Metanil Yellow Research Articles

CdO:Ag thin films with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity against metanil yellow

The photodegradation quality of Ag-doped CdO (CdO:Ag) thin films deposited using perfume atomizer has been reported in this paper. Ag concentration in CdO is varied as 0, 1, 2 and 3 wt%, respectively. XRD studies reveal cubic crystal structure for all the CdO:Ag thin films ruling out the presence of any secondary phases and decreased crystallite size was observed with Ag doping. CdO:Ag films surfaces are composed of cauliflower shaped grains and EDX spectra ascertains that Ag has been successfully incorporated into the CdO lattice. Optical band gap tends to increase with increase in Ag concentration. Electrical resistivity showed a decreasing trend with increase in Ag concentration. Photocatalytic tests against metanil yellow confirmed that the Ag-doped CdO films exhibit better degradation efficiency than the undoped film and an efficiency of 84.44% was realized for the 2 wt% Ag-doped CdO catalyst. The recycle tests confirmed the reusable nature of the CdO:Ag catalysts.

Paper swab based SERS detection of non-permitted colourants from dals and vegetables using a portable spectrometer

Rising concern about the use of non-permitted colourants, in common food items such as dals and green vegetables sold in Indian markets, have led to a demand for low-cost point-of-use chemical analysis tools. Conventional food-analysis techniques involving tedious sample preparation protocols are not suited for in-field applications. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is an analytical technique that is well-suited for point-of-use chemical analysis with molecular level detection capability, which can also serve as a quality assurance tool for businesses. Effective and rapid signal collection from a large-area sample within a field-setting using disposable, low-cost SERS substrates is a key challenge in implementing such a solution.Herein, we demonstrate the use of inkjet-printed thin films comprising of robust nanostructured-silver as flexible, paper-based SERS (P-SERS) swabs for the direct detection of Metanil Yellow (MY) from toor dal (yellow split pigeon peas) samples and Malachite Green (MG) from green peas and green chillies. The macroscopic uniformity of these thin-films in combination with a portable Raman spectrometer equipped with orbital raster scanning (ORS™) technology for signal collection results in an unprecedented precision (RSD ∼ 1.6%) upon characterizing samples saturated with Rhodamine-6G (R6G), a standard Raman probe. As several food-cleansing products have appeared in the marketplace, the adulterant removal efficacy of some commercially available ‘washes’ as well as products such as ‘ozoniser’, which was determined by SERS characterization of swabs before and after use, is also reported.

Performance of a newly enriched bacterial consortium for degrading and detoxifying azo dyes.

To obtain a bacterial consortium that can degrade azo dyes effectively, a bacterial consortium was enriched that can degrade Metanil yellow effectively. After 6 h, 96.25% Metanil yellow was degraded under static conditions by the bacterial consortium, which was mainly composed of Pseudomonas, Lysinibacillus, Lactococcus, and Dysgonomonas. In particular, Pseudomonas played a main role in the decolorization process. Co-substrate increased the decolorization rate, and yeast powder, peptone, and urea demonstrated excellent effects. The optimal pH value and salinity for the decolorization of azo dyes is 4-7 and 1% salinity respectively. The bacterial consortium can directly degrade many azo dyes, such as direct fast black G and acid brilliant scarlet GR. Azo reductase activity, laccase activity, and lignin peroxidase activity were estimated as the key reductase for decolorization, and Metanil yellow can be degraded into less toxic degradation products through synergistic effects. The degradation pathway of Metanil yellow was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which demonstrated that Metanil yellow was cleaved at the azo bond, producing p-aminodiphenylamine and diphenylamine. These findings improved our knowledge of azo-dye-decolorizing microbial resources and provided efficient candidates for the treatment of dye-polluted wastewaters.

Fabrication of novel metanil yellow/multi wall carbon nanotubes-chitosan/modified glassy carbon electrode and its application for sensitive determination of persulfate

A new intensely-sensitive amperometric sensor applied for the rapid and accurate detection of persulfate and based on the modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by multi-wall carbon nanotubes-chitosan (MWCNTs-Chit) nanocomposite and metanil yellow (MY) is fabricated. In this sense, MY which can be used as an excellent redox mediator can also catalyze the reduction of persulfate. The presence of MWCNTs-Chit nanocomposite can provide associated sites for the electrode position of MY on the electrode surface due to the high surface area. Moreover, it can also accelerate the rate of electron-transfer between MY film and the electrode due to its good catalytic capability. Combining these materials as modifiers caused the prepared MY/MWCNTs-Chit/GC electrode to display a linear amperometric respond to the persulfate concentration from 100nM to 1.0mM with a sensitivity of 860.1 nAnM−1 and a limit of detection (S/N=3) of 0.03μM. The proposed sensor is successfully applied for the determination of persulfate in river water samples with satisfactory results.

Photocatalytic Performance of SnO2 Coupled CdO Nanoparticles Against MY and RhB Dyes

Precipitation method is adopted to synthesize CdO, SnO2 and CdO-SnO2 nanocomposite. Characterization of the synthesized CdO, SnO2 and CdO-SnO2 composite was done by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. In the XRD pattern of the composite, cubic CdO and tetragonal SnO2 peaks were observed. The existence of Cd, Sn and O in CdO-SnO2 was confirmed from the XPS spectrum. FTIR spectrum of the composite ascertained the presence of peaks associated with Cd-O and Sn-O bonds. The band gap of pure CdO got blue shifted from 2.49 eV to 2.94 eV when coupled with SnO2. Photodegradation efficiencies of 89.41% and 82.25% were observed by the composite under visible light against metanil yellow (MY) and rhodamine B (RhB) dyes, respectively, which were quite high compared with that of pure CdO and SnO2. Increased life time of carriers due to their effective separation might have enhanced the degradation ability of the composite. The CdO-SnO2 composite catalyst seems to be more stable.

Quantification of the Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Ability of Non-Transparent Materials.

The photo-induced reactivity of compounds at the surface of photocatalytic materials is used to maintain the cleanliness of the surface of glass, concretes and paints. A standard method to quantify the photocatalytic self-cleaning (SC) properties of non-transparent materials was recently published. It is based on the covering of the sample surface with a defined amount of dye and on the evaluation of the reflectance spectra of the coloured surface under irradiation. The calibration of the spectral changes allowed the quantification of the surface residual dye and the evaluation of the self-cleaning kinetics. The method was tested on seven white and coloured photocatalytic materials using methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB) and metanil yellow (MY). The main by-products of the MB photocatalytic degradation at the solid/solid interface were identified, showing that MB degradation in solution follows a path quite different from that at the solid/solid interface. Also MY showed a different order of photoreactivity. Furthermore, experiments at the solid/solid interface are more trustworthy than tests in solution for evaluating the self-cleaning ability. The differences of the photocatalytic phenomena at the solid/solid interface in comparison with the most studied photoactivated processes at the solid/liquid interface are outlined. Furthermore, photocatalytic materials showed selectivity toward some specific dyes. This encourages the use of more than one dye for the evaluation of the self-cleaning ability of a photocatalytic material.

Ameliorating efficacy of eugenol against metanil yellow induced toxicity in albino Wistar rats

Metanil yellow, an azo dye, is a non-permitted synthetic food colour used extensively in India and other developing countries as food additive. Present communication reports the toxic effects of metanil yellow on hepatic and kidney tissues and its amelioration by eugenol, vitamin E and vitamin C. Oral administration of metanil yellow in albino Wistar rats for 28 days caused elevation in serum enzymes (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, gluatamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase), and total bilirubin along with decline in albumin and total protein levels. At tissue level, activities of oxidative stress markers viz., superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione in liver and kidney were reduced to about half while malondialdehyde level increased significantly under the influence of metanil yellow. Co-administration of eugenol/vitamin E/vitamin C in metanil yellow intoxicated rats exhibited considerable restoration of oxidative stress as well as hepatic and renal function markers in serum and tissues. The study revealed that eugenol has antioxidant, hepatoprotective and renoprotective activities.

Impedimetric Approach for Estimating the Presence of Metanil Yellow in Turmeric Powder from Tunable Capacitance Measurement

This article investigates the possibility of using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique for detection and quantification of metanil yellow (MY) in turmeric powder. The observation is supported by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy. Variation of electrical parameters like capacitance, impedance, conductance, and current–voltage (I–V) characteristics for pure as well as adulterated turmeric are analyzed. System capacitance, conductance, and current are observed to increase, whereas the impedance values have been found to decrease with increase in MY content. Also, UV–Vis and FT-MIR spectroscopic measurements suggest the increase of absorbance with gradual increment of MY in the solution. Electrical and optical results have been physically corroborated with respect to the system internal energy. This study sought to provide a deterministic approach towards developing an EIS-based adulterant sensor for simple, rapid, economical, and precise quantification of controlled percentage weights of MY in pure turmeric powder.

BIOSORPTION OF METANIL YELLOW DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY THE ENTIRE WATER HYACINTH PLANT (Eichhornia crassipes) AND ITS VEGETATIVE ORGANS

This study explored the kinetics of metanil yellow (MY) dye biosorption onto the water hyacinth plant (Eichhornia crassipes) and its vegetative organs (leaves, roots, and stems). The water hyacinth s leaves exhibited the highest capacity for and initial volumetric rate of MY biosorption, followed by the entire plant, roots, and stems. Modeling the kinetics for MY biosorption onto the entire plant and vegetative organs showed that the best agreement of experimental data was achieved with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that the rate-determining step in the overall reaction of MY biosorption onto the biosorbents might be chemisorption. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies suggest that the amide I and II functional groups, which are present in the biosorbent proteins, participated in the biosorption of MY from aqueous solutions. A linear dependence of MY biosorption capacity at equilibrium on total protein content was observed, confirming that MY molecules bind to biosorbent proteins. Scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy studies corroborated the presence of MY on the biosorbents surface.

A novel method for oxidative degradation of metanil yellow azo dye by hexacyanoferrate(III) ions.

In the present work, the degradation of metanil yellow, an azo dye, by hexacyanoferrate(III) ions (oxidant) in the aqueous alkaline medium has been investigated by kinetic-spectrophotometric method at λmax 435nm of the reaction mixture. The effect of various parameters such as the concentration of dye, oxidant, and solution pH on the reaction rate has been determined. The results show that the rate of degradation increases linearly with the increase in concentrations of oxidant and dye at optimum pH of 9.0 and constant temperature of 40±0.1°C. Thermodynamic parameters such as energy of activation, enthalpy of activation, entropy of activation, and energy of formation have been calculated by studying the reaction rate at four different temperatures, that is, 40-55°C. Based on the experimental results, a plausible reaction mechanism involving complex formation has been proposed and a rate law has been derived. UV-Vis and LC-MS methods of analysis of degradation products show the formation of simpler and less hazardous degradation products. PRACTITIONER POINTS: It is also observed that the time required for azo dye degradation by the present method is about ten times less than the reported methods. Thus degradation of azo linkage and formation of simple and less hazardous products (efficient degradation of dye) makes it a novel method.

Adsorptive performance of magnetic nano-biosorbent for binary dyes and investigation of comparative biosorption

The individual and competitive biosorption capacities of Metanil Yellow (MY) and Reactive Black 5 (RB5) by glutaraldehyde cross-linked magnetic chitosan nanoparticles (GMCNs) were studied. Competitive biosorption of the MY and RB5 dyes by the GMCNs has never been reported previously. Fourier transform infrared technique has been used to show the biosorbed MY and RB5 dyes onto GMCNs. During the studies, various essential factors influencing the biosorption, like adsorbate concentration, pH of the solution and contact time have been monitored. The equilibrium was achieved within 17 h for single dyes and 3 h for binary mixture at pH 3. The biosorption capacities were 620 mg/g for dye MY and 2549 mg/g for dye RB5 at pH 3, 30 °C. The second-order kinetic model has good compatibility with the dynamical biosorption behavior of a single dye and binary mixture. In order to study the competition biosorption of the RB5 and MY dyes in mixture solutions, the intraparticle diffusion model was used. Competition biosorption through analysis of the intraparticle diffusion model apparently favored the RB5 dye more than the MY dye on the GMCNs in mixture solutions. The biosorbent was regenerated efficiently through the alkaline solution and was then reused ten times for biosorption–desorption cycles.

Degradation of organic pollutants by photoelectro-peroxone/ZVI process: Synergistic, kinetic and feasibility studies

In this study a novel hybrid process was employed for the degradation of Metanil Yellow (MY). The operational parameters of photoelectro-peroxone/zero valent iron (PEP/ZVI) process were studied and the complete decoloration was found at pH = 3.0, 100 mg/L ZVI, 33.2 mg/L ozone, 300 mA applied current and 25 min reaction time. The combination of UV, ozone, electrogenerated H2O2 and ZVI showed high synergistic effect for MY degradation. ZVI showed high reusability in PEP/ZVI process. Among anions, nitrite ion demonstrated high inhibitory effect while chloride ions had no significant effect on MY degradation. Scavenging tests depicted that hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen were the main agents of MY degradation. PEP/ZVI process was tested for several emerging pollutants (benzotriazole, 4-chlorophenol, carmoisine and tetracycline); the results presented the effectiveness of the process for the degradation of pollutants in a way that complete degradation occurred at only 30 min. Moreover, the performance of PEP/ZVI was examined for the treatment of two actual wastewaters. PEP/ZVI demonstrated an excellent function in terms of the removal of organic compounds to achieve discharging standards.

Individual and simultaneous electrochemical determination of metanil yellow and curcumin on carbon quantum dots based glassy carbon electrode

Adulteration of medicinally valuable curcumin (CU) with harmful chemicals as metanil yellow (MY) in recent years have demanded for quick detection techniques of the adulterants. The voltammetric behavior of CU and MY on bare glassy carbon electrode (BGCE) and carbon quantum dots modified glassy carbon electrode (CQDs/GCE) was studied by both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in phosphate buffer solution of pH 5.4. The MY responded to the CQDs/GCE with two anodic peaks at −0.004 V and 0.136 V and two cathodic peaks at −0.112 and −0.048 V. Under similar conditions CU exhibited two anodic peaks at 0.28 V and 0.55 V and one cathodic peak at 0.25 V. The overlapped voltammogram obtained for CU and MY on BGCE was well separated on the CQDs/GCE. The interference studies revealed that the compounds, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, which are commonly associated with CU, did not interfere with the detection of MY. Real sample was analyzed with fabricated electrode and the recovery values >98% were obtained.

Highly dispersed PVP-supported Ir–Ni bimetallic nanoparticles as high performance catalyst for degradation of metanil yellow

Bimetallic nanoparticles, a new class of materials for catalysis, were intensively investigated. Highly dispersed Ir–Ni bimetallic nanoparticles with varying mole fractions were synthesized by modified polyol reduction method from the solution of iridium trichloride and nickel chloride in ethylene glycol, which acts as both solvent and reducing agent. The particles were characterized for their size, morphology and composition using various techniques like UV–Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray photo electron spectroscopic (XPS) techniques. The synthesized nanoparticles were in pseudo-spherical morphology and utilized as catalyst for the degradation of dyes. The feasibility of degradation of an azo dye i.e., metanil yellow (MY) in aqueous alkaline medium by hexacynoferrate (III) ions using Ir–Ni bimetals as catalyst, prepared in different molar ratios, was investigated. Results show that Ir–Ni (2:1) bimetals have good catalytic activity and degradation as compared to Ir–Ni (1:2) due to their small size and high stability for the oxidation of MY.

Pilot-scale produced super activated carbon with a nanoporous texture as an excellent adsorbent for the efficient removal of metanil yellow

Super activated carbon (SAC) with a high surface area and pore volume of 3095 m2/g and 2.11 cm3/g, respectively, was produced from raw petroleum coke using a chemical activation method on a pilot-scale basis and assessed as an adsorbent for the removal of metanil yellow. A detailed study, including the influence of pH, contact time, temperature, amount of SAC, and concentration of metanil yellow, was carried out to optimize the operating conditions. The results showed that the SAC obtained had a maximum adsorption capacity for metanil yellow of 937 mg/g at pH 3 and 303 K. The metanil yellow uptake capacity of SAC was highest among the carbon-based adsorbents reported owing to its high surface area, porous texture, and surface functionality, which was sufficient for the 100% decolorization of highly metanil yellow contaminated water (500 mg/g) using 1 g/L of SAC at 303 K and a neutral pH. The thermodynamic and kinetics study showed that the adsorption of metanil yellow on SAC was a spontaneous and exothermic process that was controlled by pseudo-second-order kinetics. The SAC and metanil yellow were both regenerated using methanol as the desorption medium, and the SAC could be reused for the next processes.

Detection of Azo Dyes in Curry Powder Using a 1064-nm Dispersive Point-Scan Raman System

Curry powder is extensively used in Southeast Asian dishes. It has been subject to adulteration by azo dyes. This study used a newly developed 1064 nm dispersive point-scan Raman system for detection of metanil yellow and Sudan-I contamination in curry powder. Curry powder was mixed with metanil yellow and (separately) with Sudan-I, at concentration levels of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% (w/w). Each sample was packed into a nickel-plated sample container (25 mm × 25 mm × 1 mm). One Raman spectral image of each sample was acquired across the 25 mm × 25 mm surface area. Intensity threshold value was applied to the spectral images of Sudan-I mixtures (at 1593 cm−1) and metanil yellow mixtures (at 1147 cm−1) to obtain binary detection images. The results show that the number of detected adulterant pixels is linearly correlated with the sample concentration (R2 = 0.99). The Raman system was further used to obtain a Raman spectral image of a curry powder sample mixed together with Sudan-I and metanil yellow, with each contaminant at equal concentration of 5% (w/w). The multi-component spectra of the mixture sample were decomposed using self-modeling mixture analysis (SMA) to extract pure component spectra, which were then identified as matching those of Sudan-I and metanil yellow using spectral information divergence (SID) values. The results show that the 1064 nm dispersive Raman system is a potential tool for rapid and nondestructive detection of multiple chemical contaminants in the complex food matrix.

Synthesis and characterization of Acacia gum–Fe0Np–silica nanocomposite: an efficient Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of Remazol Brilliant Violet dye

Acacia gum–Fe0Np–silica nanocomposite (GFS1) has been crafted through sol–gel technique using a two-step process that involved the reduction of iron salt to zerovalent iron nanoparticles (Fe0Nps) followed by their impregnation within Acacia gum–silica matrix. GFS1 was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. GFS1 is decorated with Fe0Nps of ~ 5 nm average size. The VSM study revealed that GFS1 has ferromagnetic nature. GFS1 was used as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of azo dyes using Remazol Brilliant Violet (RBV) dye as a model dye. In first 5 min of operation, > 86% dye degradation was achieved and 94% dye (from 100 mg L−1 dye solution) was successfully degraded in 50 min. The dye degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The GFS1 performed efficiently well over the wide range of dye concentrations (25–200 mg L−1). The catalyst was reused for eight repeated cycles where 12.5% dye degradation was possible even in the eighth cycle. The catalyst behaved fairly well for the degradation of Metanil Yellow (MY) and Orange G (OG) dyes also. Under the optimum conditions of RBV dye degradation, Metanil Yellow (MY) and Orange G (OG) dyes were degraded to the extent of 97 and 26.3%, respectively.

Effect of long-term administration of metanil yellow on the structure of cerebellar cortex of adult male albino rat and the possible protective role of anise oil: A histological and immunohistochemical study

Introduction: Metanil yellow is used as a colorant in many food processing industries. It has toxic effects on some organs in humans and animals. Anise oil, an essential oil of the flowering plant Pimpinella anisum L., possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities and a proposed role in combating some neurological disorders.Aim: To study the effect of long term administration of metanil yellow on the structure of cerebellar cortex of adult male Albino rats and to evaluate the possible protective role of anise oil.Materials and Methods: Forty-five adult male albino rats were divided into four groups; Group I (control), group II further divided into two subgroups (a and b) that received anise oil (0.5ml/kg) orally for four and eight weeks, respectively., Group III also divided into two subgroups (a and b) orally administered metanil yellow (200 mg/kg) for four and eight weeks, respectively. Alike, group IV divided into subgroups (a and b) received both anise oil and metanil yellow at the same dose, route and duration as in groups II and III, respectively. Specimens from the cerebellar cortex were processed for light microscopy. Immunohistochemical study was carried out using antibodies against active caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).Results: Specimens from metanil yellow-treated animals showed a high significant decrease in the mean number of Purkinje cells, which appeared shrunken, distorted and surrounded by large vacuolar spaces. Some of their nuclei were shrunken and deeply stained, while others were fragmented. The molecular and granular layers displayed prominent perineuronal spaces. Immunohistochemically, highly significant increases in active caspase-3 and GFAP immunoreactions were observed. In contrast, minimal changes were observed in rats treated concomitantly with metanil yellow and anise oil.Conclusion: Metanil yellow-induced structural changes in cerebellar cortex of adult rat that could be ameliorated by concomitant treatment with anise oil.

Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Detection of Metanil Yellow in Turmeric Powder

Turmeric (Curcumina Longa) is a globally traded commodity which is subjected to economically motivated chemically unsafe adulteration, namely metanil yellow. In this work, we report a simplistic and convenient approach to find the adulteration of turmeric with metanil yellow by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. Pure turmeric sample was prepared in the laboratory and spiked with different concentrations of metanil yellow. The reflectance spectra of 248 pure turmeric, metanil yellow, and adulterated samples (1–25%) (w/w) were collected using NIR spectroscopy. The calibration models based on NIR spectra of 144 samples were built for two different regression models, principal component analysis (PCR), and partial least square (PLSR) methods. Another 72 samples were used for external validation. The coefficient of determination (R 2) and root mean square error of calibration for validation and prediction were found to be 0.96–0.99, 0.44–0.91, respectively, for most of the results depending upon different pre-processing techniques and mathematical models used. The original reflectance spectra, the 1st derivative plot, the plot of PLSR regression coefficient (β), and the first three principal component loadings revealed metanil-related absorption regions. To verify the robustness of the models, the figures of merit (FOM) of the models were calculated with the help of net analyte signal (NAS) theory. Overall, it was found that PLSR yielded superior results as compared to the PCR technique. These methods can be applied to other spices also to detect the adulteration rapidly and without any prior sample preparations and with low cost.

Quality evaluation of selected ice cream samples sold in the market of Bikaner city (Rajasthan)

Dairy products are universally known for their nutritional and therapeutic values. Kulfi is the popular Indian frozen concentrated milk product, which is an ice cream like product, has been quoted in literature in different ways like Kulfi, Kulffi, Kulafi, Kulfy, Kulphy . Kulfi which is one of the most popular and nutritious dairy product can sometimes become a potential source of health hazard, by causing food poisoning outbreaks or by acting as a carrier of pathogens or by adulteration. The present study was attempted to evaluate the quality of Kulfi . For this, samples were collected in triplicates in previously sterilized containers, from five prominent shops of Bikaner city. The average moisture, crude protein, fat, total ash, carbohydrate, energy, calcium and phosphorus content was ranged from 42.36-57.20 g %, 6.56-9.28 g %, 10.13-18.56 g %, 3.35-4.35 g %, 15.01-35.16 g %, 233-273 Kcal, 683-718 mg %, and 736-901 mg %, respectively. Forty per cent and 20 per cent samples were noted to be of satisfactory quality with respect to SPC and faecal streptococcal count, respectively. Presence or absence of adulterants like starch and metanil yellow were also detected, but all the samples were found to be devoid of starch but in 20 per cent samples the inedible color that is metanil yellow was present. With respect to the possibility of adulteration and microbial contamination, quality of Kulfi remains in question.