Metal Nanoparticles Research Articles

Mixed atomistic-implicit quantum/classical approach to molecular nanoplasmonics.

A multiscale quantum mechanical (QM)/classical approach is presented that is able to model the optical properties of complex nanostructures composed of a molecular system adsorbed on metal nanoparticles. The latter is described by a combined atomistic-continuum model, where the core is described using the implicit boundary element method (BEM) and the surface retains a fully atomistic picture and is treated employing the frequency-dependent fluctuating charge and fluctuating dipole (ωFQFμ) approach. The integrated QM/ωFQFμ-BEM model is numerically compared with state-of-the-art fully atomistic approaches, and the quality of the continuum/core partition is evaluated. The method is then extended to compute surface-enhanced Raman scattering within a time-dependent density functional theory framework.

Macrophage-Mediated Liquid Metal Nanoparticles for Enhanced Tumor Accumulation and Inhibition.

In most studies, the penetration of nanoparticles into tumors was mainly dependent on the enhanced permeability and retention (ERP) effect. However, the penetration of nanoparticles would be limited by tumor-dense structure, immune system, and other factors. To solve these problems, macrophages with active tropism to tumor tissues, loaded nanoparticles with photothermal therapy, and chemotherapy were designed. In detail, liquid metal (gallium indium alloy) nanoparticles were modified with mesoporous silica and then embedded with the chemotherapeutic drug sorafenib (LM@Si/SO) for photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. After that, the LM@Si/SO nanoparticles were carried by the mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cell line (LM@Si/SO@R) to increase the accumulation of the nanoparticles in the tumor site and improve the tumor immune microenvironment. With the enhanced tumor accumulation, LM@Si/SO@R exhibited excellent antitumor ability in vitro and in vivo. Thus, these strategies via the cell carrier to enhance tumor therapeutic efficiency had the potential for the improvement of tumor therapy.

Elucidating the Origins of High Capacity in Iron-Based Conversion Materials: Benefit of Complementary Advanced Characterization toward Mechanistic Understanding.

ConspectusLithium-ion batteries are recognized as an important electrochemical energy storage technology due to their superior volumetric and gravimetric energy densities. Graphite is widely used as the negative electrode, and its adoption enabled much of the modern portable electronics technology landscape. However, developing markets, such as electric vehicles and grid-scale storage, have increased demands, including higher energy content and a diverse materials supply chain. Alternatives that provide the opportunity to increase capacity and address supply chain concerns are of interest.Understanding the fundamental mechanisms that govern battery function is crucial to driving further improvements in the field. Advanced characterization techniques, such as those enabled by synchrotron light sources and high-resolution electron microscopes, that can uncover these mechanisms have become a necessity for elucidating structural evolution upon electrochemical conversion at the nano- to mesoscales. Performing these experiments with relevant electrochemistry using in situ and operando experiments imparts the ability to identify critical reaction pathways and capture intermediate (dis)charge products not discernible by traditional experiments.This Account describes a series of recent studies focused on the advanced characterization of spinel-type iron oxide-based anode materials. These studies begin with magnetite (Fe3O4), a low cost iron oxide which, when synthesized with appropriate coprecipitation based crystallite size control, provides opportunity to realize eight electrons per formula unit via electrochemical reduction. We then transition to bi- and trimetallic ferrites (such as ZnFe2O4 and CoMnFeO4) and conclude with high-entropy spinel ferrite oxides (HEOs) that contain at least 5 transition metals. For each material type, a variety of characterization techniques are utilized to describe the fundamental reaction mechanisms and rationalize electrochemical behavior. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is featured prominently, as it allows for element specific analysis of electronic structure and local atomic environments, including nanocrystalline products of electrochemical conversion. Combining XAS-based techniques with diffraction and microscopy, the transition of iron oxide-type electrodes from spinel to rock-salt to metal nanoparticles upon full lithiation can be deciphered. For magnetite and its bi- and trimetallic ferrite analogues, delithiation results in return to a highly disordered network of FeO-like domains. Notably, while magnetite and the bi- and trimetallic ferrites appear to be limited to reoxidation of Fe to the 2+ state, through introduction of entropy-induced structural stability, higher Fe oxidation states (up to 2.6+) can be accessed upon electrochemical oxidation. These materials may hold promise as alternatives to traditional graphite electrodes where their combination of high capacity and compositional flexibility provides an avenue toward low-cost, sustainable energy storage.

Molecular-Scale Insights into the Heterogeneous Interactions between an m-Terphenyl Isocyanide Ligand and Noble Metal Nanoparticles.

The structural and chemical properties of metal nanoparticles are often dictated by their interactions with molecular ligand shells. These interactions are highly material-specific and can vary significantly even among elements within the same group or materials with similar crystal structure. In this study, we surveyed the heterogeneous interactions between an m-terphenyl isocyanide ligand and Au and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) at the single-molecule limit. Specifically, we found that the ligation behavior with this molecule differs significantly between that of Au and AgNPs. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed unique enhancement factors for two molecular vibrational modes between two metal surfaces, indicating different ligand binding geometries. Molecular-level characterization using scanning tunneling microscopy allowed us to directly visualize these variations between Ag and Au surfaces, which we assign as two distinct binding mechanisms. This molecular-scale visualization provides clear insights into the different ligand-metal interactions as well as the chemical behavior and spectroscopic characteristics of isocyanide-functionalized NPs.

Simulation of 24,000 Electron Dynamics: Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) with the Real-Space Multigrids (RMG).

We present the theory, implementation, and benchmarking of a real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) module within the RMG code, designed to simulate the electronic response of molecular systems to external perturbations. Our method offers insights into nonequilibrium dynamics and excited states across a diverse range of systems, from small organic molecules to large metallic nanoparticles. Benchmarking results demonstrate excellent agreement with established TDDFT implementations and showcase the superior stability of our time integration algorithm, enabling long-term simulations with minimal energy drift. The scalability and efficiency of RMG on massively parallel architectures allow for simulations of complex systems, such as plasmonic nanoparticles with thousands of atoms. Future extensions, including nuclear and spin dynamics, will broaden the applicability of this RT-TDDFT implementation, providing a powerful toolset for studies of photoactive materials, nanoscale devices, and other systems where real-time electronic dynamics is essential.

Recent advances in designable nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for environmental heavy-metal detection.

The detection of heavy metals serves as a defence measure to safeguard the well-being of the human body and the ecological environment. Electrochemical sensors (ECS) offer significant benefits such as exceptional sensitivity, excellent selectivity, affordability, and portability. This review begins by elucidating the ECS principles and delves into recent advancements in the field of heavy metal detection, including the use of metal nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and organic framework materials. Advanced materials enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of ECS, allowing it to efficiently and rapidly identify metallic contaminants in food and the environment. Finally, the future development of ECS and challenges encountered in the development process are discussed, and testing materials for the detection of heavy-metal ions for human health and environmental safety are comprehensively considered. This study is likely to attract the interest of environmentalists and those who prioritise human health.

Nanoparticle-assisted PCR: fundamentals, mechanisms, and forensic implications.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has transformed forensic DNA analysis butis still limited when dealing with compromised trace or inhibitor-containing samples. Nanotechnology has been integrated into nanoPCR (nanoparticle-assisted PCR) to overcome these obstacles. Nanomaterials improve PCR sensitivity, selectivity, and efficiency. Examples of these materials are semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles. They enhance DNA binding to primers, stabilize enzymes, and function as effective heat conductors, making accurate amplification possible even with tainted samples. The developments in nanoPCR have potential uses in forensics, as they allow for the more sensitive analysis of smaller, polluted, or deteriorated samples. Nevertheless, there are methodological and ethical issues. To provide credible and legitimate forensic evidence, rigorous validation and standardization of NanoPCR techniques are vital. The article addresses the relevant ethical and methodological aspects in forensic casework while examining the integration of nanotechnology into PCR.

Magnetic and reusable Fe3O4/PPE-2 functional material for efficient photodegradation of organic dye.

Composite photocatalysts based on metal nanoparticles and functional polymers attract much attention compared to inorganic photocatalysts. In this study, a reusable magnetite/anion exchanger (Fe3O4/PPE-2) functional material is synthesized by a hydrothermal method, and its photocatalytic activity is evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). The results from materials characterization confirm a well-defined morphology of magnetic Fe3O4/PPE-2 functional material and the formation of Fe3O4 nanocrystals with different shapes and sizes on the surface of anion exchange material (PPE-2). The optimized Fe3O4/PPE-2 in 180°C (FM180) photocatalyst exhibited a band gap energy of 1.90eV, demonstrating significant photocatalytic potential. Using RhB as a model pollutant, magnetic Fe3O4/PPE-2 (FM180) functional material achieved 98.2% degradation efficiency after 160min of visible light irradiation (rate constant k=0.03496 min-1). Efficiency of the photocatalytic materials, of photocatalytic degradation of RhB is 28.4% for pure anion exchanger (PPE-2), 56.5%, 64.7% and 98.2% for magnetic functional Fe3O4/PPE-2 materials, synthesized under conditions of 140°C (FM140), 160°C (FM160) and 180°C (FM180), respectively. Compared to individual PPE-2 anion exchange material and Fe3O4, the magnetic functional FM180 material exhibits a remarkable photocatalytic reaction rate as high as four times that of PPE-2, with superior reusability over 10 cycles. The computational study and Mott-Schottky plots verify the formation of the internal electric field. Possible reaction pathways for the photocatalytic degradation of RhB are presented. In addition, the results demonstrate that the Fe3O4/PPE-2 functional material very efficiently removed Rhodamine B from textile wastewater. This work offers a simple route for the preparation of magnetic and reusable Fe3O4/PPE-2 magnetic functional material that can be used in the water purification process.

A Review of Nanomaterials and Microwave Synthesized Metal Oxides Nanoparticles in Schistosomiasis Diagnosis.

Point of Care (POC) diagnosis provides an effective approach for controlling and managing Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Electrochemical biosensors are well-suited for molecular diagnostics due to their high sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and ease of integration into POC devices. Schistosomiasis is a prominent NTD highly prevalent in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, with significant socioeconomic implications such as discrimination, reduced work capacity, or mortality, perpetuating the cycle of poverty in affected regions worldwide. This review explores recent advancements in nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors for disease diagnosis, specifically focusing on the schistosome parasite. The synthesis processes and advantages of microwave-assisted preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles are highlighted, showcasing improved purity and energy efficiency compared to traditional combustion methods. In detection prototypes, Schistosome Egg Antigen (SEA) derived from Schistosome mansoni eggs obtained from primary and secondary hosts were evaluated using direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to measure antibody concentrations in the primary and secondary hosts post-injection. Biosensor system was then developed by modifying developed electrodes with Gold Nanopartcicles (AuNP), Aluminium Gallium Nitride/Gallium Nitride (AlGaN/GaN), Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane/Gold Nanoparticles (MPTS/AuNPs) or metal oxide nanoparticles in conjugation with schistosome antibodies, registering current response on interactions with SEA, via cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Amperometry (A) and other electrochemical techniques. This review provides a summary of various constructions of electrochemical biosensors for detecting schistosomiasis.

The Science of Nanostructure Acoustic Vibrations.

Ultrafast excitation of nanoparticles can excite the acoustic vibrational modes of the structure that correlate with the expansion coordinates. These modes are frequently seen in transient absorption experiments on metal nanoparticle samples and occasionally for semiconductors. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the physical chemistry of nanostructure acoustic vibrations. The issues discussed include the excitation mechanism, how to calculate the mode frequencies using continuum mechanics, and the factors that control vibrational damping. Recent results that demonstrate that the high frequencies inherent to the acoustic modes of nanomaterials trigger a viscoelastic response in surrounding liquids are also discussed, as well as vibrational coupling between nanostructures and mode hybridization within the nanostructures. Mode hybridization provides a way of manipulating the lifetimes of the acoustic modes, which is potentially useful for applications such as mass sensing.

Coupling and Energy Transfer between an Exciton in a Semiconductor Quantum Dot and a Surface Plasmon in a Metal Nanoparticle.

The coupling between excitons in semiconductors or molecules and metal nanoparticles has been well-studied, primarily for nanoparticles in their ground electronic state. However, less attention has been given to exciton-nanoparticle interactions when the nanoparticle generates surface plasmons upon incident excitation. In this study, we explore the coupling and energy transfer dynamics between an exciton and the surface plasmon of a metal nanoparticle, forming a "plexciton". Significant mutual energy exchange between the exciton and the plasmon leads to unexpected effects on the exciton lifetime and coupling strength. The interaction at varying wavelengths, orientations, magnitudes, and phases was studied. Our results show that the exciton decay rate can be quenched entirely when the plasmon's energy compensates for that of the exciton radiative decay, even at separation distances of several hundred nanometers. These findings highlight the impact of surface plasmons on exciton dynamics, opening new possibilities for enhancing charge carrier dynamics in coupled systems.

Recent advances on brain drug delivery via nanoparticles: alternative future materials for neuroscience applications; a review.

Essentially, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a line of demarcation between neural tissues and the bloodstream. A unique and protective characteristic of theblood-brain barrier is its ability to maintain cerebral homeostasis by regulating the flux of molecules and ions. The inability to uphold proper functioning in any of these constituents leads to the disruption of this specialized multicellular arrangement, consequently fostering neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Recent advancements in nanomedicine have been regarded as a promising avenue for improving the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system in the modern era. A major benefit of thisinnovation is that it allows drugs to accumulate selectively within the cerebral area by circumventing theblood-brain barrier. Although brain-targeted nanomedicines have demonstrated impressive achievements, certain limitations in targeting specificity still exist. In thisexamination, we scrutinize the distinctive physical andchemical attributes of nanoparticles (NPs) contributing totheir facilitation in BBB traversal. We explore the various mechanisms governing NP passage over the BBB, encompassing paracellular conveyance, mediated transport, as wellas adsorptive- and receptor-mediated transcytosis. The therapeutic success of NPs for the treatment ofbrain tumors has been extensively investigated through the use of various categories of NPs. Among these are polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots, and nanogels. The potential utility of nanoparticles goes beyond their ability to transport pharmaceuticals. They can serve as adept imaging contrast agents, capable of being linked with imaging probes. This will facilitate tumor visualization, delineate lesion boundaries and margins, and monitor drug delivery and treatment response. Versatile nanoparticles can be engineered to effectively target neoplastic lesions, serving dual roles in diagnostic imaging and therapeutic interventions. Subsequently, this discourse explores the constraints associated with nanoparticles in the context of treating brain tumors.

Gelation of Polyisocyanurate Xerogel Composites Induced by Silver Nanoparticles and Their Electrospun Fibers with Biocompatible and Antibacterial Properties for Biomedical Applications.

We report the in situ synthesis of silver-containing polyisocyanurate (Ag-PI) gels via the self-polymerization of isocyanate-containing organic molecules (Desmodur N75) catalyzed by silver nitrate (AgNO3) in N,N'-dimethylformamide, which acts as both the solvent and reducing agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of polyisocyanurate and metallic silver nanoparticles. Gelation occurred in 30 min at 30 °C for Ag-PI, compared to 24 h for the uncatalyzed system, demonstrating AgNO3's catalytic role. Ag-PI gels exhibited superior compressive strength (up to ∼30 MPa with 74.3% bearing nature) compared to bare polyurea (∼6 MPa). Electrospun fibers (500-750 nm) and xerogels demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against "Staphylococcus aureus" and "Escherichia coli" and were nontoxic to MG 63 cells, making them promising for tissue engineering applications.

An Icosahedral 55-Atom Iron Hydride Cluster Protected by Tri-tert-butylphosphines.

Nanoclusters are nanometer-sized molecular compounds characterized by significant metal-metal bonding and low average oxidation states, and they exhibit unique properties distinct from those of small metal complexes or nanoparticles. Unlike noble metals stable in metallic forms, the synthesis of nanometer-sized iron clusters has been precluded by the relatively weak iron-iron bonds and the high reactivity of low oxidation state iron, despite the extensive history of molecular iron compounds. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a cationic 55-atom iron cluster with a 1.2 nm icosahedral core. Its 12 vertices are occupied by tri-tert-butylphosphines, while multiple hydrides cover the surface. This core can be viewed as a substructure of the face-centered cubic (fcc), in contrast to the body-centered cubic (bcc) for the stable bulk phase. This work reveals a stable structure and fundamental properties of a nanometer-sized iron cluster, which have remained elusive for decades, and the simple synthetic protocol provides a route to explore molecular nanochemistry.

Opto-Laser-Responsive Smart NanoGel with Mild Hyperthermia, Vascularization, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential for Boosting Hard-to-Heal Wounds in a Diabetic Mice Model.

It is well known that impaired wound healing associated with diabetes mellitus has led to a challenging problem as well as a global economic healthcare burden. Conventional wound care therapies like films, gauze, and bandages fail to cure diabetic wounds, thereby demanding a synergistic and promising wound care therapy. This investigation aimed to develop a novel, greener synthesis of a laser-responsive silver nanocolloid (LR-SNC) prepared using hyaluronic acid as a bioreductant. The prepared LR-SNC was embedded into a stimuli-responsive in situ gel (LR-SNC-in situ gel) for easy application to the wound region. The physicochemical characterization of LR-SNC revealed a nanometric hydrodynamic particle size of 25.59 ± 0.72 nm with an -31.8 ± 0.7 mV surface ζ-potential. The photothermal conversion efficiency of LR-SNC was observed up to 62.9 ± 0.1 °C. In vitro evaluation of LR-SNC with and without NIR laser irradiation exhibited >70% cell viability, confirming its cytocompatibility for human keratinocyte cells. The in vitro scratch assay showed significant wound closure of 75.50 ± 0.02%. Further, the addition of cytocompatible LR-SNC into an in situ gel followed by laser irradiation resulted in substantial in vivo wound closure (86.69 ± 2.48%) in a diabetic wound-bearing mouse. Histological evaluation demonstrated salient features of the healed wounds, such as increased neovascularization, collagen density, migration of keratinocytes, as well as growth of hair follicles. Additionally, the findings showed a decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and enhanced angiogenesis gene expression (VEGF and CD31), thereby healing the diabetic wound efficiently. The present study confirmed the potential role of silver nanocolloids followed by laser irradiation in treating diabetic wound mouse models.

Electrical Control of Photoluminescence in 2D Semiconductors Coupled to Plasmonic Lattices.

Integrating two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors into nanophotonic structures provides a versatile platform for advanced optoelectronic devices. A key challenge in realizing these systems is to achieve control over light emission from these materials. In this work, we demonstrate the modulation of photoluminescence (PL) in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) coupled to surface lattice resonances in metal nanoparticle arrays. We show that both the intensity and the emission angle of light can be tuned by adjusting the lattice parameters. By applying gate electrodes to electrostatically dope the TMDs coupled to plasmonic lattices, we achieve PL intensity switching over 2 orders of magnitude with a low applied voltage. Our results represent an important step toward electrically powered and electrically tunable light sources based on 2D semiconductors.

MOF scaffold for anchoring platinum-nickel nanoparticles with enhanced oxidase-like activity to improve lateral flow immunoassay diagnosis.

Noble metal nanoparticles have attracted tremendous attention as the promising signal reporters for catalytic-colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). However, it remains great challenges for improving their stability and catalytic activity. Herein, first, a kind of porphyrinic based metal-organic framework (MOF) was used as a carrier for loading platinum (Pt) nanoparticles to avoid its aggregation. Moreover, nickel (Ni) atoms were dopped into Pt nanoparticles to adjust crystal structure, thus greatly improving catalytic activity. The resulting MOF@PtNi nanocomposite showed enhanced colorimetric signal brightness and excellent oxidase-like activity, which can improve sensitivity via amplifying the color signal. The catalytic mechanism was further studied by scavenger and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. Furthermore, integrated with the competitive immunization LFIA platform, the high sensitivity colorimetric detection of human immunoglobulin G was realized with a detection limit of 0.378ng/mL and 0.269ng/mL for pre- and post-catalytic detection, respectively. In addition, this MOF@PtNi based catalytic-colorimetric LFIA was used for detection of clinical serum samples and the results agreed well with that measured by the standard method. Therefore, this study helps open up the application of proposed catalytic-colorimetric nanocomposite in the ultrasensitive LFIA for point-of-care diseases diagnosis.

Harnessing the Potential of Metallic Nanoparticles for Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Responses in Breast Cancer Immunotherapy

Harnessing the Potential of Metallic Nanoparticles for Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Responses in Breast Cancer Immunotherapy

Biosynthesis, characterization, and multifaceted applications of Elytraria acaulis synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles: Anticancer, antibacterial, larvicidal, and photocatalytic activities.

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods, offering potential applications in biomedicine and environmental remediation. This study demonstrates the successful biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using Euphorbia acaulis leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent. The nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, HR-SEM, EDX, TEM, AFM, XRD, and FTIR analyses, confirming their successful synthesis and revealing their predominantly spherical morphology with sizes ranging from 1 to 100nm. SNPs and GNPs exhibited significant anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with IC50 values of 59.87μg/mL and 91.074μg/mL, respectively. The nanoparticles induce apoptosis and DNA damage in cancer cells, as evidenced by propidium iodide staining, DAPI staining, and comet assay. In antibacterial studies, SNPs demonstrated superior activity against both E. coli (17.00mm zone of inhibition) and S. aureus (10.77mm zone of inhibition) compared to GNPs. The nanoparticles also showed promising larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, with SNPs exhibiting higher potency (LC50: 20.81mg/L) than GNPs (LC50: 51.10mg/L). Histopathological analysis revealed significant tissue damage in SNP-treated larvae, particularly in the midgut, hindgut, muscles, and nerve ganglia. Additionally, both nanoparticles demonstrated photocatalytic activity in degrading methylene blue dye, with SNPs showing superior performance. These findings suggest that biofunctionalized SNPs and GNPs synthesized using E. acaulis possess multiple biological applications, making them promising candidates for various biomedical and environmental applications.

Ultrasonically Activated Liquid Metal Catalysts in Water for Enhanced Hydrogenation Efficiency.

Hydride (H-) species on oxides have been extensively studied over the past few decades because of their critical role in various catalytic processes. Their syntheses require high temperatures and the presence of hydrogen, which involves complex equipment, high energy costs, and strict safety protocols. Hydride species tend to decompose in the presence of atmospheric oxygen and water, which reduces their catalytic activities. These challenges highlight the need for further research to improve the stability and efficiency of catalytic processes and develop safer and cost-effective synthesis methods. This paper introduces an ultrasonic fabrication method for gallium hydride species on liquid metal (LM) nanoparticles (Ga-H@LM NPs) in water and describes the evaluation of their catalytic properties. The Ga-H@LM NPs were synthesized by dispersing liquid metals of eutectic gallium-indium in water using a two-step ultrasonication process in an ice bath. The presence of Ga-H species was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The Ga-H@LM NPs demonstrated the rapid catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol and reductive degradation of azo dyes within minutes without the need for external reducing agents like NaBH4. The proposed mechanism involves high-energy ultrasonic cavitation at the interface between LM NPs and water, which promotes the formation of H2 from water and its activation to form Ga-H on particles surface during ultrasonication. This study has significant implications for advancing the field of catalysis because it provides a novel and efficient catalytic method for the synthesis of stable hydride species on gallium oxides.