Methanol Extract Of Stem Research Articles

UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-HR-MS Analysis of Cyclopeptide Alkaloids From Ziziphus joazeiro

Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., popularly known as “juazeiro”, is a tree widely found in the northeast of Brazil. It is commonly used as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and analgesic agent. The stem extract exhibited, beside cytotoxic properties, substantial activity against the Gram-negative bacterium Allivibrio fischeri. UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-HR-MS analysis of the alkaloidal fraction of the crude methanolic stem extract of this species enabled the detection and putative identification of sixteen cyclopeptide alkaloids (CPAs), including four possibly new structures. According to the MS2 fragmentation analysis, from the sixteen identified CPAs, three possess a type-Ia1, one a type-Ia2, and twelve a type-Ib cyclopeptide alkaloid core. The structures of paliurine-C and -D were supported by NMR data.

Screening assessment of trimethoxy flavonoid and - (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate against formalin-induced arthritis in Swiss albino rats and binding properties on NF-\u03baB-MMP9 proteins

BackgroundThe isolated trimethoxy flavonoid 4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxy-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) chromen-4-one (TMF) from methanolic stem extract of T chrysantha (METC) and - (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) can be used to suppress acute inflammation and arthritis as an ethical medicine in Ayurveda. The nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) signaling is involved in the expression of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-1β. A successive investigation of NF-κB–MMP9 signaling during the production of inflammatory mediators needs to be developed. The docking studies of compounds TMF and EGCG were carried out using Autodock 4.0 and Discovery studio Biovia 2017 software to find out the interaction between ligand and the target proteins. The anti-arthritic potential of TMF, EGCG, and indomethacin was evaluated against formalin-induced arthritis in Swiss albino rats. Arthritis was assessed by checking the mean increase in paw diameter for 6 days via digital vernier caliper. The blood cell counter and diagnostic kits measured the different blood parameters and Rheumatoid factor (RF, IU/mL). The interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) in serum were determined by ELISA, and the pERK, MMP9, and NF-κB expressions in the inflamed tissue were determined by Western blotting, respectively. The mRNA expression for inflammatory marker enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was determined by qRT-PCR.ResultsBased on grid score, interactions, and IC50 values in molecular docking studies, the TMF and EGCG can be effectively combined with proteins NF-kB and MMP9. The TMF-HD and EGCG-HD better suppressed the acute inflammation and arthritis with marked low-density pERK, MMP9, NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2 levels. The endogenous antioxidant levels were increased in TMF and EGCG treated rats.ConclusionThe TMF and EGCG effectively unraveled acute inflammation and arthritis by suppressing NF-κB mediated MMP9 and cytokines.Graphic abstract

Comparative evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity between n-butanol fraction, leaf and stem methanolic extract obtained from Olaxpsittacorum

Olax psittacorum (Lam.) Vahl. traditionally used by the tribal communities of 'INDIA' to heal conditions such as pain, psoriasis, mouthulcer, anemia, constipation as well as diabetes followed by scientific evidences like antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-viral, and anti-cancer property too. Solvent fractionation process by using chloroform, distilled water and n-butanol has been developed to get the precipitate as a fraction (encrypted as FrAE-ISO) of leaf methanolic extract (LME) and established GC-MS and antiinflammatory evaluation. The aim was to enumerate the potency against inflammation of FrAE-ISO comparing with LME, SME (Stem methanolic extract) and Diclofenac. TLC of LME extract has been developed too for separation & evaluation of the compounds appeared as bands obtained by scraping process. The motive of the experiment was to acquire an isolate from LME that can able to show an emense anti-inflammatory action compared to LME and SME. Priliminary phytochemical screening upon LME, SME and FrAE-ISO preformed by the standard methods of literatures. Scrapped portions of developed TLC plate (G-254 graded silica) of LME (n-Hexane:Ethylacetate; 7.5:2.5) were introduced to GC-MS evaluation. FrAE-ISO has introduced at a minute quantity (5 and 10mg/kg/bw) within Wister albino rats (per os) against inflammation (model: carrageenan-induced paw edema) to evaluate its potency as compared to LME (25mg/kg/bw), SME (25mg/kg/bw) and Diclofenac (100mg/kg). GC-MS evaluation has been conducted in both FrAE-ISO and scrapped sections to evaluate the presence of compounds qualitatively. LME and SME, qualitatively through different screening processes confirm the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, amino acids, tannins, and saponins respectively. According to the quantitative study of the extracts concerning total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin content equivalent to gallic acid, quercetin, tannic acid, and diosgenin respectively have shown less amount of phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin content in SME (30.95, 205.33 and 30.82mg/g extract respectively) as compared to LME (95.68, 713.33 and 66.41mg/g extract respectively). Quantitative estimation has shown the presence of 825.27mg of saponin equivalent to diosgenin per gram of FrAE-ISO. The GC-MS study has revealed that every section of the leaf extract has " Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester " in common with other important compounds responsible for its potent contribution towards the anti-inflammatory property. The scrapped portions of the TLC plate having mixture of compounds but FrAE-ISO has shown a sharp peak in GC-MS (up to 34min of run time) as well as few crystals like structures under the binocular microscope. Compact doses of FrAEISO (yield=1.645%) i.e. 5 and 10mg/kg body weight was able to compete with 100mg/kg Diclofenac portraying 88%-95% inhibition respectively throughout all phases of inflammation with no-significant differences compared to standard evaluated by ANOVA (in SPSS). Olax psittacorum (Lam.) Vahl. could be a good choice to explore its importance within the pharmacognostic field of drug development and might be a better source of herbal-derived lead compounds which can help to treat other various activities like ulcer healing or anti-anemic property etc.

Screening the Therapeutic Potential of Methanolic Stem Extract of Cissus arnottiana

Modern lifestyle, pollution, food habit, and stress have intensively enhanced the evolution of several diseases on human being. Medicinal plants are used from the ancient times for the therapeutic needs to cure various diseases as well as less toxic in nature. One of such plant is Cissus arnottiana which is used from the olden days which has been identified as an important medicine plant by many researchers all over the world. Cissus arnottiana contains phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds etc. In this present work methanolic stem extract of Cissus arnottiana is used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of gram negative and gram positive human pathogenic bacteria. DPPH assay is used to investigate the antioxidant properties of the methanolic extract. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract has been studied using anti proteinase assay. The MTT cell proliferation assay is carried out against HeLa cell line in which 44% of cells are viable for the concentration of 100 µg/mL. Interestingly, the methanolic stem extract can be used as a potential candidate for new therapeutic applications.

Antioxidant Property and Oral Glucose Tolerance of Stem Extract of Andrographis paniculata – Nees

This research aims to investigate the antioxidant property and oral glucose tolerance of stem extract of Andrographis paniculata using standard methods. The antioxidant activity of the extracts were assessed using total phenol, total flavonoid, ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), nitric oxide, GSH (gluthatione), super oxide, DPPH [1,1-di-phenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl] and ascorbic acid. The oral glucose tolerance of methanol stem extract of A. paniculata was carried out using wistar albino rats. The Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups consisting of five rats each. Group 1 was given water only, group two to group five were induced with 2g/kg of glucose. After 30 minutes, group 3 and 4 were treated with the doses of 15 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of the extract while group 5 was treated with glibenclamide respectively. The blood glucose level of each group was monitored for 2hours at 30 minutes interval and compared with the control that was given water only. The result shows that the extracts were able to scavenge free radicals but methanol stem extract of A. paniculata performed better in scavenging free radicals as compared to others. The blood sugar levels of the rats treated with doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg of methanol stem extract of A. paniculata were significantly lower than the group of rats that were fed with only glucose and the group of rats treated with glibenclamide. The glucose-lowering efficiency of the extract was between 60-120 minutes. Findings from this present study revealed that A. paniculata is a potential plant that can scavenge free radicals and also possess hypoglycemic activity.

Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of stem of Conocarpus lancifolius

Aims: To evaluate pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical analysis of stem of Conocarpus lancifolius including macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters. Methods and Material: Macroscopic and microscopic properties of dried stem were investigated. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of various extracts and fluorescence analysis of dried stem powder was performed using various chemicals. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated as per WHO guidelines. Results: Organoleptic parameters of stem of C. lancifolius like colour, shape, size etc were noted. Transverse section of fresh stem revealed the presence of epidermis, cortex, sone cells, phloem, xylem and pith. Whereas, powder microscopy showed the presence of epidermis, xylem, stone cells, phloem fibre with crystals of calcium oxalate etc. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of stem showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, steroids etc. Ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of alkaloids and steroids while aqueous extract showed presence of tannins. Physicochemical parameters viz. ash value, extractive value, moisture content, fluorescence analysis and foaming index of stem powder were determined. The total tannins were also determined in the stem of C. lancifolius. Conclusion: The present study revealed pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical parameters of stem of C. lancifolius which would be beneficial for its standardization and future scope of the work.

In vitro antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of leaves and stem extracts of Anogeissus pendula Edgew.

Anogeissus pendula Edgew. is commonly used in the conventional Indian medicinal system and is reported to contain phenolic compounds which have antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The goal of our study is to look at the antioxidant function and antibacterial activity of A. pendula leaf and stem extracts. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) were determined using a spectrophotometric technique (TTC). In vitro techniques such as 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging tests (H2O2) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used in the study. The disc diffusion technique was used to assess antibacterial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was investigated against four bacterial strains. The TTC of leaf and stem methanol extract was considerably higher which ranged from 15.07 ± 0.506 to 38.77 ± 1.253 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /g in leaves and 19.83 ± 0.084 to 28.56 ± 0.437 mg GAE/g in the stem. The content of flavonoid in the leaf and stem methanol extract varied from 12.53 ± 0.603 to 37.28 ± 0.466 mg rutin equivalent (RE) /g in leaves and 10.01 ± 0.177 to 37.28 ± 0.466 mg RE/g in stems. Hydroalcoholic extract of leaf and stem showed the highest tannin content and ranged from 23.73 ± 0.091 to 34.08 ± 0.261 mg tannic acid equivalent (TAE) /g. In order of efficacy (IC50) of the plant extracts, the effective inhibitor was the methanol extract of leaf and stem in the DPPH and H2O2 assay. FRAP value was higher in the hydroalcoholic extract of both leaf and stem. Antimicrobial activity tests revealed that all extracts limit the development of diverse microbial strains such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida and Streptococcus aureus with a mean zone of inhibition ranging from 0 to 15.67 mm. The MIC of A. pendula leaf and stem solvent extracts against bacterial strains ranged from 0.195 to 50 mg/ml. The findings revealed that A. pendula has a variety of phytochemicals with substantial antioxidant and antibacterial properties, confirming its usage in traditional medicine.

The phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaf and stem extracts of Eucalyptus torelliana, Nigeria

The use of traditional medicines has been observed to increase globally. The search for new antimicrobial agents has increased as a result of increase in microbial infections as well as antimicrobial resistance. The phytochemical and antibacterial activities of ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves and stem of Eucalyptus torelliana was investigated to detect the presence of secondary metabolites and also evaluate their antibacterial potential. The phytochemical constituents of the powdered leaves and stem of Eucalyptus torelliana were determined using standard methods. The antibacterial susceptibility of bacteria from different sources to the leaves and stem extract was determined using agar diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations, MIC of the extracts were also determined. Phytochemical screening of Eucalyptus torelliana yielded glycosides, reducing sugars, condensed tannins and terpenoids in both leaf and stem extract while saponins were found only in the leaves extract. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Eucalyptus torelliana had antibacterial activities at 20mg/ml and 10mg/ml especially at 20mg/ml where it showed significant difference in their activity in relation to the negative control. The extracts from the stem were observed to have better antibacterial activity compared to the leaves. Gentamicin was used as a positive control. The ethanolic extracts had MIC range between 10mg/ml->10mg/ml while that of the methanolic extracts was >10mg/ml. The results from this study validate the possible use of Eucalyptus torelliana in the production of new antimicrobial agents.

The phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaf and stem extracts of Eucalyptus torelliana, Nigeria

The phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaf and stem extracts of Eucalyptus torelliana, Nigeria

A combinatorial approach to screen structurally diverse acetylcholinesterase inhibitory plant secondary metabolites targeting Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of Dementia known to diminish the brain's function by perturbating its structural and functional components. Though cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used to treat AD, they are limited by numbers and side effects. Hence, present study aims to identify structurally diverse Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory plant secondary metabolites (PSM) by employing high throughput screening and computational studies. AChE inhibitory activity was performed using 390 crude extracts from 63 plant parts belongs to 58 plants. The lowest IC50 value was recorded by acetone extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome at 0.5 mg/ml, followed by methanol extract of Terminalia arjuna bark (0.95 mg/ml) and water extract Acacia catechu stem (0.95 mg/ml). A virtual library containing 487 PSM belongs to 18 plants found positive for AChE inhibition (IC50≤5 mg/ml) was prepared. Through ADMET analysis, 78 PSM fulfilling selected drug-likeness parameters were selected for further analysis. Molecular docking studies of selected PSM against AChE recorded a wide range of binding energy from −3.40 to −10.90 Kcal/mol. Further molecular dynamics simulation studies also recorded stabilized interactions of AChE-ligand complexes in the term of RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen bond interaction. MMPBSA analysis revealed the binding energy of selected PSM ranging from −123.757 to −261.697 kJ/mol. Our study demonstrated the potential of 12 PSM (Sugiol, Margolone, 7-Hydroxy-3',4’-(Methylenedioxy) flavan, Beta-cyprone, Ethenone, Isomargolonone, Serpentine, Cryptolepine, Rotundone, Strictamin, Rotundenol and Nootkatone) as AChE inhibitors. Further in vitro and in vivo experimental evaluations with pure PSM could be beneficial for therapeutic uses.

Evaluation of the anti-radical activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of stem, stem bark and leaves of Waltheria indica by scavenging the free radical cation ABTS

Background: Waltheria indica is an antioxidant rich flowering plant species in its various parts and usually used in sub-Saharan Africa’s traditional medicine. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-radical activity of different concentrations of aqueous and methanolic extracts of stem, stem bark and leaves of Waltheria indica, in order to determine the most antioxidant organ of the plant on the one hand and the type of extraction allowing to collect the maximum of bioactive compound on the other hand. Methods: The method used is based on the measurement of the free radicals of the radical cation of 2,2'-azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] (ABTS•+) compared to that of a reference antioxidant, the gallic acid. Results and Discussion: With the methanolic extraction, the results obtained showed that the stem bark was the most active organ followed by the stem and then the leaves. The IC50 obtained were: for the stem bark (IC50 = 4.3 µg.mL-1); for the stem (IC50 = 6 µg.mL-1); and the leaf (IC50 = 37.5 µg.mL-1). Gallic acid, the referenced antioxidant, showed an IC50 of 0.41 µg.mL-1. Regarding the extraction method, aqueous extraction had a higher yield (IC50 of stem aqueous extract = 2.5 µg.mL-1) compare to methanolic extraction (IC50 of stem methanolic extract = 6 µg.mL-1). Conclusion: Aqueous extraction showed a better yield than methanolic extraction. The various organs of Waltheria indica, particularly the stem bark, can provide natural antioxidants that can be used in preventive medicine.

Antimicrobial and Antifungal Properties of Leaves to Root Extracts and Saponin Fractions of Chlorophytum borivilianum

Objective: The study was conducted to examine the antimicrobial activity of methanolic crude extract from different parts of the Chlorophytum borivilianum plant against pathogenic microorganisms and toassess antimicrobial activity by MIC and structural characterization of purified saponin of Chlorophytum borivilianum by using spectrophotometric and NMR analysis. Methods: The antimicrobial analysis of the extracts of leaves, roots and stems of C. borivilianum is based on the agar well diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The phytochemical screening and characterization of saponin on the basis of structural and antimicrobial activity present in C. borivilianum were analyzed by different spectrophotometric methods such as HPLC, UV-visible, IR, NMR, LC-ESI-MS and pharmacophore modeling. Results: The results revealed that the methanolic leaf, stem and root extracts have inhibitory potential against the growth of K. pneumonia, B. subtilis, M. tuberculosis, E coli and S. aureus in case of bacteria and C. albicans, A. fumigatus and Tricoderma in case of fungus. The MIC values of leaf, stem and root extracts were found in the range of 1 mg/ml to 0.125 mg/ml. Moreover, the purified saponins indicated MIC in the range of 0.5 mg/ml to 0.0625 mg/ml against the selected microbial pathogens. Saponins act as one of the major phytocomponents present in C. borivilianum. The antimicrobial and structural analysis of purified saponins of C. borivilianum was also performed using different spectral analysis methods. Conclusion: The anti-microbial results showed that the extract from the leaf and stems had higher anti-pathogenic activity as compared to the roots. The MIC results showed that the purified saponin also possessed the anti-microbial activity and oleanolic acid content, as detected by spectral analysis the fundamental structure of the extracted saponin.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Ficus Sycomorus L. (Moraceae) Extracts on some Dermatophytic Fungi

Ficus sycomorus L is a large, semi-deciduous spreading savannah tree that belongs to the family (Moraceae) is used by many tribes in the treatments of skin infections. The aim of this study was to carry out phytochemical analysis and antifungal evaluation of F. sycomorus L. stem and leaf Methanol extract on some dermatophytic fungi. The stem and leaf crude extracts were obtained after drying using maceration and percolation with methanol as the solvent. The extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening as well as GC-MS analysis for the presence of bioactive constituents. The antifungal inhibitory effect of the crude stem and leaf extracts was assessed by agar well diffusion methods. The phytochemical screening revealed that the leaves and stem-bark contained secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, reducing sugar and steroid. The GC-MS assay showed that the most prevailing compound in the methanolic stem-bark extract was 2, 9, Diazabicyclo (4, 4, 0) decane-3,10 dione, while in the methanolic leaves extract was acetic acid. The anti-dermatophytic assay of the extracts against Microsporum canis and Tricophyton tonsurans showed that the extracts inhibited the fungi with zones of inhibitions ranging from 6.33±0.47 to 24.33±0.47mm with the leaf extract exhibiting higher inhibition zones than the stem extract (p˂0.01). The study shows that both the stem and leaf methanol extract of Ficus sycomorus L possesses antifungal activity and should be considered as a potential antifungal agent in search of newer agents to address dermatophytic fungal infections

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activities of Tamarix dioica Extracts

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of phytochemical analysis and the antibacterial activity of extracts of stem, flowers and leaves of Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth. Four solvents namely, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and acetone were selected to obtain extracts from different parts of the plant. The organic solvent extracts were investigated for phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains, namely Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The result of phytochemicals revealed the presence of various constituents, such as phlobatannins, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenols, proteins, terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids by using standard procedures. Most of these components were present in methanol and ethyl acetate extract. Therefore, four out of two extracts, such as methanol and ethyl acetate extracts from stems, flowers, and leaves, were used to test their evidence of antibacterial activity. From this, it was observed that the methanol extracts of stem, flowers and leaves of T. dioica were highly effective together with E. coli and S. aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 500 μg/mL. Considering that the ethyl acetate (EA) extracts from the stem, flowers and leaves of T. dioica were examined to be ineffective against E. coli and S. aureus and MIC values were not observed in two strains of bacteria.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Stem and Leaf Extracts of Himalayan Tinospora cordifolia Hook.f. & Thomson

Background: Medicinal plants are considered a rich source of ingredients, which can be used in drug development and synthesis. Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Hook.f. & Thomson, commonly known as guduchi, heart-leaved moonseed and giloya is a herbaceous vine of the family Menispermaceae, has several beneficial properties including antioxidant activity. Aim: The present study was carried out to analyze the antioxidant activity of leaf and stem extracts of Tinospora cordifolia by using DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2´-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) free radical scavenging assays. Materials and Methods: Dried and powdered leaves and stem of T. cordifolia were extracted with methanol. Ascorbic acid was taken as standard. Total phenolic content was estimated by using Folin-ciocalteu's reagent while total flavonoid content by aluminium chloride reagent to find the correlation of polyphenols with antioxidant activity. ABTS assay of methanolic leaf and stem extracts showed the highest scavenging activity as compared to the DPPH assay. Results: Methanolic stem extract showed higher phenolic and flavonoid content along with antioxidant activity as compared to the methanolic leaf extract. Conclusion: The stem extract exhibited more antioxidant activity than the leaf extract with regards to the all parameters analyzed.

Allelopathic Potential of Etlingera coccinea (B.) Sakai & Nagam on Seed Germination and Growth of Mung Bean and Siam Weed

Etlingera coccinea, a native Borneon Zingiberaceae are found to exert allelopathic effect on some weed species. The objective of this study is to investigate the allelopathic effects of hexane (80%), methanol (80%), ethyl acetate (80%) extracts from the dried powder of both stem and leaf of E. coccinea on mung bean (Vigna radiata) and Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata). The phytochemical screening of both stem and leaf crude extracts elicited saponin, tannin, flavonoid, and terpenoid, which are targeted bioactive compounds for allelopathy. The allelopathic activity was assessed by evaluating their effects on seed germination and percentage of radicle and shoot growth. The results showed that both stem and leaf extracts have a suppressive effect on the mung bean development during in-vitro bioassay. The methanolic extracts of both stem and leaf showed the most significant suppression (100%) than other solvent extracts. In the pot experiment, the methanolic stem extracts suppressed the Siam weed’s germination by 57 ± 0.13% and the methanolic leaf extracts suppressed the growth by 46 ± 0.29%. The present study shows that E. coccinea methanolic extract has the potential as bio-herbicide.

In vitro Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antiquorum Sensing Activity of Indian Rhododendron (Melastoma malabathricum) against Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Development and persistence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria is considered to be one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. Development of new antimicrobial agents and alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents to control the menace of AMR is the need of the hour. Plants based products can be effectively explored as potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing agents against major bacterial pathogens of human and animals. This present study was conducted to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf, flower, fruit and stem of Melastoma malabathricum against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.Methods: E. coli and S. aureus were isolated and identified from diarrhoeic pigs and poultry and mastitic milk of cattle of Mizoram, respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit and stem of M. malabathricum were collected from Mizoram and extracted by methanol and aqueous solvents. The antimicrobial activity and MIC was determined by using well diffusion method and 96 wells microtiter plate method, respectively. Antibiofilm activity of plant extracts was determined in 96 well tissue culture plate. Antiquorum sensing activity was determined by disc diffusion method.Result: Methanol leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against E. coli but not against S. aureus with 18 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Methanol flower extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but not against E. coli with 14 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibitions at 200 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Similarly, the aqueous leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but not against E. coli with 12 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC of M. malabathricum methanol leaf extract against E. coli was 3.125 mg/mL, whereas the MIC value of methanol flower and leaf extracts was 6.25 mg/mL against S. aureus. Antibiofilm activity of M. malabathricum methanol leaf, methanol flower and aqueous leaf extracts was recorded only against S. aureus isolates with maximum inhibition at 0.05 mg/mL concentration. Good antiquorum sensing activities was exhibited by the M. malabathricum methanol leaf, methanol flower and aqueous leaf extracts against S. aureus isolates at 200 mg/mL concentration.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI PROTEASE ACTIVITIES OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF NILGIRIANTHUS HEYNEANUS NEES STEM

Objective: The aim of this study was focussed on phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant and antiprotease activities of methanolic extract of Nilgirianthus heyneanus stem.
 Methods: The stem of the plant was washed thoroughly, shade dried and coarsely powdered. The powdered material of Niligirianthus heyneanus stem was extracted with methanol using soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening for carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, phytosteroids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenolics, saponins, tannins was done by following standard procedure. In vitro antioxidant activities of methanolic extract were assessed using DPPH, ABTS and total antioxidant capacity. In vitro anti-protease activity of the plant was analysed using trypsin as an enzyme and BAEE (N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester) as a substrate.
 Results: The results showed that phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and polyphenolics are present in the methanolic extract of Niligirianthus heyneanus stem. The in vitro antioxidant and antiprotease activities of Niligirianthus heyneanus stem clearly showed that the plant has antioxidant and antiprotease activity.
 Conclusion: From this work, it can be concluded that Niligirianthus heyneanus stem has the potential to be a strong antioxidant and protease inhibitor.

Oral acute toxicity and antimalarial potentials of aqueous and methanolic extracts of roots, leaves and stem of Dictyandra arborescens (Welw.) on Plasmodium berghei infected mice

BackgroundMalaria is one of the tropical diseases of universal concern particularly with continuous appearance of resistant strains of P.falciparum. This calls for continous screening of traditional plants such that new and effective antimalarial agents will be developed. This study therefore explored the oral acute toxicity and antimalarial potentials of aqueous and methanolic extracts of roots, leaves and stem of Dictyandra arborescens on Plasmodium berghei infected mice.ResultsNo mortality was recorded in any of the experimental animal groups even at the highest tested dose (5000 mg/kg b.wt) of the extract after monitoring them for 4hrs and subsequently for 7 days. Out of the six extracts, methanolic extracts of the roots and leaves exhibited more antimalarial activity than others. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was statistically observed in the parasite count of groups that received methanol extracts of roots and leaves of D. arborescens. This observation was made when these two extracts were compared with other groups as well as the negative control. However, activity of the standard antimalarial drug (artesunate) was higher (p˂0.05) than those of the extracts. Phytochemicals such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids etc. were present in the extracts in varying quantities. GC–MS analysis of methanol extract of the root of this plant showed different chemical compounds.ConclusionAdministration of aqueous and methanol extracts of roots, leaves and stem of D. arborescens in mice is not harmful at any dose less than or equal to 5000 mg/kg. Methanol extracts exhibited more antimalarial activity than aqueous extracts suggesting that antimalarial activity of the plant parts could be affected by the solvent used for extraction and antimalarial activity may be more in a particular part of a plant. The presence of different bioactive compounds identified in phytochemical and GC–MS analysis could be the fundamental scientific evidence for the antimalarial activity exhibited by this plant especially in the root.

EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF AERIAL PARTS OF AVICENNIA ALBA PLANT METHANOLIC EXTRACT AGAINST HELA AND MCF-7 CELL LINES

Objective: The current study emphasizes the effects of stem and leaf methanolic extract of mangrove plant Avicennia alba on human tumor cell lines HeLa and MCF-7.&#x0D; Method: The collected mangrove plant sample was subjected to extraction with methanol and screened for anticancer activity according to 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method. The ability of the plant extract to inhibit the proliferation of HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines procured from NCCS Pune was compared parallel to inhibitory effect of standard drug Cisplatin. The spectrophotometric optical densities obtained were plotted on graph and consecutive data were obtained to depict the inhibitory effect and IC50 values. The histopathology studies were also done for a clear insight to understand the depth of inhibition microscopically.&#x0D; Results: The MTT assay performed illustrates the plant samples with different concentrations (10, 20, 25, 30, and 50 μg) showed significant inhibitory effect on comparison with the standard drug Cisplatin. The IC50 values and the inhibitory OD values elucidate effective projection of plant as a potential source of anticancer activity based on comparative study. The histopathology studies revealed an insight to a clearer picture of how the cells growth was controlled. It was found that the methanolic extract of A. alba exhibited more activity against HeLa cell lines than MCF-7 cell lines.&#x0D; Conclusion: The synergistic effect of various phytochemicals present in the methanolic plant extract played a significant role in establishing the plant as a significant anticancer source.