Metaphor Research Articles

Translating Patterns of Style in 'Hour of the Wolves'

For a translator of poetry, it is important to analyse the style of the original poem in order to gain access to the poetics from which the poem arose. I consider here the translation of a German poem, ‘Stunde der Wölfe’, by Volker von Törne, into English. Stylistic patterns in the original poem include the central metaphor of wolves and many other metaphors: birds, paths and journeys, night and winter. There are images of curtailment, intervention and impediment caused by natural agents such as wolves, hawks, wind and snow. And there are several patterns of repeated sounds. The translator must also look beyond the poem itself, to the context in which the poet was writing, and to the use of metaphor and myth in both languages. Considering the interaction of all these elements allows the translator to find ways of translating that preserve the central images and stylistic patterns.

ترجمة تعابير اليد في القرآن الكريم

لقد كانت ترجمة القرآن الكريم ولازالت احدى المهام الاكثر جدلاً على الاطلاق. حيث كان مُعظم العُلماء المُسلمين ان لم يكن كُلهم يُعارضون اي ترجمة للقرآن الكريم وذلك لقدسيته. ألا ان ذلك قد تغيير الان بعد ان تغيير مفهوم ترجمة القرآن الكريم من عملية نقل لغوية الى عملية تفسير لما جاء فيه وبدء الناس يتقبلون الحاجة المُلحة لنقل مفاهيم القرآن الى غير العرب وغير المُسلمين. لكن هذا لا يُغير من حقيقة ان مهمة ترجمة القرآن الكريم او حتى تفسيره بلغة اخرى ستبقى هي الاصعب دوماً لكثير من الاسباب ومنها قُدسية القرآن كونه كلام الله والاثر الثقافي والاعجاز اللغوي بالإضافة الى اسلوب لغته الاستعارية النابضة بالحياة.
 إن مُعضلة ترجمة هكذا لُغة بلاغية غنية بصورها الاستعارية قد يُعد المُهمة الاصعب لكثير من المُترجمين. اما فيما يخص ترجمة تعابير اليد والتي هي تجسيد حي لله سُبحانه وتعالى فهذه مُعضلة اخرى بحد ذاتها. كيف تُترجم؟ متى تُترجم؟ هل يجوز هذا الامر؟ هل نُبقيها كما هي عند ترجمتها ام نُغيرها الى مفهوم اخر يكون سائغاً؟ كل هذه الاسئلة وأكثر يجب ان تبقى حاضرةً في اذهاننا اثناء الاضطلاع بمهمة ترجمة القرآن الكريم.
 سوف يحاول هذا البحث الاجابة عن هذه الاسئلة وذلك بدراسة تعابير اليد وصورها الاستعارية ومن ثم تحليل انواع الاستعارة المُستخدمة والاستراتيجيات المُتبعة في عملية الترجمة. ولتحقيق هذا الغرض سوف يتم تفحص ثلاث ترجمات للقرآن الكريم من فترات زمنية مُختلفة وتعود لمُترجمين لهم خلفيات فكرية ولغوية ودينية مُتنوعة. وبعد تحليل البيانات التي تم استقصائها سوف تُظهر لنا النتائج كيف تُرجمت الصور الاستعارية لتعابير اليد في كل نُسخة من ترجمات القرآن الكريم الثلاثة وماهي انواع الاستعارة اللغوية التي تم اعتمادها وماهي الاستراتيجيات التي تم تبنيها للقيام بهذا واخيراً تحديد النُسخة المُترجمة التي نجحت بترجمتها أكثر من غيرها وكيف تأتى لها ذلك.

Hegel, Hölderlin and we, the ukrainians, or: is it worse to accept recommendations of the german idealism?

The article represents the explication of some Hegel’s ideas with coherence to Hölderlin’s philosophical reflections, all of which are dealing with the problem of making more significant the philosophy for the social life especially in the period of the national self-statement and radical cultural transformations on the crossing of the XVIII-th and XIX-th centuries. The communication between Hegel and Hölderlin shows the different ways of making philosophy more available for lower classes of population. Hölderlin’s considering on this problem was to make philosophical thinking more sensuous through its transforming into a new rational religion. Hegel perceived solving of this problem in education and teaching without reducing standards of philosophy as a science. The university philosophy with its abstract concepts and systems was criticized by Hölderlin and accepted by Hegel, because his aim was to activate the social and orientation functions of philosophical ideas. The popular philosophy with its metaphorical language was regarded by him as preparing for fundamental philosophical studies. The role of the philosophical lyric in the evolution of German Idealism is analyzed with its impulses for the renewal of philosophical thinking. Hegel shows some risks of symbiosis of the lyric and philosophy such as losing its freedom and turning into a new mythology with eclipse of reason. Hegel emphasizes the role of the grammar of philosophical thinking: its concepts and categories. The dialectical potential of concepts is illustrated on their cunning possibility what might be regarded as opening of closed systems. The adaptation possibilities of this theoretical and practical experience to the Ukrainian social and cultural contexts are regarded. Hegel’s interpretation of the dialectical interconnection existing between the philosophical creativity and the philosophical education for the foundation of the philosophical inquiring culture are actual today as well his demand to search for the truth. The causes for explaining Hegel’s intuitions about the concept’s and reason’s cunning are stating in their validity for developing strategies and practices of the spiritual renewal of the Ukrainian society.

GAYA BAHASA KIASAN DALAM DONGENG ANAK BERBAHASA INGGRIS (STUDI KASUS KARYA BROTHERS GRIMM)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of figurative language in English children's fairy tales by Brothers Grimm with titled Hansel and Gretel, Rapunzel, and Snowdrop. This study specifically addresses the style of figurative language contained in English children's fairy tales. Style of figurative language are examined in this study includes metaphor, personification, simile, and hyperbole, in terms of form, meaning, function, and particularities in English children's fairy tales. Advanced Research is a qualitative research produces descriptive data in the form of the written word. This study did not use statistical data in the form of numbers, but rather to describe the form, meaning, types, functions, and uniqueness of figurative language in English children's fairy tales. The results showed that in the style of figurative language metaphor based on Haley’s hierarchy in nine metaphors, the metaphors in the three fairy tales are being, cosmos, energy, terrestrial, object, animate, and human. Personification in this research are inanimate personification and non-human personification. Simile in this research includes abstract (being), objects, cosmos, terrestrial, plants, and animals. Hyperbole in this research is hyperbole that state a thing and hyperbole that state a situation. Function of figurative language in the fourth type of style are; reveal the beauty in the style of figurative language, declare an abstract in a concrete way to give a clear image, stating things that are not captured by human senses, and cause freshness or emphasis the words, to give emphasis to a statement or situation, to intensify and enhance the impression and impact of the intent to deliberately overstate the thing and circumstances. Uniqueness found in the using of vehicle from the figurative language in the form of terrestrial, cosmos, and animal. Through this study it can be concluded that children in Europe, the reader or the audience of this tale, is expected to know the figurative language style.

Analisis Gaya Bahasa Metafora Pada Lirik Lagu Karya LiSA

Song is a literary work that is enjoyed by all people, from young people to adults. In the song lyrics, there are many language styles, especially metaphorical styles. Metaphorical language style is an implicit comparative language style. One of the functions of using metaphors in writing song lyrics is to add beauty to the lyrics. Japanese songs are one of the most popular songs by Japanese students or learners, anime enthusiasts and the general public. LiSA is one of the popular Japanese singers whose songs are widely enjoyed. In this study, researchers analyzed the metaphorical language style of LiSA's song lyrics. This study aims to determine the types and meanings of metaphors in LiSA's song lyrics. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive methods. The data in this study are in the form of phrases containing metaphors in the lyrics of LiSA's songs. The source of the data taken is the lyrics of a song by LiSA which is an anime soundtrack consisting of 8 songs including Adamas, Catch the Moment, Datte Atashi no Hero, Gurenge, Rally Go Round, Rising Hope, Shirushi, and Unlasting. This study uses the theory of Stephen Ullmann. Based on the results of the study, there were 4 types of metaphors, namely anthropomorphic metaphors with 9 data, synesthetic metaphors with 9 data, abstract metaphors with 22 data, and animal metaphors with 2 data. Besides that, there are different meanings in each metaphorical expression.

Representation of the River as a Dragon Basuki to Keep the Balance of Water Cosmology in Painting Art Creation

The phenomenon of shifts in Balinese knowledge and treatment of rivers in a Hindu perspective is a very important fact and urgent to be explored and revealed. On the basis of the thought of awareness of the reality conditions that occur in rivers in the industrial era, the creator has hopes, ideals, longings, and spiritual values which are ideals as cosmos humans, so a view is born which is the idea of creating a painting with the title Representation of the River as a Dragon Basuki for Maintaining the Cosmological Balance of Water in the Creation of Painting. It means that by representing the river with symbols that can be understood, the artwork created is a metaphorical language that is able to communicate with the audience and will build appreciation. In this case, it is the creator's desire to convey certain thoughts (messages) to everyone through the created works of art and can produce meaning through the mechanism of articulation by the audience.

المجاز وأثره الفقهی

المجاز وأثره الفقهي عبدالرحمن محمد البالول الهيئة العامة للتعليم التطبيقي والتدريب ، الکويت. البريد الالکتروني : Dr.a.albaloul@gmail.com الملخص: تناولت هذه الدراسة أثر المجاز على التشريع الفقهي، وتفسير النصوص، فاعتمد الباحث لتحقيق ذلک: المنهج الوصفي، والتحليلي، والاستقرائي، وقد قسمت الدراسة إلى مبحث تمهيدي اتناول من خلاله: فرضيات الدراسة، ثم مبحث أول في بيان المقصود من مصطلحات البحث، والمبحث الثاني: فيما يتعلق بالحقيقة والمجاز من أحکام، ويبين الثالث: العلاقة بين المجاز وعلاماته، والرابع: مبحث تطبيقي، لبيان أثر المجاز على التشريع الفقهي من خلاله عرض أقوال الفقهاء وما يترتب عليها من أحکام، وقد توصلت في نهاية هذا البحث إلى نتائج، منها: ثبوت المجاز في اللغة العربية والقرآن الکريم عند جماهير الفقهاء، مما له أثر بالغ في الأحکام الفقهية، کما أن المجاز لا يصح في جميع الألفاظ، فلا يدخل مثلا في الحروف ولا المشتقات، ويعارض المجاز بالنقل، والإضمار، والاشتراک، والتخصيص، ويترجح کل بحسب مقامه. الکلمات المفتاحية: المجاز، الحقيقة، الفروع الفقهية، اللغة العربية . Metaphor and its jurisprudential impact Abdulrahman Muhammad Al-Balool The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait. E-mail: Dr.a.albaloul@gmail.com Abstract: This study discussed the effect of metaphor on jurisprudential legislation. It aims to illustrate the effect of metaphor in the branches of jurisprudence and explaining the jurisprudential texts. The researcher used the descriptive, analytical and inductive approaches to verify that. The study is divided into introduction which is concentrating on the study’s hypothesis, the first chapter discussed the study’s terms, second chapter discussed the real and metaphoric provisions, third chapter illustrates the relation between the metaphor and its sings and the fourth chapter is discussing the practical side to show the effect of metaphor on the jurisprudential legislation. It shows the jurists’ sayings and the consequent provisions. The study revealed some results such as: proving that there is metaphor in Arabic Language and Holy Quran according to the whole jurists. It has a great effect on the jurisprudential provisions. The metaphor can’t be used in all utterances which it can’t be used in letters or derivatives. The metaphor is opposed to transmitting, collecting, participating and assigning. Each return according to its position. Keywords: Metaphor, Reality, Branches Of Jurisprudence , Arabic Language.

Re-membering the Body: Transferred Anamnesis in John Bunyan’s Grace Abounding

Abstract: John Bunyan’s 1666 spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners , attempts to fill a semiotic void at the heart of Reformed theology by transferring the understanding of bodily “remembrance” (or, in the Platonic and Scriptural traditions, “anamnesis”) from the Catholic Eucharist, transubstantiated and consumed, to the vivid corporeal response that, in Bunyan, comes from remembering Scripture. This essay argues that the intensely bodily language with which Bunyan describes his everyday recollections of Scripture is an idiosyncratic response to a crisis in signification for Protestants. Peter Goldman identifies in Bunyan a concern with “literary iconoclasm” that “led, ironically, to metaphorical language”; this essay contends that such language in Grace Abounding stems instead from Bunyan’s concern with corporeal refashioning, and that its primary motive is the relocation of remembrance in religious practice.

GAYA BAHASA PADA LIRIK LAGU �TULUS HATI LUHUR BUDI� CIPTAAN H. RHOMA IRAMA

This study aims to describe the use of language style in the lyrics of the song "Tulus Hati Sublime Budi". This research is in the form of a qualitative descriptive. The method used is content analysis. The source of the data is a document in the form of the lyrics of the song "Tulus Hati Luhur Budi". The data collection technique was carried out by listening and recording techniques, because the data source was in the form of text. The validity test used in this study is triangulation theory, which is a method of research on the same topic using different theories in analyzing data. The data analysis technique used in this study uses flow analysis, which includes three components, namely: data reduction; (2) data presentation; (3) drawing conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that in the lyrics of the song "Tulus Hati Luhur Budi" the latest single Rhoma Irama feat Rita Sugiartoo there are language styles, including repetition language style (Epikuzueksis, Anafora, and Epistropha), personification language style, metaphor language style, and style. Simile language.

Elicited metaphoric competence in a second language: a construct associated with vocabulary knowledge and general proficiency?

Abstract The extent to which the ability to use metaphor in a second language– metaphoric competence (MC) - relates to well-attested language proficiency components has implications both for understanding second language (L2) competence and for pedagogy. Building on previous enquiries (Azuma 2005) and extending a vocabulary size and depth research agenda (Qian 2002; Schmitt 2014) to the realm of MC, the present study sought to disentangle the relationships between six elicited MC constructs, reliably established by O’Reilly and Marsden (2021), two standardised L2 proficiency measures, and established vocabulary size and depth measures. With 108 Mandarin learners of L2 English, partial correlation analyses showed unique relationships between specific MC and proficiency measures, evidence of what these learners could do with metaphor at various proficiency levels, and how sparse references to metaphor in proficiency descriptors (e.g., CEFR) might be more precisely interpreted. Multiple regression analyses showed that Read’s (1993, 1998) Word Associates Test, a vocabulary depth measure, was closely linked to all types of MC, particularly productive control (Henriksen 1999) and Metaphor Language Play (O’Reilly and Marsden 2021). The findings point to the centrality of different (but related) types of associative thinking ability in metaphor use and language learning more generally (Carroll 1993; Littlemore 2001, 2002, and 2008; Littlemore and Low 2006a). Future research implications and pedagogical reflections are provided.

Book Review: Metaphors of Internet: Ways of Being in the Age of Ubiquity, by Annette N. Markham and Katrin Tiidenberg

Book Review: <i>Metaphors of Internet: Ways of Being in the Age of Ubiquity</i>, by Annette N. Markham and Katrin Tiidenberg

THE SYMBOLISM OF IMRE MAKOVECH'S METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE IN THE FORMATION OF SACRED SPACE

The article analyzes the iconic temples of the twentieth century designed by the Hungarian architect Imre Makovec. The anthroposophical theory of architecture is presented, which assumed that the world and man are permeated with various types of spiritual forces, thanks to the forms of objects of the visible world, they can be strengthened or weakened.&#x0D; The understanding of the harmony of forms in the formation of the sacred space is presented.&#x0D; The architecture of sacred buildings erected according to the principle of organic architecture is considered. It is determined that the forms created by Makovech do not belong to any of the "languages" of architectural expression that have been created so far.&#x0D; The article presents a view on the mysterious nature of the connection of people in society – close to the types of connections that connect religious communities, as well as the concept of architecture as a bridge between heaven and earth, which also changed the approach to a building as an exclusively material object.&#x0D; The forms of individual sacred structures and the ways of organizing their interiors were analyzed, which made it possible to conclude that the ideas of reviving the unity of the surrounding landscape, the tendency to use local materials (primarily wood), but also a more general, philosophical attitude, allows us to consider architecture as an element that binds forces space with human life.&#x0D; The use of the metaphorical language of Makovech's architecture is considered based on the world of visual human products and their iconographic distinctive features. Revealed the need to take into account the relationship between certain forms and messages, through them are transmitted to the formations of the sacred space.&#x0D; An attempt is also presented to adapt the principles of modernism to the needs of the shaping of the sacred space. The tendencies of the formation of the sacred space in the twentieth century are revealed, namely: anthroposophical; continuation and development of Christian symbols.

Dabkeh al Djoufieh: Exploring the Sustainability of Jordanian Folklore

The authors of this paper analyze the Dabkeh al Djoufieh (Dabkɛ ālǧwofyɛ) in its capacity as an inherent part of Jordanian folklore that has been seldom studied. Whereas contemporary Jordan has experienced a rapid burst of cultural globalization, the rural song and dance of Dabkeh al Djoufieh can be observed as a highly dynamic manifestation of belonging and as a symbol of national solidarity. One of the defining features of the Dabkeh al Djoufieh is that it is immanent in every social event in Arab communities. Secondly, as a sample of folk music, Dabkeh al Djoufieh continues to be a vibrant resource for contemporary audiences. The paper focuses on the main musical and poetic characteristics of Dabkeh al Djoufieh. The qualitative analysis applied integrates ideas concerning semantics as a representation of the social context and ethnic identities, whereas music is viewed as an indicator of local heritage. This paper probes the questions: What is Dabkeh Djoufieh? Where does it originate? And how is it implemented in Jordanian folklore culture? Furthermore, the study discusses the social power found within poetic folk verse, specifically, the role of the metaphor as a tool for expressing communal realities and individual experiences. Likewise, the study analyzes the musical features of the traditional Dabkeh al Djoufieh and how it moved across generations, sacred and social boundaries, becoming a symbol of Jordanian folk tradition.

Language in the Garden: Transcendentalist Legacies and the Problem of Metaphor in Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead Novels

ABSTRACT This article interrogates two established critical approaches to Marilynne Robinson’s fiction. First, by analysing the Gilead novels’ engagement with nineteenth-century Transcendentalism, the article challenges the centrality of metaphor to Robinson’s literary project. I show how, in these novels, Robinson resurrects the nineteenth-century divide between Emersonian metaphor and Thoreauvian metonymy. There has been a recent critical move to understand Robinson’s fiction in relation to modern and contemporary literary forbears, but this article shows the complexity, contradiction and self-criticism that inheres in Robinson’s engagement with Transcendentalism. Secondly and connectedly, my argument complicates the current critical consensus that the home is the most significant locus of these novels. I argue that the indoor domestic spaces of the novels are associated with the metaphorical language that Robinson is critiquing and, in turn, that their garden spaces are associated with a form of language that has a more tangible relationship to action and process.

Expectation of being affected: an enactive perspective of spectators' expectations of contemporary dance

PurposeThis article examines how spectators describe their expectations of contemporary dance by referring to action. Through discussing a qualitative audience study, the article argues that spectators always have an expectation of being affected by performances they attend. This expectation can guide their interest in attending performances of certain genres instead of other possible ones on offer. Additionally, the article points out how spectators can actively manage their expectations in order to be affected.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on 21 in-depth interviews with spectators at a dance venue, a company and a festival in Finland. The analysis of the interviews combines thematic analysis with metaphor analysis. Employing the paradigm of enaction and the concept of affordances, this article approaches expectations as embodied and dynamic, created in interactions between artists, producers and spectators.FindingsThe analysis shows that when speaking about their expectations of performances, spectators use bodily and spatial metaphors. Focusing on metaphors reveals how, for the spectators, performances afford a possibility for action that affects them. The interviewed spectators describe that contemporary dance is “not set in its ways”, and therefore it keeps them “awake” and their thoughts do “not fossilize”. This way, they understand contemporary dance as a genre that affords a possibility to be affected by allowing a freedom of own interpretation and surprising experiences if they desire such.Originality/valueConcentration on the metaphors of language offers a deeper understanding of the active nature of spectators' expectations. Understanding how spectators describe their expectations by referring to action that enables the shaping of their emotions and thoughts can help the development of arts marketing and audience engagement.

Why Did They Continue Playing? The Sinking Titanic as a Metaphor for the End of Life.

Why Did They Continue Playing? The Sinking Titanic as a Metaphor for the End of Life.

Guardians of Idolatry: God, Demons, and Priests in Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón’s Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions

Guardians of Idolatry: God, Demons, and Priests in Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón’s Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions

Translating English WOMAN IS AN ANIMAL metaphors: Spanish native speakers’ associations with novel metaphors

Animal metaphors are prevalent across languages and convey a variety of, oftentimes negative, meanings – more so for women than men. In English, for example, both lion and lioness refer to a sexually active, dominant man or woman respectively, but while the former is endowed with positive connotations (courage, strength), the latter evokes negative associations (danger, voracity). There are some animal terms, however, that do not feature in animal metaphors in a certain language, posing the question as to which associations are evoked by those animal terms that are not part of conventional animal metaphors. This paper explores Spanish speakers’ interpretations of mappings of the woman is an animal metaphor that are documented to exist in English but not in Spanish. This was tested with two online questionnaires, one employing open questions and the other one Likert scales presenting possible traits (e. g. quarrelsome, kind, promiscuous), in which Spanish speakers had to judge the animal metaphors which were translated from English. The results show that the novel animal metaphors are mainly associated by Spanish native speakers with negative features, first and foremost with ugliness. Additionally, most of the animal terms convey different meanings in English and Spanish. For example, musaraña, the Spanish equivalent of shrew, is not associated with bad temper and quarrelling, but instead with ugliness and muddleheadedness. Furthermore, the findings reveal significant insecurities in the interpretation of the translated metaphors by the Spanish speakers. These results might be an indication for both the arbitrariness and the stableness of associations with different animal species, depending on the speakers’ culture. It also seems that novel animal metaphors mainly provide mental access to unattractiveness as it is a concrete physical feature and might therefore be more accessible than abstract personality traits such as kindness or quarrelsomeness.

Metonymies, metaphors and/or language reconsiderations for sustainability during COVID-19.

Pandemic discussions employ language metaphors and metonymies to make sense of the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis. From commenting and proposing to revise terms such as social distancing, the war against the virus, to viewing mother nature as a killer, there are language reconsiderations to be made to avoid some disturbing mental imageries to picture a sustainable future. The Anthropocene geologic time and the improved environmental quality situate this backdrop. Language interventions make up as a vanishing mediation that will prompt a deeper understanding of the environment and nature as a whole.

Theological Reinterpretation of “Christology of Water” from Feng Shui

This article presents the “Christology of Water” from Feng Shui cosmology, which promotes liberating women and nature from the oppression perpetrated against them by contemporary Korean churches, which have sexism and eco-antipathy at their heart. The presentation of the “Christology of Water” from Feng Shui envisions a new eco-feminist theological solution to the critique of patriarchies and anthropocentricism alienating and suppressing women and nature. This “Christology of Water” developed from the metaphorical languages of Feng Shui suggests a contextual hermeneutic through reinterpretation from the eco-feminist perspective.