Function Of Metaphor Research Articles

Conceptualization of Anger in Modern Standard Arabic and English: a Comparative Study

Figurative language is part of our everyday life where meaning is communicated indirectly. Metaphor is among the major figurative devices that are commonly encountered in interactions. This study investigates the use of metaphors employed to conceptualize abstract concepts, namely that of anger in both English and Arabic. For this purpose, a corpus of metaphorical expressions denoting anger in both languages was utilized. These expressions were classified based on their metaphorical mappings and later analyzed using Kövecses’ (2002) framework. The results indicate that although the two languages share several anger conceptualizations, they have specific differences. These differences were attributed to language differences, in that language genius and vocabulary repertoire often influence the conceptualization process. Culture also proved to be another source of elements like climate and lifestyle that manipulate the conceptualization process. The study of metaphorical conceptualization of emotions in general and anger in particular in the Arabic language is a prospective topic that requires further research.

From Colloquialism to Metaphorical Expression: A Diachronic Study of Chinese Dialect Words Based on Chán Buddhist Literature

Chán Buddhist literature is not only an important source for the study of religious thought during the Chinese late medieval and early modern periods, but also constitutes a treasure trove for investigating the development of the colloquial language of the respective periods, both in terms of semantics and syntactic constructions. Since the editors of Chán Buddhist literature—such as the Recorded Saying and Transmission of the Lamp texts—claimed to convey the “living words” of the patriarchs and masters, numerous vernacularisms were integrated in the dialogue sections of the texts, and the use of traditional Buddhist terminology was often reduced to a minimum. Frequently, Chán Buddhist texts are among the earliest sources in which these colloquialisms surfaced. In this paper, we focus on expressions which derive from the colloquial language of the late Táng and Sòng periods, and which were integrated in Chán Buddhist literature, often assuming a particular metaphorical meaning in the rhetorical structure of the texts. We reconstruct their original meaning, their use in the Chán texts, as well as their further development in Sinitic languages and dialects. Besides contributing to a better understanding of the vocabulary used in the enigmatic language of Chán literature and the metaphorical mapping of originally colloquial expressions in a religious context, in this preliminary study, we also hope to contribute to a better understanding of the development of semantic items from the perspective of historical linguistics, their complex paths of metaphorical extensions, as well as their usage in local linguistic contexts. In addition, the case studies also illustrate the transformative force of religion on the development of language, and the complex interplay between religious ideas and linguistic expression.

A Study on Polysemy from the Cognitive Perspective: A Case Study of “Spring”

Polysemy is a universal linguistic phenomenon, arising from the development of human society. Generally, there are three modes of meaning change: radiation type, chain type and synthetic type. Spring comes from the Old English springan, meaning a quick movement. The polysemy of the word "spring" is a good example of synthetic type, whose meanings are derived from the prototype meaning by metaphorical mapping. For English learners, only through constant input of vocabulary can they get a better grasp of English. However, in this process, due to the principle of linguistic economy, an English word possesses multiple meanings, i.e., polysemy. This poses a huge challenge for English learners. During this process, not only the students are supposed to be active, but the teachers should enhance their own cognitive abilities and guide students in comprehending the culture background of target language. Therefore, there is a need to find an efficient way to help English learners acquire polysemy.

Conceptual metaphor activation in Chinese–English bilinguals

AbstractAn episodic memory experiment was conducted to examine whether “conceptual metaphors” influence how metaphorical expressions are processed and encoded into memory. Forty Chinese–English bilinguals read lists of expressions in their L1 and L2. The data revealed that after reading a series of metaphorical expressions based on the same underlying conceptual metaphor, participants falsely recognized new sentences that instantiated the same conceptual metaphor mapping more often than control sentences that did not share this mapping. This false memory effect was robust in both participants’ L1 and L2, with the only difference between languages being that participants showed more memory errors for literal sentences related to the source domain of the conceptual metaphors when reading in their second language (i.e., English). These data suggest that although bilinguals can access the appropriate conceptual metaphors in their second language, they have difficulty inhibiting literal meaning when processing metaphorical statements.

Konzeptuelle Metaphern zu Corona und der COVID-19-Pandemie in Kinderbüchern für das Kindergarten- und Grundschulalter

Abstract This papers contributes to the growing body of literature on the use of conceptual metaphors to frame the COVID-19 pandemic and the corona. Whereas previous linguistic analyses have focused on the use of metaphors by politicians and in the media, this paper is concerned with German children’s books and the use of conceptual metaphors therein that involve the target domains coronavirus, virus transmission, and virus proliferation as well as counter measurements and reactions of the immune system. The analysis reveals that war-metaphors, which are salient in political and media discourse, are much less dominant in children’s books. The books systematically draw on source domains that are well entrenched in children’s everyday experience, such as police, quarrelling, partying, playing in the sandbox, jumping, surfing, and travelling. Furthermore, ontological metaphors and more specifically personifications are widespread, with the virus being construed as a curious adventurer without genuinely bad intentions, a villain or monster and even a savior. The paper is grounded in Cognitive Semantics and more specifically in Conceptual Metaphor Theory and provides multimodal analyses that pay attention to both verbally and visually expressed information and metaphorical mappings.

A study of consumer expectations and requirements for the quality of osteopathic services in parents of minor patients

Introduction. The provision of medical care in the fi eld of osteopathy is a relatively new product on the Russian medical services market. And there are practically no studies on the problems of developing and increasing the competitiveness of osteopathic clinics, the impact on customer loyalty and minimizing possible claims to the services of osteopathic doctors.The aim of the work is to assess the characteristics of consumer behavior when patients choose osteopathy as a method of treatment and a medical institution and the perception of quality in the osteopathic services market.Materials and methods. The study included in-depth interviews with parents of children under the age of 14 who applied for treatment of their child. A total of 100 in-depth interviews were conducted. The in-depth interview research methodology included developing a scenario with questions, and interviewing respondents in compliance with the conditions of anonymity and the requirements for conducting marketing research of the international ESOMAR code. Projective questions and methods of working with metaphorical maps according to Zaltman were used to identify deep values and motivation for turning to osteopathic services. The assessment of the signifi cance of the identifi ed factors in assessing consumer requirements was carried out by ranking them using a score on a 10-point scale (10 points — maximum signifi cance, 1 point — no signifi cance).Results. Most respondents perceive osteopathy as a scientifi cally proven method, systemic, complex therapy aimed at fi nding the causes of the disease and their solution, in which the result of treatment is completely dependent on the doctor. To meet the expectations of clients, the most signifi cant parameters are related to the personality of the osteopath, his competence, behavior during the procedure and his reputation, as well as the safety, convenience and comfort of staying in the clinic, especially for children. The organization of the work of an osteopathic clinic, taking into account the above, will ensure a high level of consumer demand and organize a marketing policy and promotion of medical services in osteopathy, taking into account current trends.Conclusion. Key patterns of consumer behavior of clients and motives for seeking osteopathic treatment have been identifi ed. The results of the study will allow more effective interaction with people who seek treatment, as they give an understanding of what they are guided by when applying, what is important to them in terms of values and rational benefi ts, what expectations they have from visiting an osteopath.

Linguistic synesthesia is metaphorical: a lexical-conceptual account

Abstract This study seeks to clarify the nature of linguistic synesthesia using a lexical-conceptual account. Based on a lexical analysis of Mandarin synesthetic usages, we find that (1) linguistic synesthesia maps the metaphorical meaning between two domains; and (2) linguistic synesthetic mappings and conceptual metaphoric mappings have similar behaviors when sense modalities are treated as conceptual domains that contain a set of mappings constrained by Mapping Principles. This lexical-conceptual account is designed to capture the fact that linguistic synesthesia involves mapping between lexicalized concepts of sensory properties, instead of the real-time sensory input that is processed in neurological synesthesia. The incorporation of a lexical semantic view with the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory not only offers a coherent and comprehensive account for the nature of linguistic synesthesia, but also handles aspects of linguistic synesthesia previously only accounted for by non-metaphorical accounts. These design features make this proposal the most comprehensive account to fit the current data. Furthermore, by showing linguistic synesthesia as a type of metaphor, our study strengthens the role of conceptual metaphors as the link between the perceived world and our conceptualization of that world.

The representation of Hands in Jordanian Spoken Arabic: A Cognitive Study

This study explores the figurative meanings of the idiomatic expressions related to human hand as used in Jordanian spoken Arabic. It adopts the conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). Conceptual metaphor consists of a large number of mappings between a ‘source’ and a ‘target’ domain. The meaning of a particular linguistic expression is absolutely based on such mappings. The study is based on Lakoff and Johnson’s view of metaphor as part of everyday language. The sample of the study consists of twenty-four participants, twelve males and twelve females, who were asked to participate in the study. The participants interpret the target expressions (30 expressions) according to their underlying meanings rather lexical ones. The study shows that Jordanian Spoken Arabic is rich in metaphorical expressions on the body part ‘hand’. The results reveal that the metaphorical mappings are at work in linking the figurative meanings with the literal meanings of the idiomatic expressions of human hand in Jordanian spoken Arabic. Moreover, the results also reveal that some of these expressions have positively figurative meanings, others have negatively figurative meanings and some others have both positively and negatively figurative meanings, according to the context they occur in.

Semantics of the Chinese passive construction with retained object

Abstract The Chinese Passive Construction with Retained Object (CPCRO) has aroused extensive attention from scholars especially advocators of Generative Grammar due to its syntactic idiosyncrasy. Previous researches primarily concerned with such syntactic idiosyncrasy concentrate on issues of its syntactic derivation but fail to provide an empirically responsible and consensual explanation for all its instantiations. This paper initiates a new perspective by focusing on its semantics on the basis of Construction Grammar. It is argued that CPCRO is a construction with its constructional meaning characterized by a causative meaning that profiles the causee’s change. This passive causative meaning is elaborated by three verb-class-specific semantic variants, i.e., the passive cause-motion variant associated with motion verbs or verbs entailing motion and specifying the causee’s change of location, the passive cause-result variant associated with verbs of making or creating and specifying the causee’s change of state, and the passive cause-receive/lose variant associated with ditransitive verbs or verbs with the potential of taking double objects and specifying the causee’s change of possession. They are structured into a polysemy network in the sense that the passive cause-result variant is metaphorically extended from the passive cause-motion variant, whereas the passive cause-receive/lose variant encoding the object-dual-based conceptualization of Event Structure directly relates to the passive cause-motion variant which encodes the location-dual-based conceptualization, and indirectly to the passive cause-result variant which preserves the location-dual-based conceptualization due to the invariance principle of metaphorical mapping, through profile shift.

Removal and Omission of Fiction Synesthetic Metaphors in English-Ukrainian Translation

This paper investigates omission and removal of synesthetic metaphoric descriptions in English-Ukrainian translations of Celeste Ng’s novel “Everything I Never Told You”. A synesthetic metaphor is viewed as a product of mapping between two different domains of human experience, which are both of sensory nature. The mappings instantiate in synesthetic metaphoric descriptions. The study resorts to the methodological tools of cognitive metaphor translation theory and the affordances of corpus linguistics and quantitative analysis to reveal the correlation between the choice of removal/omission of the source-text synesthetic metaphoric descriptions and the linguacultural specificity/universality of their metaphorical mappings. The results suggest that omission/removal is explained by the linguacultural features of the source-target text cross-sensory mappings and the translators’ free choices. Omission can be accounted for by a translator’s choice to avoid redundancy. Removal occurs if the target-text equivalent synesthetic metaphoric description a) is based on a cross-sensory mapping not embedded in the target linguaculture, b) rests on a different semantic specification of a structurally identical cross-sensory mapping, or c) has a lower degree of conventionality than its non-metaphoric periphrasis.

Metaphorical Mapping for Sensemaking and Sensebreaking of Stakeholder Relations in Sustainability Frames

This article develops a framework for managerial conceptualization of corporate sustainability–stakeholder relationships (CS-SR) for paradoxical frames. The embedded nature of the business case frame for sustainability and aligned CS-SR, and a lack of insight into CS-SR for a paradoxical frame, may impede implementing a paradoxical frame for sustainability. Therefore, this article offers an understanding of structural differences in CS-SR in a business case versus a paradoxical frame for sustainability in terms of agency and communion. It then presents conceptual metaphorical mapping as the cognitive mechanism for managerial conceptualization of CS-SR for a paradoxical frame. Identifying nurturant parenting as an apt metaphorical domain with a conceptually similar relational structure to CS-SR of the paradoxical frame and dissimilar from the business case frame, it presents a model where juxtaposing nurturant parenting with sustainability enables sensebreaking of CS-SR of the business case frame and sensemaking of CS-SR of the paradoxical frame.

Crafting Enlightenment: Artisanal Histories and Transnational Networks. Edited by Lauren R. Cannady and Jennifer Ferng

This wide-ranging volume of essays brings together ten substantial pieces of research on the realm of the ‘artisanal’ in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Several pieces focus on France, but each is paired with another examination and these pairings take in the Ottoman Empire, India, Spanish-colonial Mexico, China, colonial Virginia, and the goldfields of Australia. The editors have made a strong effort to order the materials in terms of fruitful juxtapositions and parallels; each of five pairs of pieces also has a reflective essay by a further noted scholar (although, as is sometimes the case with such endeavours, some of these are in practice little more than summaries of the preceding substantive pieces). The editors’ Introduction lays out some of the practical and theoretical challenges of engaging with the ‘artisanal’ in a historical and transnational context: the slippery nature, then and now, of the status of craft versus art, of rational reflection versus (imagined) static tradition; and the implicit and explicit Eurocentric biases of narratives around the movement between these conceptions. The essays themselves are the real strength of the collection, and it is pleasing to see them well illustrated, with seventy-six plates overall, most in full colour, allowing for a visual grasp of the objects under discussion. A short review cannot effectively summarize the wide range of topics on display, but there is much here to appreciate. The French chapters are perhaps among the most academically conventional, largely focusing on prestige projects (the language of sovereignty in the gardens of Versailles; interior design in speculative building; the social and cultural aspirations of the early Enlightenment Société des arts), although Valérie Nègre’s contribution on the subversively ‘useless’ writings of an eighteenth-century artisan carpenter is an intriguing sidelight on such approaches (p. 328). A piece on Ottoman urban festivals is particularly lavishly illustrated, and relates the participation of craft guilds in official processions to the methods of representing them in visual records of such events, and to the stylistic shifts of Ottoman art at an East–West crossroads. A piece on Mughal jasmine bowers and artisanal horticulture offers intriguing (though, due to the book’s organization, only implicit) contrasts and parallels with the consideration of Versailles. Dorothy Ko’s chapter on the near-thousand-year history of porcelain production at Jingdezhen, and the incorporation of material production techniques into folkloric stories amongst the different artisanal communities there, is remarkable. Dennis Carr’s piece introduces a particularly striking object, a Mexican eighteenth-century bookcase-desk that is both a metaphorical map of the bringing together of European and Asian decorative techniques, and a literal map of the estate for which it was made. Neil Kamil offers a tour de force over almost fifty pages that takes us from the mention of cane chairs in the journal of a Huguenot exile in 1715 to a global history of the rattan that formed such objects, interwoven with almost dizzying insights into the cultural worlds of exiles, traders, and workers who made, sold, and valued them.

Metaphors of War in Effective and Ineffective Coping of Medical Directors of COVID-19 Wards in Public Hospitals.

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged medical professionals worldwide with an unprecedented need to provide care under conditions of complexity, uncertainty, and danger. These conditions, coupled with the unrelenting stress of overwhelming workloads, exhaustion, and decision-making fatigue, have forced clinicians to generate coping mechanisms. This qualitative study explored the use of metaphors as a coping mechanism by clinical directors of COVID-19 wards in Israeli public general hospitals while they were exposed to death and trauma throughout the pandemic's first wave in Israel (March to June 2020). The study employs discourse methodology and metaphor mapping analysis to capture the personal, organizational, and social dimensions of effective and ineffective processes of coping with an extreme health crisis. Analysis revealed that the metaphors that clinical directors used reflect a dual process of mediating and generating the social construction of meaning and facilitating effective and ineffective coping. Effective coping was facilitated by war metaphors that created a sense of mission and meaningfulness at both the organizational and the individual levels. War metaphors that generated a sense of isolation and sacrifice intensified helplessness and fear, which undermined coping. We propose actionable recommendations to enhance effective coping for individuals and organizations in this ongoing pandemic.

The picture looks like my music sounds: directional preferences in synesthetic metaphors in the absence of lexical factors

AbstractAn extensive literature going back three quarters of a century holds that metaphorical mappings between sensory domains conform to a hierarchy of the senses, such that mappings from ‘low’ senses (touch, taste) to ‘high’ senses (sight, sound) are preferred over mappings in the opposite direction. Recent work has established that these directional preferences are partially explained by lexical factors. Theorists have also proposed that perceptual factors play a role in directional preferences, but without testing these factors directly and without controlling for the established effects of lexical factors. This article uses a novel construction, the verbal analogy (e.g., The picture looks like my music sounds), to explore directional preferences while controlling for several crucial lexical factors. A naturalness rating experiment reveals local directional preferences, for mappings between touch and sound and between sight and sound. The experiment finds no evidence for a general preference for mappings in either direction of the purported hierarchy of the senses, suggesting that pervious empirical findings may have been mediated by the effects of lexical factors.

개인 특성을 나타내는 신체어 관용구의 비유적 의미에 대한 인지의미론적 연구

In this study, the figurative meaning of some idioms representing personal characteristics was studied from a cognitive semantic perspective. The focus was on the kind of physical experiences the metaphorical concepts of those abstract concepts could be traced back to and their structures. For example, an analysis of the Korean somatic idioms with ‘눈’ and ‘눈물’ using the analytical tools of metaphorical mapping and image schema revealed that the idioms with ‘눈’ conceptualize mental ability and the idioms with ‘눈물’ conceptualize emotional competence. In detail, starting with ‘human is the body’ as the highest level of metaphor, it turned out that the concept of mental ability is traced back to the bodily experience of ‘brightening’, ‘opening’, and ‘broadening’, and that emotional competence, which is divided into ‘sensitivity’ and ‘emotional empathy’, is conceptualized by the presence and the amount of tears.

Метафоричний модус англомовного лінгвоетичного концепту dignity

The article is devoted to the study of the metaphorical modus of the English-language ethical concept DIGNITY. The aim of the study is to highlight the metaphorical range of the analyzed concept. The article outlines the boundaries of the three main dimensions of the concept: logical, conceptual and structural. Particular attention is paid to the distinction between the terms “concept” and “category”, the relationship between which is nonlinear. On the one hand, the category includes similar concepts. Moreover, the classifiers of the category are categorical domains, which in relation to another frame of reference – the conceptosphere, are independent concepts. On the other hand, the concept is broader than the category of the same name, as it includes those “optional” features for the category that may undergo bidirectional metaphorical rethinking. The article substantiates the conclusion that the category is a logical dimension of the concept existence. This conceptual dimension exists in the linguistic picture of the world in the form of a fixed and relatively stable information gestalt. It is noted that such stability is possible only in static existence, i.e. in the category representation in the mental lexicon and its verbalization within the language system, which is not characteristic of its real unfolding in the form of a concept during its actualization in speech. This unfolding of the category takes it out of the logical dimension into the conceptual one, transforming it from a category into a concept. In addition, the specificity of the studied abstract concept is determined. It is established that the subject of classification of ethical categories are not material objects but phenomena that have an ideal, speculative origin and are manifested in relation to other mental spaces. Also, the article defines the foundations of the theory of conceptual metaphor. It is noted that the basis of the conceptual dimension is cross-domain projections, which are based on metaphorical transfer due to the associative connections that arise between the elements of the conceptual grid (frame), which is part of a concept. The article highlights the conceptual parcels based on the analysis of lexical and semantic variants of its representative unit dignity. The metaphorical range of the DIGNITY concept is highlighted and source domains are identified, the features of which are projected onto the target domain. The frequency of involvement of individual parcels of the concept in metaphorical mappings is determined. The categorical relations of DIGNITY conceptual domains are analyzed.

A Cognitive Approach in Onomastics: Some Notes on Metaphorical Place-Names

In the framework of cognitive linguistics, metaphor is considered as a general cognitive mechanism that plays a fundamental role in human thinking and understanding, in the creation of our social, cultural, and psychological reality, while also impacting our language use. One of its special types, the image metaphor, also appears in name-giving and serves as the basis of a specific toponym type. With reference primarily to Hungarian toponymic corpus and, sporadically, to other languages, this paper provides a brief description of the mechanism of image metaphor and an overview of typical target concepts and source domains of metaphorical toponyms and of the features of the geographical objects that constitute the basis for metaphorical mappings. It is shown that metaphorical naming may be based on transonymization and involve enantiosemy that helps create irony. The fact that metaphorical place-names are most frequently documented when collecting unofficial toponymy has a significant impact on their status in onomastic research. Being most often microtoponyms, metaphorical place-names display clear quantitative variation from one area to another, which can be explained by the weight the metaphorical naming patterns have among the speakers living in different regions, which, in turn, may influence their readiness to use those or similar patterns for naming new objects. The author also suggests that despite their numerical scarcity in historical sources, metaphorical toponyms constitute a long-standing ancient class of names, and outlines some perspectives for the further study.

Primary metaphors in advertising: An analysis of tangible vs. intangible product printed advertisements

Primary metaphors are focal points for the present-day global advertising industry (Ortiz, 2010, 2011; Pérez-Hernández, 2013a, 2013b, 2014, 2019; Pérez-Sobrino, 2017). Nevertheless, there is little research on how they operate in relation to the nature of different products/services. This paper aims to provide (1) insights into the pervasiveness and functioning of primary metaphors in printed advertisements; and (2) a thorough analysis on their productivity in relation to the nature (material vs. immaterial) of the target product. The analysis of a corpus of 300 printed ads reveals that primary metaphors largely outnumber resemblance metaphors in the advertisements under scrutiny. It provides a detailed inventory of the source and target domains involved, and a description of the interaction patterns between primary metaphors and the product/service. The analysis of the data unveils a higher frequency of occurrence of primary metaphor mappings in relation to tangible products and elucidates reasons for this attested trend.

Лингвокогнитивные аспекты исследования метафоры глагола 煎 (жарить) в китайском языке / Linguo-cognitive aspects of studying the metaphor of the verb 煎 (fry) in chinese language

The article presents the metaphorical mappings of the verb 煎 (fry) in Chinese language, and attempts to analyze the mechanismsof emergenceof the corresponding metaphors. Applying the formula of interaction between the cognitive structure of the source domain and the cognitive structure of the target domain (A is B), developed by J. Lakoff and M. Johnson in the framework of the theory of cognitive metaphor, and using materials from authoritative Chinese dictionaries and texts from the online corpus of modern Chinese language, the author reveals the main metaphors associated with the studied verb in Chinese.

THE INTELLECTUAL DOMAIN: CONCEPTUALIZING SOME ASPECTS OF MENTAL ACTIVITY IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN

The present paper reports on the results obtained in a study that aimed to explore the metaphors of the mind. Since the complexity of the domain in question exceeds the scope of one paper, this paper’s focus is limited to cognition, or more specifically, to the aspects of mental activity such as learning, understanding, and knowing. The main aim is to determine the source domains that structure each aspect in Eng- lish and Serbian, to formulate the metaphorical mappings, and explain their metaphorical nature. By comparing the results of our cross-cul- tural research, we also seek to identify the similarities and differences regarding the metaphorical conceptualizations in the two languages, hoping to contribute to the exploration of universality of the identified metaphors. The results indicate that the conceptual metaphors that get utilized in the representation of the given aspects are largely struc- tured by the container, territory, vision, valuable commodity, and physical control domains, which are understood in terms of the container, motion, and manipulation image-schemas.