Metal Exchange Research Articles

Simultaneous immobilization of multi-metals in a field contaminated acidic soil using carboxymethyl-cellulose-bridged nano-chlorapatite and calcium oxide

We prepared and tested carboxymethyl-cellulose-bridged nano-chlorapatite (CMC-CAP) for simultaneous immobilization of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in a field-contaminated acidic soil. Amending the field-contaminated soil using 0.5 wt.% CMC-CAP and 0.1 wt.% CaO was most effective in immobilizing the four metals, which decreased the leachabilities by 98.2%, 98.3%, 96.3%, and 96.2% for Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd, respectively, after 1 day of treatment. The acid-leached metals fluctuated in the first 60 days, and then approached to steady state after 180 days, where the acid-leachable concentrations all met the regulation levels, and the immobilization was further consolidated when further aged for 365 days. Column elution tests showed that the soil amendment lowered the peak metal concentrations by > 92.5%, and the total eluted masses by >71.9%. Sequential extraction revealed that the soil amendment converted the exchangeable fractions to the much less available Fe-Mn oxides bound and residual forms, and thus, lowered the risk levels to “low risk” for all the metals. The immobilization of the metals was facilitated through formation of stable metal (chloro)phosphates, surface complexation, and/or ion exchange reactions. Combined CMC-CAP and CaO may serve as an effective formulation for simultaneous and long-term immobilization of multiple heavy metals in acidic soil.

Solvent Extraction of Zinc(II) and Manganese(II) with 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl -21H,23H-Porphine (TPP) through The Metal Exchange Reaction of LEAD(II)-TPP (Dept.M)

An investigation was carried out on the extraction of aqueous Zn(II) and Mn(π) with a hydrophobic porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H porphine, TPP) through a metal exchange reaction of Pb(π)-TPP. The distribution ratios (D) of these metals were found to be independent of the Pb(π) concentration in the aqueous phase. Pb(π) in the aqueous phase acted as a catalyst which promoted the metal-TPP complexation.

Offcut-related step-flow and growth rate enhancement during (100) β -Ga2O3 homoepitaxy by metal-exchange catalyzed molecular beam epitaxy (MEXCAT-MBE)

Homoepitaxial β-Ga2O3 layers grown via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have exhibited prohibitively low growth rates on (100) oriented substrates in the past. In this work, we investigate the possibility to employ indium-assisted metal exchange catalyzed (MEXCAT) MBE to overcome this limit. We demonstrate that the fine tuning of the MEXCAT growth parameters and the choice of a proper substrate offcut allow for the deposition of thin films with high structural quality via the step-flow growth mechanism at relatively high growth rates for β-Ga2O3 homoepitaxy (i.e., around 1.5 nm/min, ≈ 45% incorporation of the incoming Ga flux), making MBE growth in this orientation feasible. Moreover, through the employment of the four investigated different (100) substrate offcuts along the [001¯] direction (i.e., 0°, 2°, 4°, and 6°), we give experimental evidence on the fundamental role of the (2¯01) step edges as nucleation sites in the growth of (100)-oriented Ga2O3 films by MBE.

Streaming agreement — cobalt deal analysis

Streaming agreements between the Vale Mining and Metallurgical Company (MMC) and the Wheaton Precious Metals Corporation and Cobalt 27 streaming companies (hereinafter — Conic Metals Corporation) to raise funds for the development of the Voisey’s Bay nickel-copper-cobalt deposit have been considered. A streaming agreement, a relatively new type of transaction in the mining and metallurgical industry, characterizes the desire of investors who prepaid the agreement not only to guarantee the obtaining products, but also to delve deeply and extensively into the economy of the MMC, which, in turn, should make it possible to more accurately predict the marginality and liquidity of the obtained goods in the long run. Compared to an off-take agreement or commercial contract, the streaming agreement emphasizes the higher level of trust between the MMC and the streaming company. Currently, streaming agreements are common in precious metals production with extensive structured distribution, transparent pricing and maximum liquidity. The choice of cobalt was explained by high liquidity (the metal is traded on the London Metal Exchange) and favorable long-term fundamentals of the global market. The agreements under consideration are a pilot step for streaming companies to involve the so-called minor metals in their investment portfolio. The paper considers: the parties of agreements, the main characteristics of the deposit, the basic terms of the transactions, the advantages of the agreements for the MMC and streaming companies, and the risks. The analysis of the fundamental factors of the world market and dynamics of the world price for cobalt allows to clearly illustrate the prospects for the development of streaming agreements for minor metals. The reassessment of the demand for lithiu mion batteries from revolutionary to evolutionary one has occurred in light of the redefinition of the competitiveness of electric vehicles versus cars with internal combustion engines. On the supply side, high metal prices have predetermined the emergence of new technological solutions that simplified and reduced the cost of obtaining and using cobalt in the production of batteries. A radical change in fundamental factors leads to a revision of the long-term forecast for the balance of the cobalt market, world prices, and the marginality of streaming agreements.

Cost and Economic Analysis of a Polymer Sealed Planar Na-NiCl2 Battery for ESS

In order to commercialize the battery-based ESS, it is necessary to consider not only the technical characteristics of stability and long life, but also the economic characteristics of manufacturing cost. This study aims to analyze the manufacturing cost of a polymer sealed planar Na-NiCl2 battery that is currently being researched and developed for safe, long life and untra low cost energy storage and to predict economic efficiency.Manufacturing cost analysis was calculated by dividing a number of technically feasible alternatives for each layer of cells, modules, packages, and applications into fixed, variable, and indirect costs. The economic feasibility analysis calculated the cost-benefit ratio by comparing the cost of the next 10 years and the purchase price and purchase plan of the ESS consumer derived from the manufacturing cost analysis. Data required for manufacturing cost analysis and economic analysis include public data such as power consumption patterns and weather data, as well as internal data from research and development institutions such as material and processing costs, as well as external data from suppliers, consumers and competitors. This study obtained relevant data by intensively interviewing the research and development personnel of Na-NiCl2 battery and the stakeholders located in the supply chain of this battery, and utilized secondary data already processed and published, such as the London Metal Exchange and the Statistics Korea.As a result of analysis, we found that the proposed ESS based on a polymer sealed planar Na-NiCl2 battery has a comparative advantage economically compared to the competitive LiB-based ESS and ZEBRA ESS. Looking at the results of this study, we expect to be able to commercialize safe, long life and untra low cost energy storage in the near future.

Cellular Dynamics of Transition Metal Exchange on Proteins: A Challenge but a Bonanza for Coordination Chemistry.

Transition metals interact with a large proportion of the proteome in all forms of life, and they play mandatory and irreplaceable roles. The dynamics of ligand binding to ions of transition metals falls within the realm of Coordination Chemistry, and it provides the basic principles controlling traffic, regulation, and use of metals in cells. Yet, the cellular environment stands out against the conditions prevailing in the test tube when studying metal ions and their interactions with various ligands. Indeed, the complex and often changing cellular environment stimulates fast metal–ligand exchange that mostly escapes presently available probing methods. Reducing the complexity of the problem with purified proteins or in model organisms, although useful, is not free from pitfalls and misleading results. These problems arise mainly from the absence of the biosynthetic machinery and accessory proteins or chaperones dealing with metal / metal groups in cells. Even cells struggle with metal selectivity, as they do not have a metal-directed quality control system for metalloproteins, and serendipitous metal binding is probably not exceptional. The issue of metal exchange in biology is reviewed with particular reference to iron and illustrating examples in patho-physiology, regulation, nutrition, and toxicity.

Metal Exchange Reaction of Cd(II) 5,10,15,20-Tetra(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrinate with Copper and Zinc Chlorides in DMSO

The metal exchange reactions of Cd(II) 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrinate with CuCl2 and ZnCl2 in DMSO were studied by the spectrophotometric method. The kinetic parameters of the metal exchange reactions were determined. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed. Zinc(II) and copper(II) 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrinates were synthesized by the complex formation reactions of zinc(II) and copper(II) acetates with 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrin and by metal exchange of its cadmium complex with ZnCl2 and CuCl2 in dimethylformamide. The resulting compounds were identified by electronic absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods.

Single-crystal-to-single-crystal mediated metal exchange from Zn(II) to Cu(II) and diverse structures in Zn/Cu coordination polymers using pyridylmethionine ligand

A reaction of 2-((pyridin-4-yl)methylamino)-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HL) and Zn(OAc)2.2H2O afforded a hexacoodinated coordination polymer of [Zn(L)(HL)(H2O)2]n (Zn-1). When the single crystals of Zn-1, are suspended in water-DMF (2:1) solution of Cu(OAc)2.H2O, a quantitative metal exchange occurred resulting an isomorphous structure [Cu(L)(HL)(H2O)2]n (Cu-1) via a single-crystal-to-single-crystal mediated route. The metal exchange process can be clearly monitored with visual colour change in solid state and supported by spectroscopic evidences. However, attempt to obtain Cu-1 via a direct reaction route under identical condition, afforded a completely different compound [Cu(L)(CH3COO)]n (Cu-2). Various counter ions of different Cu-sources as well as solvent types play an important role for the above metal exchange process. All the coordination polymers are unequivocally characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography and other spectroscopic methods. The above metal exchange is unique as Cu-1 can be only synthesized by metal exchange route and follows the Irving–Williams series of stability for Cu(II) over Zn(II).

Mixed-Metal Cu-BTC Metal-Organic Frameworks as a Strong Adsorbent for Molecular Hydrogen at Low Temperatures.

The advancement of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies hinges on the development of hydrogen storage methods. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the most favorable materials for hydrogen storage. In this study, we synthesized a series of isostructural mixed-metal metal–organic frameworks (MM-MOFs) of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (BTC), M-Cu-BTC, where M = Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Fe2+ using the post-synthetic exchange (PSE) method with metal ions. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns of MM-MOFs were similar with those of single-metal Cu-BTC. Scanning electron microscopy indicates the absence of amorphous phases. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy of the MM-MOFs shows successful metal exchanges using the PSE method. The N2 adsorption measurements confirmed the successful synthesis of porous MM-MOFs. The metal exchanged materials Ni-Cu-BTC, Zn-Cu-BTC, Fe-Cu-BTC, and Co-Cu-BTC were studied for hydrogen storage and showed a gravimetric uptake of 1.6, 1.63, 1.63, and 1.12 wt %; respectively. The increase in hydrogen adsorption capacity for the three metal exchanged materials is about 60% relative to that of the parent MOF (Cu-BTC). The improvement of gravimetric uptake in M-Cu-BTC (where M = Ni2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+) is probably due to the increase in binding enthalpy of H2 with the unsaturated metal sites after the partial exchange from Cu2+ to other metal ions. The higher charge density of metal ions strongly polarizes hydrogen and provides the primary binding sites inside the pores of Cu-BTC and subsequently enhances the gravimetric uptake of hydrogen.

Multi-scale comovement of the dynamic correlations between copper futures and spot prices

Correlations between copper futures and spot prices are dynamic and show various fluctuation characteristics over different time horizons. This creates a challenge for industrial policy, product pricing strategy, and portfolio management. Investigating the multiscale comovement of the dynamic correlations between copper futures and spot prices can provide a useful periodicity-based reference for a copper price adjustment strategy and portfolio management. This study uses grey correlation analysis and wavelet analysis to study the comovement characteristics of copper futures-spot price correlations on a scale by scale basis. The Shanghai Metal Exchange copper spot prices and copper futures prices in three main copper markets (London, New York, and Shanghai) are used as sample data. Our main findings are as follows. First, the dynamic correlation of copper futures and spot prices vary at different scales. Second, the fluctuation of copper future-spot price correlations is obviously strong in the daily, quarterly, and annual periodicity. For policymakers and manufacturers, their daily, quarterly, and annual copper price adjustment strategies should reduce the reference weights of New York, London, and Shanghai, respectively, to avoid the risk of a single reference. For investors, their daily, quarterly, and annual portfolio and arbitrage strategies should focus on the leading futures price of the corresponding period to enact precise market timing. Moreover, Shanghai futures can be a haven in the short and medium terms, and New York and London futures can be a haven in the long run. Third, copper futures-spot price correlations show time asynchronism from semi-monthly to annual periodicity, providing a useful periodicity-based reference for pricing adjustment strategy and cross-market arbitrage.

Examining the evidence of risk spillovers between Shanghai and London non-ferrous futures markets: a dynamic Copula-CoVaR approach

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the evidence of risk spillovers between Shanghai and London non-ferrous futures markets using a dynamic Copula-CoVaR approach.Design/methodology/approachWith daily data, the marginal distributions and optimal Copula functions are determined using the kernel estimation method and squared Euclidean distance test. The conditional value-at-risk and the conditional value-at-risk spillover rate are computed from the Copula estimated parameters based on the Copula-CoVaR model. Also, the dynamic correlation coefficient between the two futures markets is investigated.FindingsThe empirical results are as follows: overall, the risk spillover effect exerted by the London Metal Exchange on the Shanghai Futures Exchange is more significant than vice versa. Moreover, the degree of risk spillovers exerted by the London Metal Exchange on the Shanghai Futures Exchange for zinc and copper are more significant when they are depressed in the London Metal Exchange. Moreover, the dynamic of the correlation between the Shanghai and London futures markets is attributed to be largely due to changes in the global economy.Research limitations/implicationsThe Copula-CoVaR model used in this paper is suitable for measuring the risk spillovers between two different markets, while the risk spillovers across multiple markets or the consideration of multiple risk factors cannot be accurately captured using this framework. Multiple state variables to capture time variation in the conditional moments of return series will be a topic in future research.Practical implicationsThe results provide theoretical support for risk management and monitoring of the non-ferrous futures markets.Originality/valueThe ability of the Copula function to accurately describe a nonlinear relationship and tail correlation is harnessed to measure the risk spillovers, explore the degree and direction of risk spillovers and identify the source of risk spillovers. The global economy is incorporated as a macro factor to explore its inner connection with the dynamic of risk spillovers in the non-ferrous metal futures market.

Geoenvironmental properties of industrially contaminated site soil solidified/stabilized with a sustainable by-product-based binder

This paper presents a study on utilizing a novel BCP binder, basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) activated with mixed calcium carbide residue (CCR) and phosphogypsum (PG), to solidify/stabilize heavy metals in industrial contaminated site soil. The effects of curing time and binder dosage on the geoenvironmental properties of the solidified/stabilized soil including soil pH, electrical conductivity, unconfined compressive strength, and leachability were tested and discussed. Chemical speciation of target heavy metals, pore-size distribution of treated soil, and phase identification of reaction products were analyzed to understand the mechanisms leading to the change of geoenvironmental properties. The results demonstrated that the addition of the BCP binder yielded remarkable increase in soil pH, unconfined compressive strength, and relative binding intensity index (IR) of target heavy metals including nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn), while significantly decreased the electrical conductivity and leachability of contaminated soil. The IR value of heavy metals had a good linear relationship with the leached concentrations on a semi-logarithmic scale. The formation of heavy metal-bearing precipitates, absorptivity of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), heavy metals encapsulation by C-S-H, and ion-exchange of heavy metals with ettringite (AFt) contributed to the immobilization of heavy metals in the solidified/stabilized soil.

Fishbone artefacts from the Samrong Sen site, Cambodia, cast new light on Bronze Age networking between inland and coastal communities

AbstractIn this paper, we examine previously unstudied archaeological fish remains recovered during Mansuy's first excavation in 1902 from the inland Samrong Sen midden site in Cambodia and which are currently stored at the Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France. The remains are dated by association to the Neolithic/Bronze Age between 2206 and 1892 cal. bc from a time when the development of metal age trade and exchange networks contributed substantially to the success of many cultures in this diverse region. We focus on the taxonomy of the fish captured and the implications for technology and regional networks. The identification of two perforated shark vertebrae beads indicates that, during the late Neolithic to Bronze Age period, trade and exchange between coastal and inland communities was prominent on mainland Southeast Asia.

New insights in the slow ligand exchange reaction between Cr(III)-EDTA and Fe(III), and direct analysis of free and complexed EDTA in tannery wastewaters by liquid chromatography - Tandem mass spectrometry

EDTA and soluble Cr(III) are usually both present in wastewaters coming from treatment plants handling tannery effluents. A well-established method to determine EDTA is based on the conversion of free and complexed EDTA into its Fe(III) complex. This procedure gives inconsistent data when Cr(III)-EDTA is present. This fact was here demonstrated by studying the kinetics of the exchange reaction between Fe(III) and Cr(III)-EDTA at 90 °C and various pH values, from acidic to neutral. The reaction is very slow (several weeks); the slow kinetics of conversion of Cr(III)-EDTA to Fe(III)-EDTA is even more accentuated at room temperature and the low concentrations of reactants in wastewaters. The presence of EDTA complexes of Fe(III) and Cr(III) was demonstrated in industrial effluents and wastewaters by developing a selective method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which was able to detect free and complexed EDTA at concentration levels <1 μM. A systematic underestimation of the EDTA expressed as Fe(III) complex was demonstrated in samples containing Cr(III)-EDTA. Cr(III)-EDTA was identified for the first time as a component of wastewater samples at a concentration level of about 2 μM and turned out to be an inert species that significantly contributes to the final soluble Cr amount. This study gives new insights into the inertness of Cr(III) toward metal exchange equilibria of EDTA complexes, resolves a bias in the analysis of total EDTA in samples containing Cr(III)-EDTA, allowing the direct determination of free and complexed EDTA by LC-MS.

Diffusive Gradient in thin film technique as tool for assessment of metal availability and kinetics of resupply in remediated soils

This study focussed on the efficacy of two treatments, commercial-hardwood biochar and Delonix regia pods biomass, an agricultural waste, as amendment to tropical soils contaminated with lead, copper and cadmium ions; the use of Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films Technique (DGT) and measurement of soil solution concentration as means to assess the available concentration of the metals, lead, copper and cadmium ions, during and after the remediation treatment was carried out. Furthermore, Soil dynamics predicted from values of the labile partition coefficient (Kd), response time to depletion (Tc) and rates of exchange or desorption (k-1) of metal ions between soil solid phase and soil solution were also obtained using the DGT-induced fluxes in soils (DIFS) model.The heavy metal labile pool size in the soil and their kinetics of resupply in the biochar and Delonix regia amended soils were determined. The experimental results showed that the biochar-treated soils have the highest distribution coefficient, Kd, values in all the soils and for all metals considered. The depletion time (Tc) and desorption rate constant, k-1, values also revealed that the biochar treated soils would be depleted faster than the Delonix regia treated soils. Thus results from this work has shown that dynamics of metals in soils should be considered after treatment of contaminated soils.

Condition-Dependent Pd Speciation and NO Adsorption in Pd/Zeolites

Metal ions exchanged on zeolites represent a unique bridge between heterogeneous solid materials and homogeneous inorganic chemistry. The complexing of exchanged metal ions with H2O or NO, is of pa...

Selective exchange of alkali metal ions on EAB zeolite

EAB zeolite exhibits higher selectivities to Na + and K + ions than to Li + ions, especially in multicomponent competitive ion exchange condition. • EAB zeolite exhibits high selectivities to Na + and K + ions than Li + ions in independent and competitive ion exchange. • In competitive ion exchange, the selectivities b(Na/Li) and b(K/Li) increase with the initial concentrations. • Na + and K + ions tend to replace Li + ions out from EAB framework spontaneously in competitive ion exchange. EAB zeolite was successfully prepared and applied to selective adsorption of Li + , Na + and K + ions. The physical and chemical properties of the adsorbent were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermogravimetry (TG) methods. The ion exchange behaviours for Li + , Na + and K + ions in monomcomponent and multicomponent solutions were studied. In independent ion exchange, the ion exchange capacities ratios α (Na/Li) and α (K/Li) were 3.8 and 6.2, respectively. In competitive ion exchange, the selectivities β (Na/Li) and β (K/Li) increased with the initial concentrations and reached 409 and 992 when the initial concentrations was 100 mmol/L. The thermodynamic study results showed that Gibbs free energy change (Δ G Θ ) of ion exchange reaction between Li-EAB and K + was −34.96 kJ/mol, indicating that ion exchange of K + ions was more energetically favourable than Li + ions. The calculation results showed that the energy barriers of ion exchange increased in the order K + < Na + < Li + . The study shows that EAB zeolite is potential to be used in the separation of alkali ions.

On-substrate postsynthetic metal ion exchange as a tool for tuning electrochromic properties of materials

The hydrazone-based ligand containing polymerizable styrene groups has been designed and prepared. The radical polymerization reaction carried out on ITO substrate leaded to formation of cross-linked thin film of poly-L, which has been converted into polymeric complexes with iron(II) and copper(II) metal ions using dip-coating method. The uniform distribution of metal ions in the obtained thin films has been confirmed by the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and their electrochromic properties were investigated. The metal-ion exchange reaction was monitored in solution by NMR titration and on-substrate by EDS analysis. It was found that Cu(II) ions can be exchanged on-substrate with Fe(II) ions leading to the change of electrochromic properties of materials. Polymeric complexes have been characterized in terms of their electrochromic properties such as long term stability, switching times and coloration efficiencies. It was found that polymers poly-Fe-L obtained by dip-coating method and metal ion exchange exhibit similar electrochromic properties what prove that the transmetalation reaction can be powerful tool for changing observed colors of the films and tuning the electrochromic properties of materials.

Copper Price Prediction Using Support Vector Regression Technique

Predicting copper price is essential for making decisions that can affect companies and governments dependent on the copper mining industry. Copper prices follow a time series that is nonlinear and non-stationary, and that has periods that change as a result of potential growth, cyclical fluctuation and errors. Sometimes, the trend and cyclical components together are referred to as a trend-cycle. In order to make predictions, it is necessary to consider the different characteristics of a trend-cycle. In this paper, we study a copper price prediction method using support vector regression (SVR). This work explores the potential of the SVR with external recurrences to make predictions at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days into the future in the copper closing price at the London Metal Exchange. The best model for each forecast interval is performed using a grid search and balanced cross-validation. In experiments on real data sets, our results obtained indicate that the parameters (C, ε, γ) of the model support vector regression do not differ between the different prediction intervals. Additionally, the amount of preceding values used to make the estimates does not vary according to the predicted interval. Results show that the support vector regression model has a lower prediction error and is more robust. Our results show that the presented model is able to predict copper price volatilities near reality, as the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was equal to or less than the 2.2% for prediction periods of 5 and 10 days.

Predictions for the angular dependence of gas mass flow rate and metallicity in the circumgalactic medium

ABSTRACT We use cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to examine the physical properties of the gas in the circumgalactic media (CGM) of star-forming galaxies as a function of angular orientation. We utilize TNG50 of the IllustrisTNG project, as well as the EAGLE simulation to show that observable properties of CGM gas correlate with azimuthal angle, defined as the galiocentric angle with respect to the central galaxy. Both simulations are in remarkable agreement in predicting a strong modulation of flow rate direction with azimuthal angle: inflow is more substantial along the galaxy major axis, while outflow is strongest along the minor axis. The absolute rates are noticeably larger for higher ($\log {(M_\star / \rm {M}_\odot)} \sim 10.5$) stellar mass galaxies, up to an order of magnitude compared to $\dot{M} \lesssim 1$ M⊙ yr−1 sr−1 for $\log {(M_\star / \rm {M}_\odot)}\sim 9.5$ objects. Notwithstanding the different numerical and physical models, both TNG50 and EAGLE predict that the average metallicity of the CGM is higher along the minor versus major axes of galaxies. The angular signal is robust across a wide range of galaxy stellar mass $8.5 \lt \log {(M_\star / \rm {M}_\odot)} \lt 10.5$ at z &amp;lt; 1. This azimuthal dependence is particularly clear at larger impact parameters b ≥ 100 kpc. Our results present a global picture, whereby despite the numerous mixing processes, there is a clear angular dependence of the CGM metallicity. We make forecasts for future large survey programmes that will be able to compare against these expectations. Indeed, characterizing the kinematics, spatial distribution and metal content of CGM gas is key to a full understanding of the exchange of mass, metals, and energy between galaxies and their surrounding environments.