Metal Roof Research Articles

Improved housing versus usual practice for additional protection against clinical malaria in The Gambia (RooPfs): a household-randomised controlled trial

SummaryBackgroundIn malaria-endemic areas, residents of modern houses have less malaria than those living in traditional houses. We aimed to assess whether children in The Gambia received an incremental benefit from improved housing, where current best practice of insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children younger than 5 years, and prompt treatment against clinical malaria was in place.MethodsIn this randomised controlled study, 800 households with traditional thatched-roofed houses were randomly selected from 91 villages in the Upper River Region of The Gambia. Within each village, equal numbers of houses were randomly allocated to the control and intervention groups using a sampling frame. Houses in the intervention group were modified with metal roofs and screened doors and windows, whereas houses in the control group received no modifications. In each group, clinical malaria in children aged 6 months to 13 years was monitored by active case detection over 2 years (2016–17). We did monthly collections from indoor light traps to estimate vector densities. Primary endpoints were the incidence of clinical malaria in study children with more than 50% of observations each year and household vector density. The trial is registered at ISRCTN02622179.FindingsIn June, 2016, 785 houses had one child each recruited into the study (398 in unmodified houses and 402 in modified houses). 26 children in unmodified houses and 28 children in modified houses did not have at least 50% of visits in a year and so were excluded from analysis. 38 children in unmodified houses were recruited after study commencement, as were 21 children in modified houses, meaning 410 children in unmodified houses and 395 in modified houses were included in the parasitological analyses. At the end of the study, 659 (94%) of 702 children were reported to have slept under an insecticide-treated net; 662 (88%) of 755 children lived in houses that received indoor residual spraying; and 151 (90%) of 168 children younger than 5 years had seasonal malaria chemoprevention. Incidence of clinical malaria was 0·12 episodes per child-year in children in the unmodified houses and 0·20 episodes per child-year in the modified houses (unadjusted incidence rate ratio [RR] 1·68 [95% CI 1·11–2·55], p=0·014). Household vector density was 3·30 Anopheles gambiae per house per night in the unmodified houses compared with 3·60 in modified houses (unadjusted RR 1·28 [0·87–1·89], p=0·21).InterpretationImproved housing did not provide protection against clinical malaria in this area of low seasonal transmission with high coverage of insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, and seasonal malaria chemoprevention.FundingGlobal Health Trials funded by Medical Research Council, UK Department for International Development, and Wellcome Trust.

Cool roof coating impact on roof-mounted photovoltaic solar modules at texas green power microgrid

Cool-roofing is effective in reducing cooling load and increasing the energy balance of buildings with high solar reflectance throughout the cooling season. This article proposed a large-scale of a resilient Microgrid, along with comprehensive thermal analyses for residential building, focused on cool roof-mounted solar photovoltaic system. This project boosts generated power while circumventing a voided warranty issue with the roof temperatures. A white silicone coating on the metal roof with 186 solar photovoltaic 330-W modules were applied to supply solar energy, utilizing a DC-coupled system that features nine 5 kW inverters each with a maximum system input of 600Vdc and 92 batteries with 225.216 kWh energy storage. Upon the completion of the project, the input and output voltages produced by the inverters daily/monthly, along with the battery energy storage, were monitored and authenticated with thermal modeling calculations. Moreover, cool-roof benefit to reduce the solar cell thermal voltage and module/roof heat flux based on the conductive coefficient was evaluated. As a result, solar power efficiency was improved by 10.4%, producing 294.6 kWh of solar energy despite system losses, and the roof temperature was reduced by 3.82°F, increasing 1.91% of output power. Lastly, the comparison study of cool/hot solar power systems proved that cool-roof application significantly enhances safety, sustainable energy development, and building comfort when globally applied.

Performance of downpipe treatment system for removal of dissolved metals from roof runoff

Abstract Untreated metal roof runoff can contribute elevated zinc and copper to receiving waterways, with associated ecotoxic impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. The majority of the metals in roof runoff are in dissolved form, which can be difficult to remove with conventional stormwater treatment systems. Treatment materials such as limestone and zeolite are capable of removing dissolved metals, but most research to date has only assessed the performance of such materials using synthetic runoff and long contact times. This study assessed the performance of limestone, zeolite and waste mussel shells in a vertical downpipe configuration with short contact time using actual metal roof runoff. Metal removal was compared under flowrates of 1 L/min and 3 L/min, material compaction level (less/more), and material depth (1 m and 0.5 m). A 93%–99% reduction was achieved in dissolved zinc by all treatment materials for all flowrates, compaction levels and depths. Higher variance in dissolved Cu removal rates were observed, with material depth found to have the greatest influence on performance: 84%–99% removal rates were achieved by the three materials at 1 m depth, but for 0.5 m depths, 44%–99%, 34%–92%, and 47%–93% removal were achieved by zeolite, limestone, and waste mussel shells respectively. The mussel shell removal performance was comparable to zeolite and limestone, yet it provides the added benefit of using a waste resource that would otherwise be disposed of to landfill. While this study demonstrates the potential of waste mussel shells for dissolved metal treatment, long term field trials and experimental analysis of the removal mechanisms of waste mussel shells would enable optimization of this treatment technology.

Typhoon risk and climate-change impact assessment for cultural heritage asset roofs

Recent catastrophic events in Southeast Asia have emphasized that roofs made of wood/steel frames and lightweight metal roofing sheets are the most vulnerable component in the building envelope when subjected to typhoon-induced wind uplift. This also applies to aging cultural heritage (CH) assets, which deserve special consideration because of their intangible value for local communities, and their essential role for inclusive and sustainable socio-economic development through cultural tourism.This paper introduces a simulation-based framework for fragility analysis and typhoon risk assessment of CH-asset roofs. Fastener pullout and roof-panel pullover are explicitly considered in the proposed framework to model the progressive failure of the roof system. A simplified roof geometry is assumed, requiring limited information about the structure under investigation and low computational resources. Such a low computational burden allows modeling wind-induced demands and component capacities probabilistically as well as considering the effects of load redistributions due to fastener failure and fastener/roof-panel corrosion. Variance-based sensitivity analysis (i.e., Sobol’ indices) based on polynomial chaos expansions of the limit state function is also performed, highlighting the parameters most affecting typhoon-fragility variance and then requiring special attention during data collection. Climate-change impact on the typhoon risk estimates is finally investigated through the use of various scenarios and a time-dependent function modifying the wind hazard profile of the site where the assets of interest are located.The proposed framework is applied to 25 CH assets in Iloilo City, Philippines. The required input data was collected through rapid visual surveying combined with new technologies, such as drones. It is shown that the proposed framework can be adopted in practice for both risk prioritization at a building-portfolio level and simplified risk assessment at a building-specific level.

Experimental study on static temperature field effect on standing seam metal roof system

Large-span roof structure is widely used in important landmark buildings. This paper presents the experimental investigations of the deformation and stress distribution of standing seam metal roof system (SSMR) under the condition of a uniform temperature field. The experimental results show that with the increase of temperature, the stresses of slab rib, support, bottom and surface of the roof slab increase gradually, in which the maximum stress growth rates are 1.77, 0.87, 0.64, and 1.68, respectively. The minimum stress increase appears at the slab bottom, while the maximum stress increase with a value of 83.7% of yield strength appears at the slab rib. With the enhancement of the constraint boundary, the stress of the two specimens gradually increases. In particular, the stresses increased the most under fixed at both ends constraints. The stresses show significantly different values in different positions of the roof slab. Both the horizontal and vertical displacement of the roof slab increased with the temperature. And the maximum horizontal displacement of the roof slab is respectively 14.85 mm and 20.42 mm (free one end), in which maximum vertical displacement is 2.34 mm and 6.11 mm, respectively (fix two ends).

Robust Design of Automatic Sheet Fixing System for Metal Roofing

Metal roofs overtaken the conventional roofing system in the recent days due to its reliability, it can withstand over 100 years without any damage. The assembler provides 50 years of warranty because it has better stability. The fixing of sheets over prefixed frame is a tedious process at greater heights. Due to the slippery nature of the polished sheets, it is quite difficult to fix the sheets by manually at highest building roofs. Hence, automation in this process reduces the accidents and reduces the processing time. To overcome this problem, a system is proposed to automate the process to fixing the metal roofs in the building roofs, which must be designed in flexible manner to the operator. To design and fabricate a low cost automatic sheet fixing system, contemplations of economy of the system, flexibility, easy handling etc., should be analyzed. A machine is fabricated to automate the sheet fixing process with effective features were inbuilt like pneumatic cylinders for linear movement and drilling machine The system is provided with rollers to accommodate its movement above the sheets in the desirable path with the help of 5/3 DCV valve. In addition, the horizontal cylinders are also used for retraction and the drilling machine is fixed to drills the screw at the fixed positions and the process will be repeated for several times based on the inputs. The inputs for drill positions are given in the wireless console by the way drilling process is controlled automatically.

Monitoring and moderating extreme indoor temperatures in low-income urban communities

Climate change presents significant threats to human health, especially for low-income urban communities in the Global South. Despite numerous studies of heat stress, surprisingly little is known about the temperatures actually encountered by people in their homes, or the benefits of affordable adaptations. This paper examines indoor air temperature measurements gathered from 47 living rooms within eight low-income communities of Accra and Tamale, Ghana. Using multiple temperature indices and a tiered analysis, we evaluate indoor temperature variations linked to roof type, ceiling insulation, presence of fans, and tree shade, for different housing types and locations. Our data reveal indoor temperatures in the range 22.4 °C to 45.9 °C for Accra, and 22.2 °C to 43.0 °C in Tamale. Using dummy regression analysis, we find that tree shade reduces the number of very hot days (>40 °C) and nights (>30 °C) by about 12 and 15 d per year, respectively. Building materials also strongly moderate indoor temperatures but in opposing ways: rooms with traditional mud walls and thatch roofs are on average 4.5 °C cooler than rooms in concrete block houses with uninsulated metal roofs during the day but are 1.5 °C warmer at night; rooms with ceiling insulation are on average 6.9 °C cooler in the day but 1.4 °C warmer at night. We conclude that sub-daily data are necessary for reporting extreme indoor temperatures, and that trade-offs between minimum and maximum temperatures require interventions to be assessed carefully before attempting to counter extreme heat inside homes.

Enhanced Thermal Performance of Roofing Materials by Integrating Phase Change Materials to Reduce Energy Consumption in Buildings

This work focused on characterizing and improving the thermal behavior of metal sheet roofing. To decrease the heat transfer from the roof into a building, we investigated the efficiency of four types of phase change materials, with different melting points: PCM І, PCM II, PCM III and PCM IV, when used in conjunction with a sheet metal roof. The exterior metal roofing surface temperature was held constant at 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 80°C, using a thermal source (halogen lights) for 360 min to investigate and compare the thermal performance of the metal sheet roofing with and without phase change materials for each condition. The thermal behaviors of the phase change materials were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results showed the melting points of PCM І, PCM II, PCM III and PCM IV were around 45°C, 50°C, 55°C and 59°C, respectively. The integration of PCM IV into the metal roofing sheet increased the thermal performance by reducing the room temperature up to 2.8%, 1.4%, 1.0% and 0.7% when compared with the normal metal roof sheet, at the controlled temperatures of 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 80°C, respectively. The thermal absorption of the phase change materials also caused a time delay in the model room reaching a steady temperature. The integration of phase change materials with metal roofing sheets resulted in better thermal performance and conservation of electrical energy by reducing the demand for cooling.

Thermal management of metal roof building using phase change material (PCM)

The energy consumption of the buildings for cooling, especially during the days of high solar exposure is large due to the increased indoor temperature. The roof of the building contributes more for this cause by allowing a large quantity of heat during day hours. Further, the single storey buildings with the metal roof would help to penetrate a greater quantity of heat and increase the total heat gain of the building. In this way, they could increase the cooling load to attain the human comfort. In this current work, an experimental investigation was carried-out to reduce the indoor temperature of the metal roof single storey industrial building with the help of paraffin based phase changing material (PCM). In this fashion, an attempt was made to reduce the total cooling load of the building which can diminish a greater quantity of conventional power requirement. A scale model of the proposed building was fabricated and tested for the analysis. The experiments conducted in two modes such as the first case without any PCM in the roof (Plain Roof) and next case with encapsulated paraffin as PCM within the roof (PCM Roof). The test results proved that the encapsulation of PCM within the metal roof of the single storey building reduced the temperature of the outer roof, inner roof and consequently the indoor temperature of the building space to a vast extent. Quantitatively, the daily average indoor temperature was dropped by 5 °C and peak indoor temperature was reduced by 9.5 °C with the help of PCM.

Wind resistance performance of a continuous welding stainless steel roof under static ultimate wind loading with testing and simulation methods

Ultrapure ferritic stainless steel provides a new generation of long-span metal roof systems with continuous welding technology, which exhibits many unknown behaviors during wind excitation. This study focuses on the wind-resistant capacity of a new continuous welding stainless steel roof (CWSSR) system. Full-scale testing on the welding joints and the CWSSR system is performed under uniaxial tension and static ultimate wind uplift loadings, respectively. A finite element model is developed with mesh refinement optimization and is further validated with the testing results, which provides a reliable way of investigating the parameter effect on the wind-induced structural responses, namely, the width and thickness of the roof sheeting and welding height. Research results show that the CWSSR system has predominant wind-resistant performance and can bear an ultimate wind uplift loading of 10.4 kPa without observable failures. The welding joints achieve equivalent mechanical behaviors as those of base material is produced with the current of 65 A. Independent structural responses can be found for the roof sheeting of the CWSSR system, and the maximum displacement appears at the middle of the roof sheeting, while the maximum stress appears at the connection supports between the roof sheeting with a significant stress concentration effect. The responses of the CWSSR system are greatly influenced by the width and thickness of the roof sheeting but are less influenced by the welding height.

Numerical Study of the Thermal Performance of Three Roof Models in Hot and Dry Climates

The thermal performance of three roofing models: tile, corrugated and earth terrace is numerically analyzed. The mathematical equations which govern the three roofing models are established by the electrical method of analogies. These equations are discretized by an implicit finite difference method and solved by the Gauss-Seidel algorithm. We analyze the influences of geometric parameters (Xlo, Xlarg, α and Ep) on the evolution of the temperatures of the different environments of our three roof models. In particular, we have shown that the effectiveness of a roof in reducing the temperature inside a room is linked to its physical properties. The results obtained that for the same geometric parameters, the earth roof terrace and the earth tile roof compared to the corrugated metal roof improve thermal comfort by lowering the interior temperature of 5&#186C and 4.6&#186C.

Research polymer coatings material properties and application features

This article describes the coating processes on the working surfaces of many parts from different polymeric materials. Obtaining coatings from polymers is superior to other coatings in terms of quality, efficiency and low cost. coatings made of polymer composite materials in order to protect working surfaces from corrosion and increase the durability of service parts made of metals. They are quite resistant to chemicals, so it will not be possible to remove the polymer layer with a solvent. The coating can only be removed with a special tool. Pural is not as resistant to plastic deformation as plastisol, and is more expensive than polyester, but in terms of price-quality ratio, it is the best option from all of the above. Pural coatings are most widely used in the production of galvanized metal roofing elements.

STUDI EKSPERIMENTAL KERUNTUHAN RANGKA KUDA-KUDA BAJA RINGAN PADA ATAP RUMAH DAN SEKOLAH

Increasingly expensive price of quality woods and difficulties of workmanship, it makes people switch from wood to lightweight steel as a roof truss. The use of lightweight steel as truss becomes popular because of the fast workmanship dan durability of the material. Many cases show that lightweight steel truss at school and house collapsed and caused a fatality. This lightweight steel truss study was carried out on a full scale with a span of 6 m and a slope of 300, while the loading test pattern at the placement points of battens was like truss in the community. The goals of this study to measure and observe several parameters including weight, maximum capacity, stiffness, ductility, price, length of work, and failure pattern. From testing, the result shows that lightweight steel truss has dead weight, maximum capacity, stiffness value, ductility value, price, working time, and failure pattern respectively of 21,3 kg,734 kg, 91,18 kg/mm, 2,97, Rp 1.740.000, 2 days, and failure pattern is buckling on the diagonal top chord. The result of this research indicates that lightweight steel truss can be used in the community with the limitation of using metal roof coverings instead of concrete or ceramic and the distance between the truss max 1,2 m.

Metal Roof Fault Diagnosis Method Based on RBF-SVM

Metal roof enclosure system is an important part of steel structure construction. In recent years, it has been widely used in large-scale public or industrial buildings such as stadiums, airport terminals, and convention centers. Affected by bad weather, various types of accidents on metal roofs frequently occurred, causing huge property losses and adverse effects. Because of wide span, long service life and hidden fault of metal roof, the manual inspection of metal roof has low efficiency, poor real-time performance, and it is difficult to find hidden faults. On the basis of summarizing the working principle of metal roof and cause of accidents, this paper classifies the fault types of metal roofs in detail and establishes a metal roof monitoring and fault diagnosis system using distributed multisource heterogeneous sensors and Zigbee wireless sensor networks. Monitoring data from strain gauge, laser ranging sensor, and ultrasonic ranging sensor is utilized comprehensively. By extracting time domain feature, the data trend characteristics and correlation characteristics are analyzed and fused to eliminate erroneous data and find superficial faults such as sensor drift and network interruption. Aiming to the hidden faults including plastic deformation and bolt looseness, an SVM fault diagnosis algorithm based on RBF kernel function is designed and applied to diagnose metal roof faults. The experimental results show that the RBF-SVM algorithm can achieve high classification accuracy.

Investigation of maintenance and replacement of materials in building LCA

Recent life cycle assessments (LCAs) of buildings highlight the importance of global warming potential from construction materials, in particular in energy-efficient buildings. It is therefore important to address the influence of methodological choices related to materials on LCA results. This paper focuses on scenarios for the maintenance and replacement of building elements. Methods: A literature review is carried out to summarize the state of the art regarding scenarios for maintenance and replacement in building LCA, their influence on LCA results and related methodological issues. Additionally, a case study is carried out to investigate whether assumptions about service lives in LCA could significantly influence the recommended design for a building’s roof, using a Monte Carlo analysis considering service lives as stochastic variables. Results: The literature review reveals a broad range of impacts from maintenance and replacement in case studies. There is therefore no consensus about the relative impact of these processes. These differences can be partly explained by differences in scope (e.g. what elements are considered to be replaced and what kinds of processes are included), in methods for service life estimation and in future scenarios for the production and recycling of materials. Relative impacts from maintenance and replacement seem to be highest for energy efficient buildings with a long service life, and for elements such as carpets, paint, insulation, doors and windows. The case study of roofing materials exemplifies a case where assumptions about service lives could influence design decisions. Both the ranking of alternatives and the relative significance of maintenance and replacement processes depend on assumptions about service lives. An asphalt roof cover is preferred when considering only initial installation, but a clay tile roof cover is preferred over asphalt in roughly two thirds of the cases when considering maintenance and replacement. Metal roofs almost always had a poorer environmental performance under the assumptions considered. Conclusions: Results from the case study are compared with previous studies of maintenance and replacement processes, and methodological issues deserving further consideration are highlighted. In particular, the case study is used to discuss the issue of whether a modelling based on independent service lives for various building elements accurately reflects industrial practices. Moreover, the relevance of including maintenance and replacement in regulations and climate declarations for buildings is discussed. Grant support: This work is part of the research programme “E2B2 – Research and innovation for energy-efficient construction and housing”, funded by the Swedish Energy Agency.

Addressing inequality in health in sub-Saharan Africa through robust measurement of socio-economic status

Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important determinant of the likelihood that individuals and populations are exposed to environmental and other risk factors for health. Both single and composite measures from census and administrative databases of local authorities have been used to define the socio-economic characteristics of an area in developed countries. The situation in Nigeria, like many other developing countries, is that demographic data at district level is scarce, while the methodologies for defining socio-economic groups are less developed. For a study of air pollution and respiratory health of school children in Warri, Nigeria, a purpose-designed measure of deprivation had to be devised, using data that could be gathered in the field. Data on socio-economic and material deprivation indicators were gathered through a surveillance exercise and interacting with residents of the study area on multiple visits. Low SES in the selected neighbourhood and schools were characterised by the metrics of sixteen indicators such as lack of electricity, no clean water, use of pit latrines, open drainage, untarred roads, living in a multi-tenant houses with metal roofing sheets, cooking with firewood or kerosene, high traffic density and densely populated areas. Other metrics such as access to metered electricity, living in a flat or bungalow with aluminium roofing sheet and water-closet, in a sparsely populated, low traffic density, planned neighbourhood with tarred road and closed drainage; availability of pipe-borne water and use of gas for cooking characterised affluent neighbourhood. Understanding the strengths and limitations of different indicators and the context is vital not only for designing the study, but also to interpret its results. Controlling for SES in the study design such as this, and/or statistical analysis is important in defining the extent of exposure disease association and, more importantly, to determine the size of health benefit achievable through feasible exposure reductions.

Aerodynamics of air-permeable multilayer roof cladding

Currently, design approaches to determine loads on different types of building cladding elements can vary significantly by product type, even though they may have similar geometries. Using the full-scale wind tunnel at the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety, external and net wind loads on two discontinuous metal roof systems were measured. The results indicate that cavity pressures in air-permeable multilayer cladding, such as discontinuous metal roofs are approximately uniform across individual panels and closely related across multiple panels which share the same cavity. The testing also showed that peak net loads tend to occur slightly after the peak spatial gradient of the external pressure across the cladding elements. The two types of discontinuous metal roofing products, which have significantly different cavity geometries, have similar ratios between the net and external wind loads with metal shingles having a Ceq value of 0.55 and metal panels having a Ceq value of 0.67. Overall, these experimental results indicate that the peak pressure equalization factor is dependent on the external pressure difference across the cladding, the geometry of the cladding, and the fluid inertia of the cavity flow. The experimental results also show that the peak pressure equalization factor is not dependent on location and wind direction, for panels that are not adjacent to the edges.

Effects of roof geometric details on aerodynamic performance of standing seam metal roofs

Standing seam metal roofs are one of the most commonly used types of roofs especially because of their additional durability and ease of construction. The performance of such roofs under extreme wind events like hurricanes depends on their structural strength and aerodynamic characteristics. Large-scale experimental testing was performed at the NHERI Wall of Wind Experimental Facility (WOW EF) using a 1:10 scale model of a gable-roof building with double-lok trapezoidal seam roof panels along with eave and rake (gable) attachments. The results showed that the geometric features considerably modify the aerodynamic roof pressures. The standing seams along with both types of attachments reduced the peak suction at roof corners as compared to a bare surface roof by as much as 70% and 45% on an individual tap and area-average basis, respectively. In addition, mean uplift pressure reduction was observed. The power spectral densities of pressure fluctuations at most individual taps were also reduced with the addition of attachments. Also, the correlation between the pressures at different taps was significantly decreased in most cases, resulting in reduced area-averaged pressures due to the effects of the standing seams. However, as shown in a previous full-scale study, wind-induced vibrations can lead to damage of such roofs and thus dynamic effects should be carefully considered for design purposes.

Household air pollution exposure and associations with household characteristics among biomass cookstove users in Puno, Peru

BackgroundHousehold air pollution (HAP) from combustion of biomass fuel, such as wood and animal dung, is among the leading environmental risk factors for preventable disease. Close to half of the world's population relies on biomass cookstoves for their daily cooking needs. Understanding factors that affect HAP can inform measures to maximize the effectiveness of cookstove interventions in a cost-effective manner. However, the impact of kitchen and household characteristics, as well as the presence of secondary stoves, on HAP concentrations is poorly understood in Puno, Peru. ObjectiveTo explore how household characteristics explain variability of kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to CO, PM2.5 and BC from biomass cookstoves among women in rural Peru. MethodsHousehold characteristics (including kitchen materials and layout, wealth, and cooking behaviors) and HAP measurements were collected from 180 households in Puno, Peru, from baseline measurements of a randomized trial. Kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to carbon monoxide (CO), fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) were sampled for 48 h. We implemented simple and multivariable linear regression models to determine the associations between household characteristics and both kitchen area concentration and personal exposure to each pollutant. ResultsMean daily kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to HAP were, on average, 48 times above World Health Organization indoor guidelines for PM2.5. We found that roof type explained the most variability in HAP and was strongly associated with both kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures for all pollutants after adjusting for other household variables. Personal exposures were 27%–36% lower for PM2.5, CO and BC, in households with corrugated metal roofs, compared to roofs made of natural materials (straw, totora or reed) after adjusting for other factors. Higher kitchen area concentrations were also associated with less wealth, owning more animals, or sampling during the dry season in multivariable models. Having a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove and having a chimney were associated with lower personal exposures, but were not associated with kitchen area concentrations. Personal exposures were lower by 21% for PM2.5 and 28% for CO and BC concentrations among participants who had both LPG and biomass stoves compared to those with only biomass cookstoves adjusting for other household factors. ConclusionsCharacterizing HAP within different settings can help identify effective and culturally-relevant solutions to reduce HAP exposures. We found that housing roof type is strongly related to kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to HAP, perhaps because of greater ventilation in kitchens with metal roofs compared to those with thatch roofs. Although HAP concentrations remained above guidelines for all households, promoting use of metal roof materials and LPG stoves may be actionable interventions that can help reduce exposures to HAP in high-altitude rural Peru and similar settings.

TOWARDS DETECTION OF THERMAL ANOMALIES IN LARGE URBAN AREAS USING SIMULATION

Abstract. Anomaly detection in imagery has widely been studied and enhanced towards the requirements of today’s available sensor data, whereas many of them require a background estimation in order to identify an anomaly or target. In this paper, we examine an analysis of simulation as background estimator for anomaly detection in thermal images of urban sceneries. We generate a surface temperature image and a sensor-like infrared image by combined image and elevation data and a thermal model suited for large scenes and fast simulation. With the simulated thermal image, we define anomalies as deviation between measurement and simulation. Pixel-wise image differencing of the measured and simulated temperatures and infrared images respectively are performed and evaluated concerning the full images as well as class-wise, including a material classification of the observed area. Our approach shows complementary results compared to RXD application on the measured infrared images. Metal roofs which appear warm in the thermal image and are not visually distinguishable from the residual image are detected.