibenclamide. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts showed a similar effect as compared to penicillin on the bacterial isolates. However, KO-888 was effective against Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. with a significant (p=.001) antibacterial activity at 25 mg/ml. The extracts and KO-888 were more potent than penicillin at a significant (p=.001) level of wound closure. Hence, these extracts may be formulated and used as herbal remedies, especially for diabetes, since the effect is similar to that of KO-888, which is a known commercial herbal remedy.

Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Metanol Kulit Batang Sengkuang pada Tikus Wistar yang Diinduksi CFA (Complete Freund’s Adjuvant)

One of the plants found in East Kalimantan is the Drancotomelon dao (sengkuang) plant. Previous tests demonstrated the presence of anti-inflammatory activity of D. Dao leaf extract through the reduction of proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-?, IL-1?, and IL-6 which were induced by bacteria. This study aims to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extract of the stem bark of the Sengkuang plant in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis induced by complete freund's adjuvant (CFA) to determine the anti-inflammatory potential of other parts of the sengkuang plant. In this test, rat models of rheumatoid arthritis induced using CFA were divided into 4 treatment groups: negative group (NaCMC), positive group (methyl prednisolone), test group 1 (sengkuang extract 50 mg/KgBW/day), test group 2 (lengkuang extract). 200 mg/KgBB/day). Observation of its anti-inflammatory effect was observed for 14 days. Analysis of the data in this study used a one-way ANOVA with joint thickness dependent variable and zinc dose independent variable. Sengkuang extract at doses of 50 and 200 mg/KgBW/day can reduce joint thickness in animals induced with CFA. The activity of reducing joint thickness showed significance in zinc extract at a dose of 50 mg/KgBW/day on the 14th day. Methanol extract of sengkuang has anti-inflammatory activity in CFA-induced rheumatoid arthritis rats at an optimal dose of 200 mg/KgBW/day, has an anti-inflammatory effect that is good enough to reduce edema volume in arthritis rats.

Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract and solvent fractions of Phyllanthus discoideus stem bark

Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract and solvent fractions of Phyllanthus discoideus stem bark

An integrated approach to the structural characterization, long-term toxicological and anti-inflammatory evaluation of Pterospermum rubiginosum bark extract.

Pterospermum rubiginosum is an evergreen plant in Western Ghats, India, used by traditional tribal healers due to its excellent biological potential for treating inflammation and pain relief procedures. The bark extract is also consumed to relieve the inflammatory changes at the bone fractured site. The traditional medicinal plant in India have to be characterized for its diverse phytochemical moieties, its interactive multiple target sites, and to reveal the hidden molecular mechanism behind the biological potency. The study focussed on plant material characterization, computational analysis (prediction study), toxicological screening (In vivo), and anti-inflammatory evaluation of P. rubiginosum methanolic bark extracts (PRME) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7cells. The pure compound isolation of PRME and their biological interactions were used to predict the bioactive components, molecular targets, and molecular pathways of PRME in inhibiting inflammatory mediators. The anti-inflammatory effects of PRME extract were evaluated in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cell model. The toxicity evaluation of PRME was performed in healthy 30 Sprague-Dawley experimental rats, were randomly divided into five groups for toxicological evaluation for 90 days. The tissue levels of oxidative stress and organ toxicity markers were measured using the ELISA method. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was performed to characterize the bioactive molecules. Structural characterization revealed the presence of vanillic acid, 4-O-methyl gallic acid, E-resveratrol, gallocatechin, 4'-O-methyl gallocatechin, and catechin. Molecular docking of NF-kB exhibited significant interactions with vanillic acid and 4-O-methyl gallic acid with binding energy -351.159 Kcal/Mol and -326.5505 Kcal/Mol, respectively. The PRME-treated animals showed an increase in total GPx and antioxidant levels (SOD and catalase). Histopathological examination revealed no variation in the liver, renal and splenic tissue's cellular pattern. PRME inhibited the pro-inflammatory parameters (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7cells. The protein level of TNF-α and NF-kB protein expression study brought out a notable reduction and exhibited a good correlation with the gene expression study. The current study establishes the therapeutic potential of PRME as an effective inhibitory agent against LPS-activated RAW 264.7cells induced inflammatory mediators. Long-term toxicity evaluation on SD rats confirmed the non-toxic nature of PRME up to 250mg/body weight for 3 months.

Antioxidant and Antimalarial Activities of Methanol Extract of Picralima nitida Root Bark

Ethnomedically, the root, stem bark, seed or leaves of Picralima nitida are relevant in local preparations as antimalaria, antipyretic, antihypertensive and gastrointestinal agents. This study was therefore designed to determine the antimalarial and antioxidant effects of the methanol extract of the root bark of Picralima nitida using standard procedures. The antioxidant activity of the methanol root bark extract was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The antimalarial activity of the methanol root bark extract was investigated using the 4-day suppressive test in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The extract showed a concentration-dependent antioxidant activity with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for free radical scavenging activity of 10.19 µg/mL, while the FRAP value was 0.17 ± 0.00 mM FSE/g Extract. The extract demonstrated significant antimalarial activity with 68.33% and 67.27% parasitaemia suppression at doses of 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively. The present study has shown that the root bark extract of P. nitida has antioxidant and antimalarial activities. This study does not only validate the claimed ethnomedicinal use of the plant as antimalaria but also has shown the plant as a potential source of active antimalarial agent.

Acute and Sub-acute Oral Toxicity Profile of Root Bark Methanol Extract of Carissa Edulis Vahl

Acute and Sub-acute Oral Toxicity Profile of Root Bark Methanol Extract of Carissa Edulis Vahl

Stem bark methanolic extract of Bauhinia thonningii (Schum) demonstrates gastroprotective properties against in vivo ethanol-induced injury

Background: Stomach ulcer is one of the diseases that many patients suffer from all over the world, and it causes damage to the intestinal wall. Some research has shown that Bauhinia thonningii extract, which has been traditionally used to treat a variety of ailments, including stomach ulcers, has powerful antioxidant and mucus-increasing properties. Objective:This research is aimed at studying the mechanism(s) through which methanolic (MBST) and chloroform (CBST) extracts of B. thonningii stem bark protects against ethanol-induced stomach damage in rats. Material and Methods: MBST and CBST were evaluated in vivo for their cytoprotective qualities employing stomach acidity, mucus content, macroscopic and microscopic methods, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, mass spectroscopy, 2D gel electrophoresis, and biochemical indicators. These extracts were tested in vitro on lipopolysaccharide/interferon-stimulated rat cells. Additionally, in-vivo, and in-vitro toxicity investigations were conducted. FRAP, DPPH, and ORAC tests were used to determine the antioxidant activity of MBST and CBST. Chemical and spectroscopic approaches were used to analyze the phytochemistry of MBST and CBST.Results: The gross and histological characteristics of B. thonningii proved its anti-ulcerogenic effects. MBST has gastroprotective effects by modulating lipid peroxidation and proteomics indicators [heat shock protein (Hsp60), disulfide isomerase (ERp60), protein disulfide-isomerase, creatine kinase B, cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, peroxiredoxin-6, and ATP synthase]. MBST and CBST have substantial impacts on nitric oxide both in-vitro and in-vivo. In comparison to CBST, methanolic extract (MBST) demonstrated greater gastroprotective properties, polyphenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The plant extracts did not show any toxicity in-vitro or in-vivo. MBST shows anti-ulcer action, which may be ascribed to its ability to reduce ethanol-triggered oxidative injury, to intervene in proteomic mechanisms, and to modulate nitric oxide.Conclusion:The present study found that stem bark extracts of Bauhinia thonningii Schum have cytoprotective activities against in vivo ethanol-induced damage due to its powerful antioxidant and mucus-increasing capabilities. Bauhinia thonningii warrants more attention since it may provide an exciting novel medication for the treatment of acute erosive gastropathy.Keywords: Bauhinia thonningii Schum;polar and non-polar extraction; peptic ulcer; nitric oxide; proteomics

Liver Histopathology of Mice Induced by Paracetamol on Administration of Methanol Extract of Laban Tree Bark (Vitex pubescens Vahl.)

Paracetamol metabolism takes place in the liver mediated by CYP450 enzymes and generates NAPQI radicals. The NAPQI radical is highly electrophilic to hepatocyte biomolecules and is therefore capable of inducing liver damage. Laban tree bark (V. pubescens) methanol extract is known to contain antioxidant compounds of flavonoids, saponins, and tannins with an IC50 value of 19.83 g/ml. This study aims to determine the optimal dose of extract that can improve the liver microanatomy of mice induced by toxic dose of paracetamol (TDP). This study used 30 male Swiss strain mice with a body weight of 20-30 g. The treatments given consisted of negative control (paracetamol 105 mg kg-1), positive control (vitamin E 46.8 mg kg-1), and laban extract at a dose of 75; 150; 300; 600 mg kg-1 BW. Liver microanatomy parameters measured included hepatocyte diameter (19.50±0.21 µm), sinusoids (4.39±0.23 µm), and central vein (36.84 ± 1.79 µm). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test further test was then presented in the form of mean ± standard deviation. The results showed that extract at a dose of 600 mg kg-1 had hepatocyte, sinusoid, and central vein diameters that were not significantly different (p>0.05) with vitamin E.

Ameliorative Potentials of Methanol Bark Extract of Detarium senegalense (Tallow Tree) in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Diabetes is a global metabolic disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide and raises the global death rate, posing a public health concern. Because antidiabetic traditional drugs are expensive, have side effects, and are ineffective, researchers are looking into novel medicinal plants to find a long-term cure that is inexpensive, has few or no side effects, and is highly effective in treating diabetes and its consequences. Detarium senegalense is a versatile plant used to cure a variety of ailments, including diabetes. This research aimed to investigate the ameliorative potentials of methanol bark extract of Detarium senegalense in streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic male Wistar Rats. Thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats weighing 120-180gm were chosen at random and put into six (6) groups of five rats each (n=5) for this investigation. A single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (150mg/kg) produced diabetes in rats. Normal and diabetic control groups are represented by groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 3, a diabetic group, received metformin (50mg/kg). Groups 4, 5, and 6 received methanol bark extract of Deterium senegalenses at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively. The animals were euthanized at the end of the 21-day treatment period, and organs were excised for biochemical examination. The generated data was analyzed with the SPSS software, and the results were expressed as mean SEM. Result confirms Detarium senegalense methanol bark extract as a hypoglycemic agent on the diabetic rats, by decreasing blood glucose level and the activity of metabolic enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), increase hexokinase, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glut 1 and Glut 2 activities while decreasing the activities of Malondialdehyde. Conclusively, the bark of Detarium senegalense has been shown to have anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative.

Comparison of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Profiles and Antimicrobial Activity of Different <em>Cinnamomum</em> Species in Sri Lanka

The demand for Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum syn. C. zeylanicum ) is consistent due to its superior characteristics. Besides that, Sri Lanka is home to seven other wild species: Cinnamomum capparu-coronde, Cinnamomum citriodorum, Cinnamomum dubium, Cinnamomum litseifolium, Cinnamomum ovalifolium, Cinnamomum rivulorum, and Cinnamomum sinharajaense. Since cinnamon bark contains more than seventy bioactive compounds, it possesses various pharmacological and health benefits, including antimicrobial activity. Even though there is some literature on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of C. verum, wild species have not been studied yet. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activity and biochemical compounds of Cinnamomum species found in Sri Lanka using bark methanol extract and crude. Trans-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamyl acetate, coumaric acid, and coumarin were quantified using HPLC techniques. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by disc diffusion assay against two standard pathogenic strains, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. There were no detectable coumarin or coumaric acid levels in any of the species. The highest trans-cinnamaldehyde content and antimicrobial activity were observed in C. verum, followed by C. sinharajaense and C. capparu-coronde. Further, C. ovalifolium, C. dubium, and C. rivulorum did not show positive inhibition zones against the two pathogenic strains and detectable levels of trans-cinnamaldehyde. Moreover, the results showed a strong positive correlation between antimicrobial activity and trans-cinnamaldehyde content. The results suggest that the antibacterial activity of C. sinharajaense and C. capparu-coronde should be tested against a broader range of pathogenic strains and could be useful in future breeding programs.

In vitro Antibacterial and in silico Evaluation of Ficus benghalensis Methanolic Bark Extract, as Potential Anti-MRSA Agent

Abstract: Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), known to be highly resistant bacterium, leading to dreadful infections with limited treatment options. Objectives: The current study mainly focused to investigate the anti-staphylococcal activity of Ficus benghalensis methanolic bark (FBMB) extract against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Materials and Methods: The assessment of Ficus benghalensis methanolic bark (FBMB) extract was performed by agar well diffusion method and broth dilution method. Further, the pathogenic factors such as formation of biofilm, hemolysis, adhesion and staphyloxanthin production were evaluated to confirm antibiofilm and anti-adhesion activity. Cytoplasmic leakage analysis was also carried out to confirm the antibacterial activity of the extract. Results: From agar well diffusion method, it was observed that even at low dosage (1.6 mg/ml) showed the zone of inhibition which is significantly as dose dependent manner. 50 mg/ml extract showed Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 100 mg/ml extract showed minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The inhibitory activity of extracts was observed information of biofilm, hemolytic activity and production of staphyloxanthin. Oxidative survival resulted in decreased colonies of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and cytoplasmic leakage elevation was observed with the treatment. Further, in silico analysis also confirms the binding and interaction of the active molecules of FBMB extract, such as Beta-sitosterol, Lupeol Acetate and Alpha-amyrin against the MSCRAMMs family of MRSA using AutoDock Vina, Accelrys BIOVIA and pyMol tools and furthermore these molecules have better pharmacokinetic profile as based on Lipinski's rule of five violation. Conclusion: Ficus benghalensis methanolic bark extract, can be used as an drug candidate for antibiotic-resistant infection caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Keywords: MRSA, Ficus benghalensis, Bark extract, Anti-biofilm, Anti-virulence, Anti-bacterial, Membrane stability, in silico.

Identification of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) as the Major Contributor of Anti-colon cancer Activity of Active Chromatographic Fraction of Parkia javanica (Lamk.) Merr. Bark Extract

Parkia javanica (Lamk.) Merr. is an ethnomedicinal leguminous plant species from northeastern India with a long history of medicinal use among various tribes of this region to treat cholera, dysentery, stomach aches, diarrhea and food poisoning, having antibacterial, wound-healing, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in this current study, the methanolic bark extract was carried out and fractionated by using flash chromatography, examined the cytotoxicity of the respective fractions on colon cancer cell lines, and evaluated the major phytochemical compounds present in the fractions using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) chemical profiling. Chemical profiling of the fractions by GC-MS revealed in fraction-1 and -2, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol was the major compound (50.740% in fraction-1, 21.277% in fraction-2, and 7.859% in fraction-3) having reported anticancer activity. The gradation of the presence of this compound in the fractions was corroborated by the gradation of anti-colon cancer activity of the respective fractions on both the colon carcinoma cell lines. However, the presence of D-Allose in a substantial amount (20.870%) in only fraction-3 could not increase the anticancer activity of fraction-3 over the other two fractions. An in vitro cytotoxic assay guided evaluation of three flash chromatographic fractions (fraction-1, -2, and -3) of methanolic extract of Parkia javanica bark showed significant anticancer properties on two human colon carcinoma cell lines (HCT116 and SW480). The order of efficacy of the fractions was fraction-1> fraction-2 > fraction-3. In a time and dose-dependent experiment, fraction-1, being the most active one, showed an IC50 value of 16.25 µgml-1 (24 hrs), 9.94 µgml-1 (48 hrs), and 9.38 µgml-1 (72 hrs) on HCT116 and 35 µgml-1 (24 hrs), 20.14 µgml-1 (48 hrs), and 19.71 µgml-1 (72 hrs) on the SW480 cell line. Parkia javanica bark extract is bestowed with the potential of anti-colon cancer property and upon chemical profiling of different chromatographic fractions of the extract, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol has been identified as the primary anticancer component of the extract.

Spatial memory-enhancing effects and antioxidant activities of leaf and stem bark methanol extracts of Prunus africana in scopolamine-treated mice

Introduction: Conventional medicines for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have little efficacy and are linked to several severe effects, necessitating alternative therapy. The current study investigated the memory-enhancing effects and antioxidant activities of stem bark and leaf MeOH extracts of Prunus africana in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice. Several inclusions build up in brain tissue during AD progression and the brain clears them oxidatively. This makes the antioxidant activity a vital requirement for plant extracts that are used with great success to manage AD. Methods: In this study, for each plant extract, thirty Swiss albino mice were randomly assigned to six groups; extract-treated, reference drug control, normal control, and negative control groups. The mice were then subjected to the Morris water maze task for four consecutive days, euthanized and their whole brains were assessed for antioxidant activities. Results: The studied extracts significantly (P < 0.01) reduced escape latencies of experimental mice in a dose-related manner, depicting their considerable memory-enhancing effects. The extracts also displayed significant (P < 0.01) enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The leaf and stem bark MeOH extracts of P. africana possess phytocompounds with spatial memory-enhancing effects and antioxidant activities.

Pharmacognostic Screening and Antimalaria Activity of Methanol Bark Extract of Daniellia oliveri (ROLFE) Hutch. & Dalz. [Fabaceae] Extract on Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice

Introduction: Malaria parasite infection has remained a global leading cause of death and disability in which about 50% of the world population is estimated to be at risk, especially in low and middle income countries.
 Aim: This research is designed to evaluate the pharmacognostic, phytochemical profile, and investigate its antimalarial activity by analysing different hematological indices of the methanolic bark extract of Daniellia oliveri, a plant belonging to the family of fabaceae.
 Methods: The barks of this plants were collected, cleared, dried, pulverized and sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous using the soxhlet extractor. Acute toxicity studies (LD50) for the methanol bark extract was studied using standard method. Phytochemical and pharmacognostic screening was carried out using standard methods, its hematological analysis were investigated using standard methods. The antimalarial activity of the methanol bark extract Daniellia oliveri, was evaluated at different doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg using in-vivo models.
 Results: The plant is a tall slender tree with a dark grey colour. The following extractive values were obtained petroleum ether (0.600±0.10), n-hexane (0.667±0.88), ethyl acetate (1.600±0.10), methanol (8.400±0.10) and aqueous (6.200±0.10).The methanol extract had the hightest extractive value and was found to be non-toxic at dose 5000mg/kg. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses reveals the presence of alkaloids (10.179±0.61), saponins (1.674±0.43), tannins (10.738±0.61), flavonoids (3.923±0.15), steroids (2.665±0.07), phenols (134.604±14.83), terpenoids (22.436±4.87), glycosides (14.485±0.08), reducing sugars (4.138±1.36), soluble carbohydrates but absence of cyanogenic glycosides The pharmacognostic parameters values were obtained as follows, total ash value (5.600±0.10), acid insoluble ash value (2.800±0.88), water soluble ash value (0.500±0.10), moisture content (13.933±0.12), bitterness value , foaming index (less than 100), swelling index (2.867±0.99).
 Conclusion: This result has shown that the hematological analysis carried out exhibited significant improvement in PCV, RBC and Hb when administered the plant extract compared to the standard group. It exhibited significant increase in platelet and lymphocyte while reduction in neutrophil compared to the standard group. The increased hematological indices indicate a better transportation capacity of the red blood cells and this should be attributed to the antimalarial properties of the extract. Also, the white blood differential count indicates a boost in the immune system of the treated P. berghei infected mice. This study justifies the ethno-medicinal use of D. oliveri in the management of malaria.

Phytochemical Screening and In vitro Antimicrobial Study of Prosopis cineraria L. Bark

Medicinal plants are more readily available and less expensive than synthetic compounds and play an important role in treating infectious diseases. The emergence of multidrug resistance among various groups of microorganisms against various antibiotics prompted researchers to develop effective multidrug-resistant strain-fighting drugs derived from plants. The medicinal plant produces phytochemicals, essential components of the plant's defence system. The present study aims to determine the phytochemical efficacy of metabolites and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Prosopis cineraria methanolic bark extract against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic crude bark extract was prepared by the Soxhlet method, and antimicrobial activity was investigated by the well diffusion method. The antibiotics Tetracycline and DMSO were used as the positive and negative control, respectively. The percent yield of crude extract was 7.9%. The preliminary phytochemicals screening for secondary metabolites revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids and steroids, while saponins, coumarins and anthraquinones were absent. Antimicrobial efficacy evaluated through Zone of inhibition was compared to standard antibiotic tetracycline and the results revealed high efficacy of bark extract against Staphylococcus aureus followed by Escherichia coli.

Phytoconstituents profiling and antioxidant potential of Wrightia tinctoria R. Br.

In the Indian traditional system of medicine, Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Apocyanaceae) is recognized as a biologically effective therapeutic plant for the treatment of jaundice. It is a natural medicinal tree possessing antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antinociceptive, antifungal, antibacterial, antipsoriatic, antiviral, anthelmintic, anticancerous, analgesic, antipyretic, and aphrodisiac activities. Methanolic extract of W. tinctoria plant was investigated with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the antioxidant activity of W. tinctoria was analysed by most probable hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H2O2) activity, DPPH activity and Thiobarbutaric acid. The phytochemical in W. tinctoria leaf and bark have been assessed by GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analysis of W. tinctoria methanolic extract exposed the existence of the GC-MS chromatograms of 10 peaks in the leaf and 20 peaks in the bark. The FTIR spectroscopy analyses were identified by various functional compounds in the extracts with distinctive peak values. The FTIR analysis of methanolic leaf extracts of W. tinctoria confirmed the presence of alcohol, amine, alkane, carboxylic acid, sulfur compounds, halogen compounds and alkyne which showed major peaks. Also the methanolic bark extracts of W. tinctoria confirmed the presence of amines, phenol, alcohols, alkane, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, and halogen compounds which also exhibited major peaks. Significant antioxidant activity is displayed by the plant part of leaf and bark sample. The results obtained in the determination of antioxidant activity of MEWT displayed considerable free radical scavenging capacity against DPPH which generated free radicals. This study includes the identification of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of methanolic and aqueous extract of W. tinctoria which assist in therapeutic claims about this species in the traditional medicinal plant system.