Metal Drums Research Articles

Fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of broiler litter ensiled with corn forage

Fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of broiler-litter and corn-forage silages were determined. Corn forage was ensiled with and without broiler litter. Silages were prepared in 200-litre metal drums lined with double layers of polyethylene bags. Proportions of broiler litter and corn forage were 0 : 100, 20 : 80, 30 : 70 and 40 : 60 wet basis, respectively. After 45 days, silages were opened; all silages had desirable aromas and no mould growth was observed on the top of any silage. Addition of broiler litter to corn forage increased the crude protein linearly ( P < 0·05) from 8·64 to 10·8% on a dry-matter basis. The crude protein was increased linearly ( P < 0·05) with increase of broiler litter. The pH values of ensiled mixtures of corn forage and broiler litter were 4·19, 4·65, 5·09 and 5·47. All silages had substantial levels of lactic acid. In digestion trials, four wethers were fed corn-forage silage alone, and silages of corn forage and broiler litter mixed in the ratios of 20 : 80, 30 : 70 and 40 : 60, respectively. The experiment was designed as a 4 × 4 latin square and orthogonal poly-nomials were run to see the treatment effect. Digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and organic matter were higher ( P < 0·05) for the animals fed silages containing broiler litter compared to animals fed corn-forage silage alone. The results indicated that the broiler litter is a good source of protein and can be mixed with low-protein forages. Moreover, ensiling of broiler litter was effective for destruction of pathogenic organisms, and animals showed no ill health effect when silages were fed to sheep. It may be concluded from the study that the use of poultry waste as a feed ingredient will not only reduce waste disposal and pollution, but will also provide inexpensive feed components for ruminants.

Fermentation characteristics of ensiled seafood wastes and low-quality roughages

Experiments were conducted to investigate the chemical composition of seafood waste and the ensiling characteristics of seafood waste combined with low-quality roughages. Average crude protein of the fish and crab wastes was 60.4% and 44.1%, dry basis, respectively. Fish and crab processing wastes were ground and ensiled with corn stover or peanut hulls in proportions to result in dry matter (DM) levels of 40, 50 and 60% alone and with 5% dry molasses or 1% formic acid in 3.8 1 cardboard containers double-lined with polyethylene. The seafood wastes were also ensiled with wilted Johnsongrass (50:50, wet basis) with and without 5% dry molasses. All silages had desirable aroma except those with crab waste ensiled at 40 and 50% DM. After ensiling average pH for mixtures with fish waste was 6.5, compared with 8.0 for mixtures with crab waste. Addition of dry molasses decreased pH of the ensiled fish-waste mixtures, but had no effect on the crab-waste mixtures. Coliforms and fecal coliforms were decreased or eliminated by ensiling. Finfish wastes and crab processing wastes were mixed with wheat straw and ensiled in 210-1 metal drums, double-lined with polyethylene. Proportions of fish waste and straw were 70:30 and 51:49, wet basis, and those for the crab waste were 60:40 and 40:60, wet basis, respectively. Dry molasses (5%) was included in all mixtures and acetic acid was added to the crab-waste mixture to lower the initial pH to 4.5. Mixtures containing fish waste and straw decreased in pH after ensiling, the decrease being large for the mixture with the lower proportion of fish waste. Lactic acid concentrations were inversely related to pH. In the crab waste-straw mixtures, pH remained below 5, and essentially no lactic acid was present.

Application of surface geophysics for location of buried hazardous wastes

Surface geophysical techniques represent powerful tools for investigations involving the delineation of buried hazardous wastes. When properly conceived and implemented, substantial benefits can be realized. This was clearly the case during an investigation to assess an 8 hectare (20 acres) manufacturing plant site for the presence of buried waste materials. Electromagnetic (EM) conductivity and magnetometry data were collected along continuous profiles and within rectangular systematic grids. The results of this work dispelled concern over several areas rumored to contained buried wastes, but indicated the potential presence of buried materials at three areas. The EM quadrature-phase conductivity data proved to be most definitive as conductivity anomalies were distinct and readily apparent. In an area suspected to contain an abandoned seepage pit, the measured EM conductivities exceeded 25 milli mhos/meter (mmho m −1), more than twice as high as background levels (sandy loam soil/till profile). In two areas suspected of containing buried metal drums, EM conductivity values approached 70 mmho m −1. In all three areas, the buried waste boundaries as predicted by the geophysical anomalies matched very well with the boundaries actually encountered during waste exhumation and clean up.

Dermatosis from resorcinal in tyre makers.

In the plant examined about 5000 motor cycle tyres are produced a day by 268 workers organised production groups and three continuous daily shifts. The tyres are made on a fixed metallic drum of cylindrical shape with bevelled off edges on which the rubber fabrics, ofdifferent numbers and types depending on the product to be made, are placed. After the apposition of the fabrics, the edges are folded towards the inside of the drum, both manually and semiautomatically. After this, suitable reinforced metallic rings are opposed to the side of the drum and the thread band is positioned and fixed. The semifinished fabrics used this procedure are supplied rolls mounted on a distribution turret whereas the thread bands are supplied on trolleys in book form. The worker places the fabrics on the drum and guides their winding and positioning with the palm of his hand. The finished product is taken off the drum and sent for further processing.3

Application of Surface Geophysics for Location of Buried Hazardous Wastes

Surface geophysical techniques represent powerful tools for investigations involving the delineation of buried hazardous wastes. When properly conceived and implemented, substantial benefits can be realized. This was clearly the case during an investigation to assess an 8 hectare (20 acres) manufacturing plant site for the presence of buried waste materials. Electromagnetic (EM) conductivity and magnetometry data were collected along continuous profiles and within rectangular systematic grids. The results of this work dispelled concern over several areas rumored to contained buried wastes, but indicated the potential presence of buried materials at three areas. The EM quadrature-phase conductivity data proved to be most definitive as conductivity anomalies were distinct and readily apparent. In an area suspected to contain an abandoned seepage pit, the measured EM conductivities exceeded 25 milli mhos/meter (mmho m-1), more than twice as high as background levels (sandy loam soil/till profile). In two areas suspected of containing buried metal drums, EM conductivity values approached 70 mmho m-1. In all three areas, the buried waste boundaries as predicted by the geophysical anomalies matched very well with the boundaries actually encountered during waste exhumation and clean up.

Insecticidal activities of Piper guineense Schum and Thonn, and Capsicum species on the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus F.

Piper guineense Schum and Thonn, mixed with cowpea seeds, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, was significantly superior (P < 0.05) to the large, red and mild Capsicum annum var connoides (Miller) and the small, red and pungent Capsicum frutescens L. in causing up to 96% mortality to adults of Callosobruchus maculatus F. within 48 hr. When applied as ground pepper, P. guineense was more active insecticidally than when applied as whole fruits. Adult bruchids in contact with P. guineense showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the numbers of eggs laid, and in the numbers of F1, offspring that emerged compared with adult bruchids exposed to the same doses of C. annum or C. frutescens respectively. Neither of the peppers reduced the viability of the cowpea seeds or the absorption of water needed to soften the seed testa for decortication before cooking or processing. At a cost price of U.S.A. $0.003 per 1 g of black pepper, and an effective application rate of 1 g black pepper to 20 g cowpea, there is a saving of over $750 by disinfesting a ton of cowpea with black pepper for a storage period of 2–3 months in a metallic drum which costs less than $50.00

Practical Application of Theoretical Models to Magnetometer Surveys on Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites — A Case History

AbstractWastes were to be exhumed and removed from a hazardous and chemical waste disposal site. The major disposal practice was shallow burial of wastes in metal drums in parallel trenches. The actual boundaries of the trenches beneath the landscaped cover were not accurately known.Theoretical two‐dimensional models were used to evaluate the application of magnetic methods to define trench boundaries on the disposal site. The models predicted that both the total field and the vertical component anomalies were diagnostic; however, the vertical component anomaly was more focused on the trench boundaries.A survey with a vertical component fluxgate magnetometer was successful in defining trench boundaries. Observations made along traverses that trended perpendicular to the long axis of the parallel trenches indicated vertical magnetic intensity values with a cyclical pattern of large positive values over trenches and large negative values over intertrench corridors. Vertical magnetic intensity values determined with theoretical two‐dimensional models compared favorably to the observed vertical magnetic values. The models were used to constrain the interpretation of the field observations to define trench boundaries; the magnetic survey defined trench boundaries with an accuracy within ± 2 feet.

Use of a very-low-frequency electromagnetic method at 9.5 kHz to detect buried drums in sandy soil

A detailed study of the very-low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) method was undertaken at a single field site where a prescribed distribution of bur Results indicated that the technique will undoubtedly detect and delineate any typical dump site with predominantly metal (usually steel) drums. Single Isolated plastic drums are very difficult to detect; however, a large group with highly conductive contents could probably be detected. A quite unexpected result was that single, empty 40 gallon plastic drums can be detected to three feet of soil cover. Theoretical considerations indica It remains to show if these same conclusions will hold true in a more general soil type, one which contains a significant clay fraction.

Love Canal in the Reference Stacks

During the 1940s and early 1950s, the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corp. buried metal drums in the earth in Niagara Falls, New York. The drums, hundreds of them, contained chemical wastes. The company's actions were perfectly legal and its intentions good; it was placing these potentially harmful substances out of harm's way — secure in metal drums, secure beneath the earth. Hooker's use for the land ended and in 1956 the company sold it. A school and houses were built over the chemical dump. The unfortunate aftermath is well known. The drums corroded; their contents leached out and into the earth and, apparently, into the bodies of those who lived on it. As a result, residents of the Love Canal area experienced unusually high rates of miscarriages, birth defects, and liver disorders. Such were the worst of the effects. Many residents had to abandon their contaminated homes. Suddenly Love Canal became a forlorn place. Good intentions in the 1940s had unwittingly wrought evil consequences in the 1970s.

Toxic wastes' health effects? No one has the answers

Even a casual newspaper reader or television viewer could not have missed this classic scene at least once last year: A cleanup worker, wearing a respirator and coveralls, points with a gloved hand at a field of rusting metal drums or dips a stick in a pond of oily goo. In a headline or voice-over are the words It could be in New Jersey, where 34,000 barrels of explosive wastes blew up and burned, or in Kentucky's Valley of the Drums, where 17,000 barrels' worth of unidentified chemical wastes are slowly seeping into streams that feed the Ohio River, or at any of hundreds of abandoned hazardous waste sites that are regularly featured in news stories. And now, one of the decade's most vexing scientific problems: assessing the health effects of exposure to such toxic wastes. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified almost 9,500 hazardous waste dumps,

Death and Lebanon

Mashaya ruins the night for everyone, both aunts say it has to stop. After dinner they find her sitting on our bed already in her nightgown, dark circles under her w7ide green eyes. Aunt Philamena says tell us, habibti, what do you see? Tree shadows? Branches against the window7 pane? The dark hair swings no from side to side. Something you hear, then? The backyard dogs howling, your old aunt here snoring? Maybe Mr. Truskaloski upstairs hacking out his lungs? No? No. Mashaya, child, something makes you scream. Sitting in our bedroom window I watch the bonfire in the yard across the alley. With my cheek against the cold pane of glass I see our neighbor wrapped in shawls bringing food on a plate to her dogs. They leap up in their chains. The high-pitched barking goes on and on. If our aunts weren't watching, Mashaya would be in the window with me, watching that fire in the tall metal drum. You tell me, Ajunya, Philamena says, what can I do now? At home I am Ajunya and Marcia is Mashaya, but only at home. In the Miner's Supply my aunt calls me Angie; it's Marcia who stocks the shelves. To her customers my aunt speaks Polish, Russian, a little Greek. Her sister Hikmet gets by with just Italian. Everyone here came from somewhere else but my sister and I are the newest: two years here from the Lebanon, because of the events. I was nine and Mashaya eleven when we came with our sita, called grandmother here, to live with her daughters in America. At night I sit in our window and think of Beirut: the flashes of light, the ten-second count to the artillery's boom. Ajunya, are you listening? Look at your room. What can I do that I haven't done? What?

Effects of Sila-bac and Silo Guard on alfalfa silage quality and corn supplementation on steer performance (1981)

Inoculant (Sila-bac) and enzyme (Silo Guard) silage additives were evaluated with first-cutting alfalfa silage. Control and treated silages were made in 50-ton concrete stave silos and three types of experimental silos (nylon bags buried in the stave silos, 5-ga11on plastic containers, and 55-gallon metal drums). Each silage from the stave silos was full-fed to 16 steers in individual pens. Half the steers received 2 lbs. of supplement; the other half received supplement + 2 lbs. of cracked corn. Steers fed Sila-bac and Silo Guard silages performed slightly better than those fed control silage. Adding cracked corn improved rate of gain (.37 lb./day) and feed efficiency (.71 lb. less DM/lb. of gain). Each 1.0 lb. of extra gain required 5.5 lbs. of air-dry corn.

Nuclear Waste: The Niagara Mohawk Radioactive Waste Incinerator

"Nuclear Waste: The Niagara Mohawk Radioactive Waste Incinerator." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 21(4), pp. 43–44

Fungal Growth During Fermentation and Refermentation of Nonprotein Nitrogen Treated Corn Silage

Chopped corn (35% dry matter) was treated with urea, aqua ammonia, or an ammonia-mineral suspension at 0, .23, .45, or .9% added nitrogen, placed in polyethylene bags (containing 56kg) inside 200 liter metal drums, evacuated, and sealed. During fermentation, silages were sampled and temperatures measured on days 0, 5, 20, and 86. On day 86 of fermentation, two 12-kg portions were placed in open containers at 25C. On days 0, 7, 21, and 28 of refermentation, silages were sampled, aerated, and temperatures were measured. All silages were analyzed for lactic acid, pH, and number and type of fungi. Initial and final pH values were increased by urea but most with ammonia. During refermentation, all nitrogen sources produced large pH increases. Addition of .23% nitrogen as ammonia stimulated lactic acid, but more depressed lactate production. Lactic acid disappeared during refermentation. Silages treated with the ammonia-mineral suspension required the longest time for appearance of visible fungi. Total fungal counts fell more rapidly on ammonia treatments, but additives did not differ on days 5 and 20 of fermentation. Despite large variations, all sources at all percents of nonprotein nitrogen depressed fungal counts during refermentation with the .45 and .9% nitrogen treatments showing lower counts than 0 and .23%. Treatments did not change the relative proportions of fungi during spoilage. Yeasts dominated prior to and throughout fermentation, and Geotrichum increased during refermentation. Some Penicillium and Aspergillus were identified, but they never comprised a major proportion of the total counts.

Fungal Growth and Acid Production During Fermentation and Refermentation of Organic Acid Treated Corn Silages

Chopped corn (35% dry matter) treated with either propionic, formic, 60% propionic plus 40% formic, or 80% propionic plus 20% acetic acids at 0, .5, 1, and 2%, was placed in polyethylene bags inside metal drums, and evacuated. During fermentation silages were sampled and temperatures determined. On day 40 of fermentation silages were placed in open containers at 25C and were sampled during refermentation. All samples were analyzed for volatile and lactic acids, pH, and number and type of fungi.Lactate fermentation was totally inhibited at 2% addition of all acids, but formic acid was more effective than propionic acid at .5 and 1%. Acetate production was equally depressed by both propionic and formic additions.Heating, growth of fungi, and days until spoilage were delayed by all acid additions during refermentation, with propionic more effective than formic. The large increases in lactate and acetate of treated silages during refermentation reflect a protection of soluble sugars during fermentation and subsequent use by microbes after exposure to air. Silages treated with more than 1% propionic (as propionic or a mixture) did not increase in fungal colonies during refermentation. At initiation of fermentation yeasts were higher than other fungi but decreased by day 40. During refermentation, yeasts again grew. Geotrichum comprised 35% on day 40 of refermentation but was lower at other times. Aspergillus proliferated during refermentation and few Penicillium were detected.

Detoxication of metal drums from emulsifiable concentrate formulations of parathion

AbstractMetal drums of various sizes which had contained a parathion emulsifiable concentrate were found to retain significant amounts of residues after the containers were completely drained. The residual pesticide formulation was removed from the emptied containers by washing with water and organic solvents. Efficient removal of the parathion by water followed by washing with a water‐miscible organic solvent has been demonstrated. It is possible that these washings could be disposed of by combining them into the spray mixture. These procedures suggest a simple and economical way of container decontamination.

Heavy metal contamination in home‐produced beers and spirits

Analyses of more than 130 beers and spirits from different parts of Africa, India, Europe and Canada have been made for four heavy metal contaminants. A high proportion of home‐produced (usually illicit) alcoholic drinks were found to contain zinc (0.10–68.0 mg per litre), iron (0.2–245 mg per litre) and copper (0.10–58.0 mg per litre). Little lead was found. The metals were traced largely to the use of galvanized metal drums which have generally replaced traditional clay and wooden vessels in many countries. The health hazards of such heavy metal‐contaminated alcoholic drinks are discussed.

A Microwave Dryer For Ink Lines*

ABSTRACTA microwave unit for drying lines of water base ink which are deposited on a sheet of paper backed by a metallic drum is described. The dryer is a necessary component of a precision printer for digital graphics applications.

Seasonal Changes in Mite Populations in Rural Granaries in Japan1

Seasonal changes in mite populations were studied in 336 samples of rice, wheat, barley, grain debris, and rice straw from the field, areas adjacent to granaries, granary floors, straw bags, and metal drums in 2 farmhouses and 3 rural granaries in Shiga prefecture, Japan, during June, September, and October 1966, and February 1967. The mites were identified to species or genus; their frequency on each cereal, seasonal frequency, and abundance in each habitat were recorded. Thirty-four genera with more than 49 species of mites, several of which were undescribed, were identified. Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank), Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank), Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), Cheletomorpha lepidopterorum (Shaw), Tarsonemus spp., and Tydeus spp. were the commonest mites on granary floors and were the most abundant in summer and generally scarce in winter. Of these species, only G. destructor maintained large populations through autumn and winter in all granaries. Large populations of Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Tarsonemus spp. during autumn and winter were observed in only 1 granary. More than 19 species occurred in stored grain. The 3 commonest mites, i.e., those present usually in small numbers in 100%–19% of the cereals in bags and drums, were, in descending frequency: on rice— G. destructor, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Cheyletus eruditus; on wheat— C. eruditus, G. destructor, and T. putrescentiae; on barley— G. destructor, Tarsonemus spp., and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. All these mites appeared in grain samples throughout the year, although their numbers per sample were in most cases progressively lower from summer to winter. The 6 commonest mites on granary floors were represented in rice straw in the field. It is suggested that the infestation of stored grain and grain products originates primarily in the field and secondarily from unclean granary floors in rural areas where it spreads to urban granaries and grocery stores.

Method for carbon film preparation.

Bradley (1) reported a method for preparing carbon films for use as specimen substrates in electron microscopy. Since then, Bradley's technic has been improved and presently carbon films may be prepared by deposition of carbon on the surface of freshly cleaved mica. Other methods have also been developed for making carbon films, including Humphries”technic(2) and the method of Kafig(3).The main advantage in the method presented here for the preparation of carbon films lies in its simplicity and convenience as compared to other methods. The quality of the carbon films appears to be comparable to those made by other technics.Materials and methods. Soft glass rods approximately 4 mm in diameter were scored completely around the circumference with the scoring device shown in Fig. 1 (Mergel & Sons, San Leandro, Calif.). This instrument was developed to shear the glass rod as evenly as possible. It consists of a rubber-covered metal drum in front of which a glass rod is positioned on a stage, and against which ...