Metaphor Identification Procedure Research Articles

Arabic-English metaphor translation from a cognitive linguistic perspective

AbstractThis article aims to analyze the translation of Arabic metaphors into English in Naguib Mahfuz’s novelZuqaq Al-Midaq(1966), which Trevor Le Gassick translated asMidaq Alley. With conceptual metaphor theory based on the notion of main meaning focus (Kövecses 2017) and the cogno-cultural approach (Al-Zoubi, Al-Ali, and Al-Hasnawi’s 2007) as its theoretical framework, it uses metaphor identification procedure (MIP) proposed byPragglejaz Group (2007)to identify the metaphorical expressions and Steen’s steps (2007) to extract the conceptual metaphors from linguistic expressions. This study explores how metaphors reflect cultural aspects and how the same conceptual mappings can be realized differently according to the cultural context. The results reveal that metaphors of similar mapping conditions realized similarly constitute the most frequent category, followed by metaphors of similar mapping conditions realized differently, and then by metaphors of different mapping conditions. The study concludes with remarks on the strategies used in translating each category.

Blogging through dementia: Reworking mainstream discourse through metaphor in online early-onset dementia narratives.

The depiction of dementia in public discourse tends to operate on two levels: the tragedy discourse or the living well with dementia discourse, where metaphors play a decisive role in the characterization of the condition and the voice of those living with the condition is usually underrepresented. This article analyzes whether and how mainstream discourse on dementia is reworked in first-person accounts of the disease online and explores the attitudes and assumptions about dementia that illness blogs reflect and defy. Drawing on Conceptual Metaphor Theory, the article analyzes a corpus of 10 blogs (622 posts) written by individuals living with early-onset dementia to identify the metaphors used to depict dementia, its impact on the self and its social and relational aspects. Metaphor identification was based on the PRAGGLEJAZ metaphor identification procedure. The study demonstrates that across blogs no single metaphor alone is capable of capturing the complexity of the dementia experience; instead multiple metaphors are deployed to provide a characterization of the multiple faces of this condition. In this way blogs transcend and reshape the reductionist view of dementia that emerges from the either/or dichotomy of the tragedy versus living well with dementia discourses that dominate in media representations. By reshaping some of the metaphors used in mainstream discourse and introducing new ones, blog narratives draw attention to the complex nature of the experience of dementia, acknowledging both the suffering and social and functional losses that the condition brings, while also claiming recognition for personhood, agency, validation, and the aspiration to grow beyond the diagnosis and live a valued life as part of a family and community. Overall, this study demonstrates that metaphor is a useful tool for providing insights into people's experience of dementia and that blogs are a platform where stereotypes may be defied and mainstream representations of dementia reworked offering a more holistic view of the condition and granting narrative agency to those who live with dementia.

Conceptual Metaphors in the Translation of Political Speeches of King Abdullah II

The research aims to define conceptual metaphor and its types in general, as well as exploring the conceptualization of the metaphorical expressions used in the political speeches of King Abdullah II in English and the translations of the metaphors in Arabic. The study illustrates the techniques and strategies used by the Hashemite Royal Court in translating ST metaphorical expression to the TT. The researcher relies on the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP), proposed by the Group (2007) and the Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA), proposed by Charteris-Black (2004), in identifying the conceptual metaphors that King Abdullah II used in his political speeches. As for categorizing the metaphorical expressions, we rely on the Longman and Oxford Dictionaries to determine the semantic field that the metaphorical expression relates to. The study depends on the method proposed by Al-Zoubi, Al-Ali, and Al-Hasnawi (2007) to examine the conceptual metaphors of the two texts and find out whether there are any differences or similarities by comparing the two metaphors, as well as analyzing whether the metaphors are maintained, changed or deleted.

Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (pims): A Cognitive Linguistics Approach to Bridge Theory and Practice

Abstract Over the past decades, several procedures have been developed to identify metaphors at the lexical level. However, because language is complex, there may not be one superior metaphor identification procedure that applies to all data. Moreover, metaphor identification inevitably involves decisions on linguistic form that may not work equally well with all linguistic frameworks. We introduce a Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (pims) reflected and evoked by linguistic expressions in discourse. The procedure is a prerequisite for the identification of metaphorical meaning that extends over phrases or longer stretches of text other than those defined as lexical units in current metaphor identification procedures and better reflects the Cognitive Linguistic (cl) view that linguistic meaning is equal to complex conceptualizations (Langacker, 2002, 2010), embodied (Gibbs, 2006b), and simulation-based (Bergen, 2012). It takes the scenes evoked by the context into account and focuses on the experiences that are coded by the linguistic constructions.

The Realization of Metaphor Types in Green’s The Fault inOur Stars (2012)

Metaphors deal with transferring words to other words by comparing the similarity of its meaning. This study investigated the realization of metaphors and their relationship among the four types in the novel. Lakoff and Johnson; Lakoff and Turner mentioned four metaphors; those are structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, ontological metaphors, and image metaphors. These metaphor categorizations are mentioned in the Contemporary Theory of Metaphors (CTM). The researchers conducted a linguistic analysis of text as the method. To collect the data, the researchers used MIPVU (Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit) in The Fault in Our Stars by John Green. The metaphors which are found were analyzed based on classifications as they are used in the novel. In this study, there are 367 metaphors found in the novel; those are 56 structural metaphors, 40 orientational metaphors, 222 ontological metaphors, 36 image metaphors, and 13 compound metaphors. The most used metaphor in the novel is Ontological metaphor because it has more general specification than other metaphors. The compound metaphors are found based on the relationship of the four types. They are used together to strengthen, clarify, support, complete, and continue each other. The results presented that all of the metaphors are mapped in a proper way. It means they have compatible concepts transferred. Thus, this result can be used by the learners as supporting words to raise the learners' quality of speech.

Individual differences in identifying creative metaphors from video Ads

Abstract Reliable identification of metaphors from multimodal discourse has attracted scholarly attention in recent years. However, the role of individual differences in identifying creative metaphors from video ads is underexplored from an empirical perspective. This includes the extent to which individual differences influence metaphor identification in multimodal discourse and how the individual differences result in divergent identification. Our study contributes to addressing these issues by investigating how the background of researching metaphors influences identifying creative metaphors from video ads. We compared results of creative metaphor identification from three metaphor analysts and three external annotators who were novice to metaphor research and probed into the underlying reasons for divergent identification through discussions among six annotators. Both groups of annotators applied Creative Metaphor Identification Procedure for Video Advertisements (C-MIPVA) (Pan & Tay, 2021) into the same 20 Chinese video ads through a systematic process of inter-rater reliability examinations. Results from Fleiss’ Kappa and Percentage Agreement provided substantial support for reliable identification, regardless of the metaphor research background. Discussions among annotators revealed that the interplay between the individual differences in life experience and the influences of temporal and dynamic discourse lead to extra identification, different content, and missing cases of metaphors.

Multimodal metaphor (re)framing: a critical analysis of the promotional image of China’s Hubei Province in the post-pandemic era on new media

ABSTRACT This study presents multimodal metaphors as (re)framing tools in the analysis of a 10-minute promotional video of Hubei Province produced by the Chinese government and circulated on new media platforms like YouTube, Douyin (Chinese Tik Tok) and WeChat Channels. The video introduces Hubei Province to the world in the pre-pandemic, pandemic and post-pandemic stage to erase the prejudiced “Wuhan virus” and “China virus” painted by Western media. Drawing upon MIPVU (the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universitei), multimodality of metaphors, and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this study analyzes how the Chinese government attempts to reframe Hubei as a place of courage, prosperity and humanity via metaphors like WAR, BRIDGE, HAND and BACK. The benefits and drawbacks of such metaphor usage are also discussed with appropriate contextual and socio-cultural relevancies. The study provides a hands-on practice of the CDA-based analysis of multimodal metaphors and justifies the feasibility of integrating translation, metaphor and semiotic studies through the sociological theory of framing.

"Your Ovaries Are Expired, Like an Old Lady" Metaphor Analysis of Saudi Arabian Women's Descriptions of Breast Cancer: A Qualitative Study.

BackgroundAssessing and understanding the language that women use to express physical, emotional, and social concerns of breast cancer experiences can often be overlooked, even though there is evidence that effective communication between cancer patients and health care providers improves quality of life. This study aims to assess the use of metaphors in conceptualizing breast cancer experience lived by Saudi Arabian women.Materials and MethodsThis is an interpretative phenomenological qualitative study, a purposeful sample of 18 breast cancer patients at an oncology outpatient’s clinic in Saudi Arabia were invited to engage in face-to-face interviews. Data was analyzed using Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP).ResultsFour themes were constructed: dark hidden force, battling imminent death, dreaming and awakening calls, and inner and outer transformation.ConclusionIdentifying metaphors may be beneficial toward improving communication between health care providers and breast cancer patients, who often experience difficulties expressing their needs.

Hands on programming: Teachers’ use of Metaphors in gesture and Speech make Abstract concepts tangible

Metaphors in gesture and speech play a pivotal role in the way that programming concepts are presented in the classroom. However, little is known about the function of teachers’ metaphors in practice. This study aims to explore teachers’ use of metaphors in gesture and speech in a lecture on programming. Based on video observations of three upper secondary teachers, we employ Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) and Metaphor Identification for Gesture Guidelines (MIG-G) as methodological tools for identifying metaphoric speech and gestures related to programming concepts. The results of the study reveal that the gestures of the three teachers mainly function in two ways: (1) to add spatial properties to a programming concept and (2) to provide additional imagery for a programming concept. Consequently, the gestures identified in this study reduce the communicative burden of teachers’ speech. Furthermore, the study reveals that teachers’ gestures serve as means for making abstract concepts more tangible. For example, gestures concerning the abstract term “data” can generally be related to an object that could be received or moved. Hence, despite its metaphorical origin, data could be considered a graspable aspect of programming. Furthermore, spatial gestures enable the teachers to communicate programming processes in a tangible way, for example assigning programming processes a forward direction. Theoretical implications, potential implications for teaching and future research are discussed in the paper.

Reliability in the identification of metaphors in (filmic) multimodal communication

Abstract Research on multimodal communication is complex because multimodal analyses require methods and procedures that offer the possibility of disentangling the layers of meaning conveyed through different channels. We hereby propose an empirical evaluation of the Filmic Metaphor Identification Procedure (FILMIP, Bort-Mir, L. (2019). Developing, applying and testing FILMIP: the filmic metaphor identification procedure, Ph.D. dissertation. Universitat Jaume I, Castellón.), a structural method for the identification of metaphorical elements in (filmic) multimodal materials. The paper comprises two studies: (i) A content analysis conducted by independent coders, in which the reliability of FILMIP is assessed. Here, two TV commercials were shown to 21 Spanish participants for later analysis with the use of FILMIP under two questionnaires. (ii) A qualitative analysis based on a percentage agreement index to check agreement among the 21 participants about the metaphorically marked filmic components identified on the basis of FILMIP’s seven steps. The results of the two studies show that FILMIP is a valid and reliable tool for the identification of metaphorical elements in (filmic) multimodal materials. The empirical findings are discussed in relation to multimodal communication open challenges.

Metaphtonomies of Pain Conceptualized by Lubukusu Speakers in Doctor-Patient consultation

This paper reports on the findings of a study that focused on the use of metaphtonomies of pain in Lubukusu and investigated the main attributions that are attached to patients’ expression of pain during doctor-patient consultation. Data of the study were drawn from Lubukusu patients’ pain metaphors that served as units of analysis. The Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) was used to select the expressions. The data analysis focused on the representation of pain through the examination of the meanings. From the data collected, three categories of metaphtonomies of pain emerged. These were; Direct Metaphor Related Words based on the Sense of Touch or Tangibility, Direct Metaphor Related Words based on the sense of Abstractness or Intangibility, and metaphor-related words. Further, it was revealed that communication mismatches occur in instances where the consultation between a non-native doctor and Lubukusu-speaking patients involved metaphors of pain. Given this, there is a need for medical practitioners and stakeholders to engage language scholars on how to address the potential gaps in healthcare discourses.

Metaphorical Expressions with “Sweet” in English and “Ng?t” in Vietnamese

On the foundation of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and the 4-step metaphor identification procedure by Pragglejaz Group, the paper discovers 87 metaphorical expressions containing the word “sweet” in English, equivalent to “ng?t” in Vietnamese through an investigation into four English and four Vietnamese novels composed in the 20th century. These gustatory expressions are found to be used to describe other senses, including olfaction, audition, vision, and tactition. Besides, the metaphorical expressions with “sweet” and “ng?t” are also employed to talk about emotion and manner. Despite several resemblances between English and Vietnamese metaphorical expressions containing the words “sweet” and “ng?t”, which are shed light upon by the universality of metaphors and human embodied experience, there are some differences in expressing the world via these two words between the two languages that are assigned to distinctive linguistic characteristics in each language.

Metaphors of cancer in the Arabic language: An analysis of the use of metaphors in the online narratives of breast cancer patients

Abstract This study explores the use of metaphors in the narratives of breast cancer patients in online magazine websites in the Arabic language. It aims to find similarities and/or differences between English and Arabic in respect of the metaphorical constructions of cancer experiences. The corpus of the study consists of 13,705 words in 19 narratives in Arabic. We used the metaphor identification procedure of Pragglejaz Group (2007) to detect the metaphors in the corpus. We focused on the role of metaphor in constructing our experience of cancer, and examined which metaphors are more frequent in the construction of the cancer experience. The results of the study revealed that there is a great similarity between Arabic and English in respect of the metaphors used to construct the cancer experience; the patients have framed their cancer situation via WAR and/or JOURNEY metaphors, with War metaphors more frequently used than Journey Metaphors. The findings also indicate that the Arabic narratives tended to include a stronger religious framework, constructing cancer as a kind of Trial by Ordeal in which one proves one’s firm faith through patience and acceptance of fate.

The Value of Conceptual Mental Spaces in Structuring a Man as (Endagera) Food in Ekegusii

Food is useful in the transference of semantic aspects that are vital in the construction of masculinity in society. Consequently, foodsemic metaphors that aid in the conceptualization of omosacha (a man) are pervasive in Ekegusii. Metaphor use may, however, present difficulties in comprehension due to the various interpretations that may be assigned to each of them. The meaning of Ekegusii foodsemic metaphors may, therefore, be elusive to the native speakers of Ekegusii. The paper employs the principle of conceptual mental spaces to interpret Ekegusii foodsemic metaphor within the Cognitive Linguistics framework. The study adopts descriptive research design. First, the terms that are used to describe men in Ekegusii are identified by administering an interview schedule to 48 Ekegusii native respondents purposively sampled on the basis of gender. The data collected is then subjected to the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU) in which four annotators are used to identify Ekegusii male metaphors. Through the MIPVU, 52 metaphors are identified. The paper then selects one metaphor that describes a man as food hence the Ekegusii foodsemic metaphor for this study. The research reveals that the integration of the four conceptual mental spaces that include two input spaces, the generic space and the blended space is resourceful in structuring a man as a symbol of nourishment in Ekegusii. Moreover, the MIPVU is unveiled as a useful metaphor identification method that provides a clear guide in the establishment of precise metaphors for study. The study concludes that metaphors are integral components of communication and should be explained using the Cognitive Linguistics paradigm. The findings of the study will contribute to Linguistics especially the field of Cognitive Linguistics which is relatively new and has not been subjected to extensive research. In addition, the findings will be useful to metaphor scholars in comprehending Ekegusii male metaphors and culture.

The Impact of Traumatic Childbirth on Women’s Breastfeeding Experiences

BackgroundResearchers are confirming that posttraumatic stress due to traumatic childbirth is significantly associated with lower rates of breastfeeding and low maternal attachment.PurposeThe purpose of this secondary qualitative data analysis was to identify metaphorical expressions women use to describe the impact their birth trauma had on their breastfeeding experiences.MethodsThe primary dataset used to conduct this analysis was a descriptive phenomenological study that focused on birth trauma and breastfeeding experiences of 52 women from New Zealand, the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Metaphor Identification Procedure was used to identify metaphorical expressions.ResultsSix metaphors were identified. Breastfeeding after a traumatic birth is your head in a vise, an empty affair, mechanical, true grit, a guilt trip, and a form of forgiveness.ConclusionThe six metaphors provide a new voice for women who are attempting to breastfeed following a traumatic birth. Perinatal and neonatal nurses need to be attentive to any of the metaphors new mothers are using to help identify women struggling with the aftermath of birth trauma.

TEACHING ACADEMIC WRITING IN ENGLISH TO STUDENTS OF ECONOMICS THROUGH CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS

The article addresses EFL students’ academic writing competence by fostering and evaluating their writing practices through conceptual metaphors. The research dataset comprised 102 Russian students majoring in economics. The students received the instruction based on the framework of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory during their EAP, ESP and EMI courses in economics. Metaphor Identification Procedure VU University Amsterdam (MIPVU) and the method of metaphoric modeling were used to assess EFL writing competence in economic knowledge domains – knowledge of terms and specific concepts, represented as conceptual metaphors. The statistical analysis did not show significant changes in the writing competence level of students when their EAP and ESP writing was compared. However, statistical differences were revealed in the use of metaphors when the students progressed from their EAP to EMI course and from their ESP to EMI course. The qualitative analysis demonstrated main differences within the conceptual metaphor domains in ESP and EMI writing. On the whole, the results reported here suggest the dynamics of FL writing competence of the Russian students specializing in economics when attending an EAP course, an ESP course and an EMI course in economics at the university.

THE EXAMINATION OF CONCEPT OF «MORALITY» IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE FROM A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE

The presented paper deals with the concept of morality in a political context. The aforementioned concept was examined within a cognitive linguistic framework and from a cognitive pragmatic perspective. After familiarising ourselves with the literary sources concerning the present topic, newspaper articles relating to politics and published on Transcarpathian Hungarian news portals were analysed. The aim of the analysis was to demonstrate the role of context in conceptualisation. In the course of the research, the authors were also curious about whether or not the concept of morality is understood differently in our everyday lives and when talking about politics, and which related concepts appear when talking about morality in a political context. In order to give answer to questions, fifteen newspaper articles on political topics were put under investigation. The articles involved ideas such as criticising and blaming the Ukrainian society and Hungarian minorities as well as power and social relations. In the course of the research, passages of the articles regarding concepts of morality were identified. As a second step, metaphorical linguistic expressions were systematized and compared with previous research findings to shed light on the relationship between conceptualization and context. The theoretical background of the research was mainly based on the works of George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, ‪Zoltan Kovecses, Albert Widdowson. In order to identify which linguistic expressions were metonymic and/or metaphorical, the Metaphor Identification Procedure VU was followed, which is an improved method of the metaphor identification procedure developed by the Pragglejaz group (2007). The results of the study confirmed Lakoff's (2002) theory that people’s conceptions of morality are related to patterns of political thinking. In addition, the views of cognitive pragmatics that moving from context to language, its influence on our conceptualisation can be demonstrated were also supported.

Metaphorical Construction of Marriage among Kenyan Swahili Speakers

This study investigates how Kenyans conceptualize marriage. It employs Metaphor Identification Procedure in identifying metaphors on marriage as they are used by Kenyan Swahili speakers. Data for this research is drawn from “Mawaidha na Bi. Msafwari” a programme aired on Citizen TV (a Kenyan TV station) every Saturday evening after the seven o’clock news. The metaphors are then subjected to analysis using The Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The study concludes that marriage is construed in different ways by Kenyan Swahili speakers, it is conceptualized as a house, an eatery, a prison, a school, a journey, a road, a body, a government/ kingdom, a garden, a war, a relationship and as a baby. The various conceptualizations by Kenyans determine their attitudes and general orientation towards marriage.

Personification in EFL learners’ academic writing: A cognitive linguistic stance

The paper offers a report of a small-scale corpus investigation into some advanced EFL learners’ use of personification in academic writing within a higher education context (Mouloud Mammeri University). Its main objective is to shed light on the extent of the occurrence of this phenomenon in their writings. The question raised is whether the examination of their dissertations would reveal extensive use of personification. Conceptual Metaphor Theory constitutes the theoretical framework featuring in this research. Relying on the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) (Pragglejaz Group 2007), six master’s dissertations are selected for examination, and a quantitative analysis of the identified metaphorically used words is conducted. The results of the study reveal an overwhelming manifestation of personification. These findings may constitute a small contribution to the field of education, as offering useful data to educational practitioners and researchers.

Metaphors and the Degree of Conventionality in Translation of Prose Fiction: A Fraction of the Whole in Focus

The idea of metaphor classification is regarded as how felicitously they are entrenched in everyday language spoken by ordinary people. Metaphor conventionality can be regarded as a scale whose opposite ends constitute conventional and creative metaphors. Logic indicates that the majority of linguistic metaphors are well-worn and conventional rather than novel, since an excess of novel metaphors may remarkably bring about “communicative surprise” (Rabadán Álvarez, 1991) thus increase cognitive processing time and even hinder perceiving. Metaphorical creativity, as the other extreme of the scale of conventionality, can be looked at as the use of conceptual metaphors and/ or their linguistic manifestations that are creative or novel. This study seeks to scrutinize the scale of conventionality in the Persian translation of A Fraction of the Whole. MIP known as Metaphor Identification Procedure put forward by the Pragglejaz Group (2007) was employed in the study to identify metaphors. The findings reveal that, sometimes, the metaphors used in L1 are novel or creative, but the translator draws upon conventional or entrenched ones in L2, or vice versa. The aim is to show the translator's choice of metaphor in terms of a conventionality scale using some previous cognitive models in this regard.