Methane Gas Emissions Research Articles

IS INDIA FINANCING ITS EMISSIONS THROUGH EXTERNAL DEBT?

The main aim of this study is to analyze the effect of external debt on different types of emissions in India as carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, emissions from liquid fuel consumption, emissions from solid fuel consumption, and emissions from gaseous fuel consumption. India has a fast growing in external debt especially after 2008 world financial crisis. India has a similar situation to China and Turkey which also started to increase external debt significantly after 2008 world crisis. The effect of external debt on emissions only analyzed by Katircioglu and Celebi (2018), Beşe, Friday, and Ozden (2021) and Beşe, Friday and Spencer (2021) for Turkey, China and Brazil respectively. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by analyzing the effect of external debt on emissions. This study is the first study in the literature for India. The second aim of the study is to investigate whether inverted U relationship exists between economic development, and carbon oxide emissions, methane emissions, methane emissions, emissions from liquid fuel consumption, emissions from solid fuel consumption, and emissions from gaseous fuel consumption. This study confirmed inverted-U relationship between methane gas emissions and economic development, and emissions from gaseous fuel consumption and economic development. The positive and significant effect of external debt on carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, emissions from gaseous fuel consumption and emissions from solid fuel consumption is confirmed by this study. The analysis is important since after 2008 crisis many countries such as China and Turkey besides India started to borrow external debt heavily to create government investments to boost employment market which collapsed due to global economic crisis. This study carries importance since global greenhouse gas emissions may be financed through external debt in India. Since sustainability is the main issue in current world and reduction of emissions is one of the highest priorities of humanity, necessary measures should be taken into account to reduce financing of emissions through external debt in India.Keywords: external debt, India, ARDL model, emissions, economic growthJEL Classifications: Q01, Q56, C01DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11533

Evaluasi Gas Rumah Kaca(CH₄) dari Sektor Peternakan di Kelurahan Kalampangan

Air pollution is one of the environmental problems globally, such as the emission of methane gas (CH₄) which is produced from cow dung. Problems that are commonly encountered in cattle farming, such as livestock manure that is not managed properly, using the dry stack system, result in an increase in Greenhouse Gases (GHG). The yield of methane gas (CH₄) from the Ngudi Makmur livestock group, Kalampangan Village, is 0.00329 Gg CH₄/yr or 3,29 tons CH₄/yr from 70 cows in 2021. Methane gas (CH₄) level results from enteric fermentation by type cattle, Bali cattle produce the most methane gas and Brangus cattle produce the least methane gas.

Methane Emission Estimation and Dispersion Modeling for a Landfill in West Java, Indonesia

Methane gas (CH4) is a greenhouse gas that can potentially induce global warming and it is known as surface ozone precursor. CH4 is generally produced from biological process occurred at the landfill which is not equipped with CH4 recovery and treatment system. Note that, very few of landfills in Indonesia have been operated as sanitary landfill but rather most of them act as dumping site. One landfill in West Java Province is Sarimukti Landfill which receives nearly 604,674 ton of solid waste annually. Existing studies have been using the first tier of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guideline for the emission estimation which provides high uncertainty due to the international default data. In addition, there are uncertainties for the multi years estimation because the kinetic rate of biological processes was not involved in the calculation. To fill in this gap, this research was conducted to use an alternative of methodology for estimating CH4 from landfill using a well known software of the Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM) which facilitates biological reaction in the calculation. We will also perform calculations using the traditional IPCC method for the Sarimukti landfill as a case study. To quantify the impact of CH4 emission, its dispersion was calculated using the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD). Potential impact on surface ozone formation was assessed using ozone formation potential (OFP) metric. The results of this study indicate that methane gas emissions have increased every year, where the highest emissions occurred in 2025 of 14,810.41 Mg/year (LandGEM) and 11,462.66 Mg/year (IPCC). Likewise, the potential for OFP from methane gas concentrations has increased every year where the highest concentration of surface ozone formation is in 2025 of 183,40 Mg/year. Meanwhile, the methane emission (CH4) has a dispersion pattern which is influenced by meteorological factors around the Sarimukti landfill.

Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Environmental Impact of the Production of Asphalt Mixes Modified with Recycled Materials

This research focuses on the production and construction stages of the life cycle analysis (LCA) of asphalt mixtures modified with industrial waste and by-products, based on the quantification of methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced during these processes. A laboratory-designed and calibrated gas measurement system with a microcontroller and MQ sensors is used to compare the emissions (GHG) of a “conventional” asphalt mix with those emitted by waste-modified asphalt mixes (polyethylene terephthalate and nylon fibres) and industrial by-products (copper slag and cellulose ash). The results obtained show that the gases emitted by each type of material can influence the design criteria from an environmental perspective. Methane gas emissions for asphalt mixes made with polymeric materials increase compared to the production phase of a conventional mix (M1) by 21% for PET and 14% for nylon. In contrast, for mixtures made with copper slag and cellulose ash, this emission is reduced by 12%. In addition, the use of copper slag and cellulose ash to replace natural aggregates reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 15% during the production phase and contributes to the creation of photochemical ozone for a shorter period of time. Regarding carbon dioxide emission, it increases considerably for all asphalt mixes, by 26% and 44.5% for cellulose ash and copper slag, respectively. For asphalt mixtures made of polymeric materials, the increase in carbon dioxide emission is significant, 130% for PET and 53% for nylon. In addition, it is noted that for this type of material, not only the emission of the gas must be taken into consideration, but also the time that the volatile particles spend in the atmosphere, affecting climate change and photochemical ozone (smog). The carbon monoxide gases emitted in the production phase of all the asphalt mixes analysed is similar among them.

Where the Methane Is-Insights from Novel Airborne LiDAR Measurements Combined with Ground Survey Data.

Airborne LiDAR measurements, parallel controlled releases, and on-site optical gas imaging (OGI) survey and pneumatic device count data from 1 year prior, were combined to derive a new measurement-based methane inventory for oil and gas facilities in British Columbia, Canada. Results reveal a surprising distinction in the higher magnitudes, different types, and smaller number of sources seen by the plane versus OGI. Combined data suggest methane emissions are 1.6-2.2 times current federal inventory estimates. More importantly, analysis of high-resolution geo-located aerial imagery, facility schematics, and equipment counts allowed attribution to major source types revealing key drivers of this difference. More than half of emissions were attributed to three main sources: tanks (24%), reciprocating compressors (15%), and unlit flares (13%). These are the sources driving upstream oil and gas methane emissions, and specifically, where emerging regulations must focus to achieve meaningful reductions. Pneumatics accounted for 20%, but this contribution is lower than recent Canadian and U.S. inventory estimates, possibly reflecting a growing shift toward more low- and zero-emitting devices. The stark difference in the aerial and OGI results indicates key gaps in current inventories and suggests that policy and regulations relying on OGI surveys alone may risk missing a significant portion of emissions.

New Technologies Can Cost Effectively Reduce Oil and Gas Methane Emissions, but Policies Will Require Careful Design to Establish Mitigation Equivalence.

Reducing methane emissions from oil and gas systems is a central component of US and international climate policy. Leak detection and repair (LDAR) programs using optical gas imaging (OGI)-based surveys are routinely used to mitigate fugitive emissions or leaks. Recently, new technologies and platforms such as planes, drones, and satellites promise more cost-effective mitigation than existing approaches. To be approved for use in LDAR programs, new technologies must demonstrate emissions mitigation equivalent to existing approaches. In this work, we use the FEAST modeling tool to (a) identify cost vs mitigation trade-offs that arise from using new technologies and (b) provide a framework for effective design of alternative LDAR programs. We identify several critical insights. First, LDAR programs can trade sensitivity for speed without sacrificing mitigation outcomes. Second, low sensitivity or high detection threshold technologies have an effective upper bound on achievable mitigation that is independent of the survey frequency. Third, the cost effectiveness of tiered LDAR programs using site-level detection technologies depends on their ability to distinguish leaks from routine venting. Finally, "technology equivalence" based on mitigation outcomes differs across basins and should be evaluated independently. The FEAST model will enable operators and regulators to systematically evaluate new technologies in next-generation LDAR programs.

Concurrent variation in oil and gas methane emissions and oil price during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract. Methane emissions associated with the production, transport, and use of oil and natural gas increase the climatic impacts of energy use; however, little is known about how emissions vary temporally and with commodity prices. We present airborne and ground-based data, supported by satellite observations, to measure weekly to monthly changes in total methane emissions in the United States' Permian Basin during a period of volatile oil prices associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. As oil prices declined from ∼ USD 60 to USD 20 per barrel, emissions changed concurrently from 3.3 % to 1.9 % of natural gas production; as prices partially recovered, emissions increased back to near initial values. Concurrently, total oil and natural gas production only declined by ∼ 10 % from the peak values seen in the months prior to the crash. Activity data indicate that a rapid decline in well development and subsequent effects on associated gas flaring and midstream infrastructure throughput are the likely drivers of temporary emission reductions. Our results, along with past satellite observations, suggest that under more typical price conditions, the Permian Basin is in a state of overcapacity in which rapidly growing associated gas production exceeds midstream capacity and leads to high methane emissions.

Effects of nutrients supply on milk yield, composition, and enteric methane gas emissions from smallholder dairy farms in Rwanda

This study investigated the effects of feed on milk yield and quality through feed monitoring and quality assessment, and the consequent enteric methane gas emissions from smallholder dairy farms in drier areas of Rwanda, using the Tier II approach for four seasons in three zones namely; Mayaga and peripheral Bugesera (MPB), Eastern Savanna and Central Bugesera (ESCB), and Eastern plateau (EP). The study was carried out using 186 dairy cows with a mean live weight of 292 Kg in three communal cowsheds. The milk quality analysis was carried out on 418 samples. Data collected were subjected to ANOVA.The dry matter intake was lower (p<0.05) in the long dry season (7.24 Kg) with the ESCB zone having the highest value of 9.10 Kg. The Dry matter digestibility varied between seasons and zones ranging from 52.5 to 56.4% for seasons and from 51.9 to 57.5% for zones. The daily protein supply was higher (p<0.05) in the long rain season with 969 g. The mean daily milk production of lactating cows was 5.6 L with a lower value (p<0.05) during the long dry season (4.76 L) and MPB zone having the lowest value of 4.65 L. The yearly milk production per cow was 1179 L. The milk fat varied from 3.79 to 5.49% with a seasonal and zone variation. No variation was observed with milk protein. The seasonal daily methane emission varied from 150 g for the long dry season to 174 g for the long rain season (p<0.05). The mean emission factor was 59.4 Kg of methane/year. The methane emission per unit of milk production was lower in EP zone (46.8 g/L). Farmers should use high-quality feeds to increase the milk yield and reduce the methane gas produced per unit of milk

Calculation of methane gas emissions (CH4) from domestic waste water in Nhue–Day River basin

Calculation of methane gas emissions (CH4) from domestic waste water in Nhue–Day River basin

Mitigation of methane and trace gas emissions through a large-scale active biofilter system at Glatved landfill, Denmark

Biocover systems are a cost-effective technology utilised to mitigate methane (CH4) and trace gas emissions from landfills. A full-scale biofilter system was constructed at Glatved landfill, Denmark, consisting of three biofilters with a total area of 3950 m2. Landfill gas collected mainly from shredder waste cells was mixed with ambient air and fed actively into the biofilter, resulting in an average load of 60–75 g m−2 d−1 for CH4 and 0.15–0.21 g m−2 d−1 for trace gases (e.g., aromatics, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), aliphatic hydrocarbons). The initial CH4 surface screening showed uneven gas distribution into the system, and elevated surface concentrations were observed close to the gas inlet. Both positive and negative CH4 fluxes, ranging from −0.36 to 4.25 g m−2 d−1, were measured across the surface of the biofilter. Total trace gas emissions were between −0.005 and 0.042 g m−2 d−1, and the emission flux of individual compounds were generally small (10−8 to 10−3 g m−2 d−1). Vertical gas concentration profiles showed that the oxidation of CH4 and easily degradable trace compounds such as aromatics and aliphatic hydrocarbons happened in the aerobic zones, while CFCs were degraded in the anaerobic zone inside the compost layer. In addition, oxidation/degradation of CH4 and trace gases also occurred in the gas distribution layer, which contributed significantly to the overall mitigation efficiency of the biofilter system. Overall, the biofilter system showed mitigation efficiencies of nearly 100% for both CH4 and trace gases, and it might have the potential to work under higher loads.

ANALISIS REDUKSI POTENSI GAS METANA (CH4) PADA PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN METODE PENGOLAHAN MELALUI BIODIGESTER DAN KOLAM KONVENSIONAL

Research on the analysis of the reduction of the potential of methane gas (CH4) in the processing of palm oil mill effluent with the method of processing through Biodigester and Conventional ponds. Palm oil mill waste management system PT. The Indo Palm Fertile Core which reduces CH4 by splitting the effluent out of the inlet is divided into 2 lines, each pathway of the system aims to reduce methane gas (CH4) that comes from the degradation of organic matter present in the liquid waste. Sample analysis was taken from 6 palm oil mill waste processing ponds owned by PT. Inti Indosawit Subur Pelalawan. In this study the authors calculated repetition of sampling conducted using the Slovin technique. The measured parameters of wastewater are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH and temperature in each pond that affects the formation of methane gas and carbon dioxide. Analysis of methane gas is determined in 1 way namely theoretically using equations and using the Biogas 5,000 Gas Analyzer tool. Calculation of methane gas potential (CH4) is carried out to find out how much the potential of methane gas (CH4) in each WWTP pond. From the calculation of the potential emissions of methane gas (CH4) it will be known how much reduction in methane gas (CH4) in the treatment of liquid waste in PKS PT. Inti Indosawit Subur Pelalawan Regency. Results of COD anasis and methane gas potential in biodigesters The average value of COD loading on Biodigester per day in September at the time of sampling was 24,884 kg / day. Potential emissions of methane captured in the Biodigester is 7,838.46 Nm3 / Day. The percentage of potential methane emissions in the Biodigester per day is 31.5%. Whereas the highest methane gas pool was found in pond 3, which is 6.4 Nm3 / day, which was calculated theoretically with a percentage of methane gas emissions of 0.011%. However, if measured using a tool, the percentage of potential methane gas in a 3 COD pool of 58,112 mg / L is 0% at a temperature of 35 ° C and a pH of 8.38. The highest methane gas emissions occur in pond 3 during the daytime with a value of 6.4 Nm3 / Day on the first day, 6.95 Nm3 / Day on the second day, 6.41 Nm3 / Day on the third day and 6.67 Nm3 / Day on the fourth day, the potential emissions of the biodigester have been calculated by the company. The potential of methane emissions captured in Biodigester is 7,838.46 Nm3 / Day with the percentage of potential methane emissions in Biodigester an average of 31.5% per day. The highest value of methane gas emissions during the 4 days of the study was 6.95 Nm3 / day on the second day taken at noon with a pool temperature of 35 ͦ C.

Carbon footprint of milk from Holstein and Jersey cows fed low or high forage diet with alfalfa silage or corn silage as the main forage source

Our objective was to determine the cradle-to-farmgate carbon footprint of fat-and-protein corrected milk (FPCM) for four diets fed to two breeds using measured enteric methane and greenhouse gas emissions during manure storage and after field application. The diets were formulated as 2 × 2 factorial with forage neutral detergent fiber at two levels (19 and 24% of diet dry matter referred to as low forage and high forage diets, respectively) from two sources (70:30 or 30:70 ratio of alfalfa silage and corn silage). Measured emissions were incorporated in a modeled Wisconsin dairy farm with a herd consisting of 118 lactating cows (primiparous), 22 dry cows, and 119 heifers. Emissions were allocated between milk and meat using biophysical allocation, and a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the impact of alternative allocation methods. Overall, carbon footprint was 1.43 kg CO2-e/kg FPCM for biophysical allocation, and 1.50 and 1.60 kg CO2-e/kg FPCM for economic and no allocation (100% allocated to milk), respectively. Forage source did not influence results. However, low forage-fed cows had 10% greater carbon footprint than high forage-fed cows (1.49 vs. 1.35 kg CO2-e/kg FPCM). Assuming similar herd structure, milk carbon footprint for Holsteins was 4.4% greater than for Jerseys (1.47 vs. 1.41 kg CO2-e/kg FPCM). Accounting for differences in fertility and replacement rate increased the difference in milk carbon footprint between breeds to 10%. Under our study conditions, differences in milk carbon footprint due to enteric fermentation were minimal but the differences became substantial when combining the effects of cow (enteric CH4) and manure (CH4 and N2O) emissions. These differences were exacerbated even further when accounted for the emissions associated with on-farm feed production and purchased feed (CO2 and N2O). This study highlights the need for an integrated approach to assess the effects of dietary manipulations on milk carbon footprint.

Experimental investigation of BLEVE in liquid CO2 phase-transition blasting for enhanced coalbed methane recovery

Enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) recovery by liquid carbon dioxide phase-transition blasting (LCO2-PB) has been considered as a viable methane recovery. However, the shock of the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) of CO2 during the fracturing process is still not clear, hindering the application of technology. In this paper, the pressure and temperature of LCO2-PB were characterized through a controlled BLEVE experiment using a cylindrical section. Three parameters were controlled during the experiments: the fill pressure, the blasting pressure and the release orifice on the tube. The results indicated that the maximum crushed radius of LCO2-PB occurred at the combination of parameters with the highest blasting pressure, medium filling level and maximum release orifice. The peak overpressure and the distance formed were increasing as the burst pressure increased and the filling pressure reduced respectively. The quasi-static effect increases with the increase of the blasting pressure and the reduction of the release orifice. The laboratory and field results all suggest that the action form of cracked coal can be controlled by adjusting initial parameters, which ensuring the extraction concentration and utilization rate, and reducing the natural emission of methane and greenhouse gas emissions.

Nutrient content and greenhouse gas emissions of goat manure compost processed without and with decomposer

Processing of livestock manure into compost needs to be done to increase its nutrient availability and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the compost of goat manure processed without and with decomposer on nutrients content and greenhouse gas emissions. Three treatments were Control = 100% manure; C-Dec1 = 85% manure + 15% sawdust + 0,25% urea + 0,25% TSP + 0,25% Decomposer1; C-Dec2 = 85% manure + 15% sawdust + 0,25% urea + 0,25% TSP + 0,25% Decompposer2. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. The results showed that application of the two decomposers significantly affected fermentation temperature. The methane gas emitted from C-Dec1 and C-Dec2 compost were 341 and 340 ppm, which were less than control being 623 ppm. However, there was no difference on methane gas emissions between C-Dec1 and C-Dec2 groups. The usage of both decomposers did not significantly affect the N2O gas emissions, compost nutrients contents, and ratio C/N. From this study it can be concluded that goat manure compost processed using decomposer produced less methane gas emissions, while the nutrients content of composts produced from the three groups were similar.

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae Supplementation in Swamp Roughage Haylage-Based Rations on in vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Gas Emission

Keywords | In vitro, Methane gas, Probiotic, Rumen fermentation characteristics, Swamp roughage haylage

Estimation of Methane and landfill gas emission from an open dump site

Globally, an inventory of methane (CH4) emissions from human related activity is needed by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Waste discarded, herein referred to as mun...

Estimation of methane and landfill gas emission from an open dump site

Estimation of methane and landfill gas emission from an open dump site

Pricing Methane Emissions from Oil and Gas Production

Nearly a quarter of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are covered by GHG pricing initiatives. However, few methane emissions are priced, even though methane is a significant driver of current warming. To reduce methane emissions from oil and gas production, comprehensive policies and regulations are critical. Price-based policy instruments offer several attractive features to manage these emissions. They offer firms flexibility in terms of who mitigates, when and how. On its own, emissions pricing can enable and encourage some reductions. When combined with direct regulations, such as technology standards and mandated leak detection and repair programs (LDAR), pricing can support even deeper reductions. However, price-based policies have so far not been extensively used to address methane emissions from fossil fuel production. The main argument against pricing methane emissions from oil and gas production has been that these emissions are difficult to measure cheaply, frequently, and with precision and accuracy. Direct regulations to address oil and gas methane emissions typically do not require emissions measurements, though they also will be even more effective with better data. While methane emissions from this sector remain difficult to measure on a comprehensive and frequent basis, emissions pricing policies can still be effective complements to existing regulations – especially if well designed. Furthermore, methane emissions measurement technologies, including satellite instruments, continue to advance and provide new opportunities for monitoring and enforcement. This brief provides a preliminary assessment of how a well-designed price on methane emissions from oil and gas production could be implemented in addition to existing regulations in a way that incentivizes oil and gas companies to increase their mitigation efforts and improve their methane detection and measurement practices.

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment: Challenges and opportunities.

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) have become a new mature technology and entered into the wastewater market, but there are several challenges to be addressed for wide applications. In this review, we discuss challenges and potentials of AnMBRs focusing on wastewater treatment. Nitrogen and dissolved methane control, membrane fouling and its control, and membrane associated cost including energy consumption are main bottlenecks to facilitating AnMBR application in wastewater treatment. Accumulation of dissolved methane in AnMBR permeate decreases the benefit of methane energy and contributes to methane gas emissions to atmosphere. Separate control units for nitrogen and dissolved methane add system complexity and increase capital and operating and maintenance (O & M) costs in AnMBR-centered wastewater treatment. Alternatively, methane-based denitrification can be an ideal nitrogen control process due to simultaneous removal of nitrogen and dissolved methane. Membrane fouling and energy associated with membrane fouling control are major limitations, in addition to membrane cost. More efforts are required to decrease capital and O & M costs associated with the control of dissolved methane nitrogen and membrane fouling to facilitate AnMBRs for wastewater treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: AnMBRs can accelerate anaerobic wastewater treatment including dilute wastewater. Nitrogen and dissolved methane control is detrimental for AnMBR application to wastewater treatment. Membrane biofilm reactors using gas-permeable membranes are suitable for simultaneous nitrogen and dissolved methane control. High capital and O & M costs from membranes are a major bottleneck to wide application of AnMBRs. Dynamic membranes could be an option to reduce capital and O & M costs for AnMBRs.

Greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption in asphalt plants

Hot-mix asphalt used in pavement layers is produced by asphalt plants. In Brazil, despite the fact that these industrial units produce greenhouse gases, no control or measurement protocol has yet been established. This study aims to quantify emissions in different asphalt plants, in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) and energy consumption. Asphalt plants were selected according to their type (batch or drum mix); production capacity (80 to 340 t/h), and whether mobile or fixed. In each plant, emissions were quantified and the energy consumption spent on drying and heating aggregates in the dryer drum was evaluated. The fuels used in the drier drum such as low pour point (LPP) oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and natural gas (NG) were evaluated and compared. The methodology consisted of surveying the thermal power of the dryer drum specified on the suppliers' catalog to calculate the volume of fuel required per ton of asphalt mixture produced. Based on the criterion of the lower calorific value of each fuel, the volume of fuel used was calculated according to the production of the asphalt plants. Through the GHC protocol tool, the quantification of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) gases was obtained, and then transformed into CO2eq emissions. As a result, lower energy consumption was observed in the mobile batch plants and higher consumption in the mobile counterflow drum mix plants. On average, 27.69% less energy per ton of processed aggregate was needed compared to the mobile counterflow plants. The use of natural gas in the dryer drum and for all plant models was the least emissive fuel. The results showed that for the mobile batch type with a capacity of 140 t/h, the emission was 13.62 kg of CO2eq / t. On the other hand, with the mobile counterflow type with a capacity of 200 t/h, 13.64 kg of CO2eq/t was produced. Finally, with the fixed counterflow type with a production capacity of 240 t/h and 300 t/h, emissions of 13.67 kg of CO2eq/t were obtained. Through this study, the mobile batch plant with a capacity of 140 t/h using natural gas showed the least environmental impact. When natural gas was used, this model obtained energy consumption and emissions 54.5% lower than the mobile counterflow model with a capacity of 50 t/h which showed the worst environmental performance.