Liquid Metal Phase Research Articles

Plasma Recovery of Metal Values From Flyash

The occurrence, composition, and utilization of flyash is reviewed and a technique is described in which iron and some silicon can be recovered. The material is processed in an Extended Arc Flash Reactor (EAFR) within which a plasma is generated by injecting an arc stabilizing gas such as argon, through axial holes drilled in the graphite electrodes. The ash and a carbonaceous reducing agent are fed countercurrent to the carbon monoxide rich reducing gases. In this way, the ash is preheated and partially reduced before it enters the plasma zone where fusion and reduction occur. Liquid slag and metal phases are collected within a hearth zone where the final reduction reactions are completed.

Nonmetal - metal transition in liquid Se under high pressure

Abstract Nonmetal-metal transition in liquid Se was discovered under high pressure. The tripple point between nonmetallic liquid, metallic liquid and solid phase has the position Pt=(3,6±0,5) GPa, Tt=(900±20) K. The transition has some features of a first order phase transition.

Liquid-phase metal vapor chemistry: rotary reactors and electron-beam evaporation sources

A new rotatable metal atom reactor that allows electron-beam vaporizations of refractory materials into liquid solutions at reduced temperatures is described. This innovation demonstrably broadens the scope of synthesis from metal atoms and molecular high-temperature species. Details of the instrument and its operation are provided, together with results of studies of charges particle emissions, a description of techniques for quantifying the rate of metal atom deposition, and a description of a variable-temperature transfer tube for removing thermally labile compounds. The paper concludes with some test applications of the device in the liquid-phase electron-beam synthesis of some bis(η 6 -arene) complexes of titanium, vanadium, and molybdenum

Theory of the spin-1 bosonic liquid metal: Quasiparticle interactions and electrical resistivity in liquid metallic deuterium

We examine the low-temperature electrical resistivity of a hypothetical quantum plasma comprised of light fermions and heavy nonzero-spin bosons. The system corresponds to a possible quantum liquid metallic phase of highly compressed deuterium (electrons and deuterons). Bose condensation is assumed and in this state a new quadratic quasiparticle branch is present even with non-magnetic bare interactions. The consequences of these impurity-like excitations for electric current degradation are explored using the variational treatment of the Boltzmann equation. Quasiparticle collision rates among all possible types are analyzed. We find that the low-temperature electrical resistivity will exhibit an unusual $\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{\frac{7}{2}}$ behavior and is attributable to electron scattering from the impurity-like excitations.

Theory of the spin-1 bosonic liquid metal: Equilibrium properties of liquid metallic deuterium

The theory of a two-component quantum fluid comprised of spin-\textonehalf{} fermions and nonzero spin bosons is examined. This system is of interest because it embodies a possible quantum liquid metallic phase of highly compressed deuterium. Bose condensation is assumed present and the two cases of nuclear-spin-polarized and -unpolarized systems are considered. A significant feature in the unpolarized case is the presence, of a nonmagnetic mode with quadratic dispersion owing its existence to nonzero boson spin. The physical character of this mode is examined in detail within a Bogoliubov approach. The specific heat, bulk modulus, spin susceptibility, and thermal expansion are all determined. Striking contrasts in the specific heats and thermal-expansion coefficients of the liquid and corresponding normal solid metallic phase are predicted.

Neutrino-pair bremsstrahlung in dense stars. III - Low-temperature quantum corrections in the liquid metal phase

Low-temperature quantum corrections to the neutrino-pair bremsstrahlung rate are calculated for dense stellar matter in the liquid metal phase. The corrections arise from the quantum nature of semiclassical ions. The numerical results are parameterized in the form of analytic formulae in order of facilitate applications. The typical corrections are on the order of 5% or less in the density-temperature region where the present method is valid.

Electrical and thermal conductivities of dense matter in the liquid metal phase. II - Low-temperature quantum corrections

On calcule les corrections des coefficients de transport de la matiere dense dues a la nature quantique des ions semiclassiques. Les resultats numeriques sont parametrises en formules analytiques

Silica Glass Optical Waveguide by Liquid-Phase Doping Process

A new method of fabricating high-silica channel optical waveguides using porous silica glass as the starting material is demonstrated. To form the optical guide region, liquid-phase metal alcohoxide is selectively added to the porous glass, followed by consolidation of the porous glass into a transparent glass. Photopolymer, with which the porous glass is soaked and patterned, plays an essential role in the selective doping with metal alcohoxide. The propagation loss of the multi-mode wave guides fabricated by this method was about 2 dB/cm. This simple method with find applications in making various optical circuits.

Electrical and thermal conductivities of dense matter in the liquid metal phase. I - High-temperature results

Electrical and thermal conductivities of dense matter in the liquid metal phase. I - High-temperature results

On diffusion of metals in mercury

The method of determination of diffusion coefficients of metal in Hg was studied again. The effect of the radius of the amalgam electrode on the experimental results of diffusion coefficients was investigated. The diffusion coefficients of metal in Hg are independent of the concentrations of amalgams. Diffusion of metals in complex amalgams was investigated. When there is no interaction of metals in a complex amalgam, the diffusion will not be affected by the existence of other components. When interaction of components exists, with the formation of only a small quantity of insoluble intermetallic compounds, the diffusion will not be markedly affected, but the concentration of the metal in liquid phase will be reduced. The linearity of the i vs. t−1/2 plot will be broken in the case of formation of a large quantity of insoluble intermetallic compounds. Pt dissolved in Hg affects the determination of diffusion coefficients of Zn and Tl. The relation between diffusion coefficients of metals in Hg and atomic radii was further examined. Diffusion of metals in Hg satisfactorily obeys the Einstein-Sutherland equation (n≈4) where the “effective radii” of diffusing particles should be used instead of the atomic radii. The i-t−1/2 plot used by Kao and Chang and the it1/2−t1/2 plot used by Stevens and Shain were compared. These two plots are intrinsically identical and give mutually agreeing results, but the i-t−1/2 plot is simpler to use.

On diffusion of metals in mercury

The method of determination of diffusion coefficients of metal in Hg was studied again. The effect of the radius of the amalgam electrode on the experimental results of diffusion coefficients was investigated. The diffusion coefficients of metal in Hg are independent of the concentrations of amalgams. Diffusion of metals in complex amalgams was investigated. When there is no interaction of metals in a complex amalgam, the diffusion will not be affected by the existence of other components. When interaction of components exists, with the formation of only a small quantity of insoluble intermetallic compounds, the diffusion will not be markedly affected, but the concentration of the metal in liquid phase will be reduced. The linearity of the i vs. t −1/2 plot will be broken in the case of formation of a large quantity of insoluble intermetallic compounds. Pt dissolved in Hg affects the determination of diffusion coefficients of Zn and Tl. The relation between diffusion coefficients of metals in Hg and atomic radii was further examined. Diffusion of metals in Hg satisfactorily obeys the Einstein-Sutherland equation ( n≈4) where the “effective radii” of diffusing particles should be used instead of the atomic radii. The i-t −1/2 plot used by Kao and Chang and the it 1/2− t 1/2 plot used by Stevens and Shain were compared. These two plots are intrinsically identical and give mutually agreeing results, but the i-t −1/2 plot is simpler to use.

Interaction of titanium-containing metals with magnesia refractory concretes using water glass

In contact with titanium-containing metals alloyed with aluminum under conditions of high temperatures (1730–1750°C) and high vacuum (2.5·10−6–3.0·10−6MPa) all of the constituent oxides of magnesia concretes using water glass are thermodynamically unstable and are reduced to the metallic liquid or gaseous phase with simultaneous formation of titanium monoxide and alumina-magnesia spinel.

酸素濃淡電池によるQ-BOP転炉内の溶滓,溶鋼,気相の酸素ポテンシャルと温度の直接測定

酸素濃淡電池によるQ-BOP転炉内の溶滓,溶鋼,気相の酸素ポテンシャルと温度の直接測定

Two-component Fermi-liquid theory: Transport properties of liquid metallic hydrogen

We have examined the elementary transport properties of a two-charged-component normal Fermi liquid using a generalized Landau-Silin-Boltzmann-equation approach. ''Exact'' expressions involving the phenomenologically treated quasiparticle scattering amplitudes are given for the low-temperature electrical and thermal conductivities, viscosity, and spin-diffusion constants. The results are applied to the case of a possible low-temperature normal liquid metallic phase of hydrogen, i.e., interpenetrating electron and proton fluids. We find the thermal and electrical conductivities and electron-spin-diffusion constant to be vastly smaller (by roughly a factor of the square of the electron-to-proton mass ratio) in a normal liquid than in a normal solid metallic phase of hydrogen of comparable density. We also discuss the collective modes in the collisionless regime.

Two-component Fermi-liquid theory: Equilibrium properties of liquid metallic hydrogen

Recent studies point to the possibility that condensed hydrogen will undergo a transition from an insulating molecular crystal phase to a metallic liquid phase at zero temperature and high pressure. Liquid metallic hydrogen (LMH) comprising interpenetrating proton and electron fluids, would constitute a two-component Fermi liquid having both long-range, species-dependent bare interactions and a very high component-mass ratio. We examine the low-temperature equilibrium properties of LMH (assuming that it is "normal") by means of a generalization to the case of two components of the phenomenological Landau Fermi-liquid theory. The general two-component formalism is discussed in some detail. Estimates for the relevant phenomenological Landau parameters for LMH are made, and results for low-temperature specific heat, compressibility, thermal expansion coefficient, and spin susceptibility are given. The specific heat and thermal expansion coefficient are found to be vastly greater in the liquid than in the corresponding solid due to the presence of proton quasiparticle excitations in the liquid. The possibility of a negative expansion coefficient of the liquid cannot be dismissed.

Wigner‐Seitz Radius Dependent Model Potential

AbstractA model pseudopotential for electron‐ion interaction depending on the Wigner‐Seitz radius is proposed for simple metals. The results of individual contributions of binding energy, liquid metal resistivity, phase stability, and electronic charge density obtained from the proposed model potential agree reasonably well with the experimental results for several simple metals.

The sintering of uranium carbide and of uranium-plutonium carbide, and the role of nickel as a sintering additive

A comparison of the experimentally determined sintering kinetics for uranium and uranium-plutonium carbides of different stoichiometries with calculations for various theoretical models has been used to indicate probable sintering mechanisms. A bulk diffusion model with activation energies approximating to those for chemical diffusion under a concentration gradient is thought to apply. Ceramography has been used to study the influence of changes in composition and sintering atmosphere on grain size and microstructure, with the conclusion that grain growth is impeded by the presence of a grain-boundary second phase. The role of nickel as a sintering aid has also been investigated using, in addition to the above techniques, electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffraction for chemical identification of phases. It is concluded that the first stage of sintering is one of particle rearrangement in a binary metallic liquid phase (U-Ni), followed by a solution-precipitation process. On prolonged annealing ternary U-C-Ni phases are produced, dominated by the composition U 2NiC 3.

Fusion through metallic deuterium. Part II

The possibility of attaining 2H( 2H, n) 3He fusion in the metallic phase of deuterium is examined further. This scheme is based on the finite valuedness of the radial distribution at zero argument for an aggregate of charged bosons in a neutralizing background. Large deuteron wavefunction overlap is theoretically implied in the stable metallic liquid phase at r s⪅0.21.

Time-resolved reflectivity of ion-implanted silicon during laser annealing

The time-resolved reflectivity at 0.63 μm from arsenic-implanted silicon crystals has been measured during annealing by a 1.06-μm laser pulse of 50-ns duration. The reflectivity was observed to change abruptly to the value consistent with liquid silicon and to remain at that value for a period of time which ranged from a few tens of nanoseconds to several hundreds of nanoseconds, depending on the annealing pulse intensity. Concurrently, the transmission of the primary annealing beam dropped abruptly. These observations confirm the formation of a metallic liquid phase at the crystal surface during the annealing process.

Preparation of metal-impregnated peat carbons and characterization of the platinum dispersion

A simple method for the preparation of carbon supported metals is described. The method involves liquid phase metal impregnation of untreated and ammoniated sphagnum peat followed by pýrolysis in the 500–800 C range and/or further activation. The characterization of the dispersion has been studied for the case of Pt-impregnated cokes. Moderate pyrolysis temperatures (540 C) result in a high degree of dispersion (Pt crystallite size less than 10 Å) as determined via H 2 chemisorption. The detailed preparation procedure as well as the effect of the pyrolysis temperature on the properties of the impregnated carbons are described.