Biosorption Of Metals Research Articles

Optimum Biosorption and Resistance of Uranium by Metal-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Rock Ore

Natural environments contain a variety of microorganisms, of which, a limited number are able to develop bioremediation process. The main goal of the present paper was to perform microbiological investigations to culturable bacteria isolated from uranium ore samples from Aborshid Egypt, and characterize their response to 15 antibiotics and 10 heavy metals beside uranium. Among the potential environmental isolates, there was no detection of any acquired antibiotic resistance , which supports the idea that their resistance mechanisms are mainly intrinsic. On the contrary, the potentially pathogenic isolates presented a broad diversity of acquired antibiotic resistance toward different antibiotic classes. Furthermore, results revealed a varying response of the ore bacteria to the tested heavy metals. All isolates showed multiple metal resistances toward 10 heavy metals, with MIC ranging from 50 to 1000 ppm. We found that optimum temperature for growth of bacteria in general ranges from 30 to 50 °C and bio-sorption of metal increased with increasing pH from 1.0 to 5.0, then decreased upon further increase to 7.0. The decrease in the sorption efficiency at pH higher than 5.0 may be due to the precipitation as hydroxide. We found possible correlation between antibiotic resistance and heavy-metal resistance patterns of Escherichia coli strains isolated from uranium ore; the most potent of the strains in both groups were resistant to Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn. It was concluded that highly metal-resistant bacteria could be used with potential application for treatment of wastewaters.

Recent advancements in microbial-assisted remediation strategies for toxic contaminants

Continuous rising anthropogenic sources such as industrialization caused environmental contamination and health hazards. Toxic pollutants deposition in water and soil streams is now recognized as a severe environmental issue that has a variety of negative consequences on the health of plants and animals. Approximately 300–400 million tons of industrial wastewater containing toxic materials such asheavy metals, hydrocarbons, and radioactive elements are released into the environment each year without proper treatment. Such dangerous chemicals have mutagenic and cancerous impacts on human health, wildlife, and vegetation when they are released into the environment. Several innovative technical approaches are currently being explored to speed up the clean-up of polluted sites. Through the all-encompassing activity of microbes, remediation is heavily involved in the deterioration, removal, immobilization, or detoxification of various chemical wastes and environment. Microbes may thrive in a wide range of conditions and produce metabolites that degrade and convert pollutants, allowing contaminated facilities to be naturally rejuvenated. Microorganisms have a range of metals sequestration capabilities that help them to have higher metals biosorption abilities.The focus of this article will be on a microbiological technique that is reportedly employed in pollution monitoring to reduce pollutant concentrations. We investigate the prerequisites for analysing scientific data in order to construct synthetic biological models of microbial bioremediation in this review, which includes studying the prerequisites for developing synthetic biological models of microbial bioremediation. In addition, the importance of microbial technology in bioremediation for the future has been described.

Risk of low stability Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763-heavy metals complex in gastrointestinal simulated conditions

The biosorption of heavy metals by microorganisms has attracted the interest of food researchers as the last approach to reduce the risk of their absorption in the human body. But the stability of yeast-metal complexes under simulated gastrointestinal conditions has not been investigated. In this study stability of complex as well as isotherm and kinetic models of biosorption have been studied. Also, the impact of some pretreatment on yeast biosorption was studied to check the possible impact of different environmental conditions in food processing. Data showed a risk of heavy metal release in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The best biosorption of metals from aqueous solutions by Saccharomyces (S.) cerevisiae may be achieved after NaOH pretreatment for Mercury (Hg) 92.7%. While biosorption of Lead (Pb) 37.48%, Arsenic (As) 19.44%, and Cadmium (Cd) 39.9% by untreated yeast were better. In gastrointestinal conditions, Hg and Cd-yeast complexes were more stable and biosorption of Cd and Pb increased. Bonds of As and Hg-yeast complexes in digestion conditions were reversible. The metals biosorption by untreated yeast followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm model for Hg, Pb, and Cd and Freundlich for As. Results showed that biosorption of heavy metals by S. cerevisiae, although may decrease metal bioavailability in fermented foods, the complex is not enough stable in gastrointestinal conditions.

Mucin‐Based Composites for Efficient Mercuric Biosorption

AbstractIn this study, the extraordinary biosorption of mucin, a natural glycoprotein with selectivity towards metals in physiological processes, is leveraged to remove heavy metals from wastewater. The authors assess the performance of dissolved mucin for Hg2+ adsorption through studies of kinetics, capacity, and selectivity. The results show that mucin can adsorb more than 124 mg g−1 Hg2+ while exhibiting ultra‐fast kinetics, with an equilibrium reached in a few seconds. The adsorption levels are optimized in pHs higher than 4 and remain almost unchanged in the presence of background ions. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared analyses indicated that the sorption mechanism is dominated by electrostatic interactions and mercuric complexation with mucin's active sites, whereas the undesirable removal via mercuric reduction does not occur. To use mucin in a practical and green fashion for metal adsorption, mucin‐based solid structures, including films, beads, and nanofibers (NFs), are fabricated and assessed. Of these structures, the NFs show the best performance, with an uptake over 109 mg g−1 and a high structural stability over multiple adsorption and regeneration cycles. The findings point to the potential use of mucin as a future green alternative for metal biosorption for environmental applications.

Heavy Metal Removal by Magnetospirillum Strains and Its Possible Use in the Treatment of Tannery Effluents

Heavy metals are a threat to the sustainable environmental condition causing ecological imbalance. MTBs utilize iron via a metal transport system known as biomineralization Therefore, the strains MSR-1, RJS2, RJS5, RJS6, and RJS7 were exposed to (1,10 ppm) Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr, and Co as a sole electron donor, and time/days for efficient biosorption were optimized. The AAS analysis revealed that the RJS2 strain showed maximum biosorption (1 ppm) of Pb (96%). The strains MSR-1, RJS5, RJS6, and RJS7 produced biosorption of all metals. Biosorption by MSR-1 was more at 10 ppm. However, the RJS5 strain displayed better sorption properties against Pb (93.42%) at 50 ppm. Further exposure of strains against metal biosorption from tannery effluents yielded RJS6 [nickel (88%) and zinc (81%)] and RJS2 [manganese (82%) and cobalt (96%)] as potent strains. The heavy metal removal in MTBs can be further explored on an industrial scale.

Construction and characterization of an engineered recombinant Rhodopseudomonas palustris to remove Cd2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+

In this study, we used a photosynthetic bacteria as a host to construct a novel engineered bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris expressed with the metallothionein (MT) from the freshwater crab (Sinopotamon honanense), and to investigate its removal and biosorption capacity for Cd, Zn and Cu in medium and the possible mechanism(s). The results showed that: (i) the MT expressed recombinant was constructed successfully; (ii) the order of heavy metal sensitivity of the recombinant was Cd > Cu > Zn, and the maximum biosorption capacities calculated by Langmuir model were 224.22, 233.64 and 99.8 mg/g, respectively. Compared to the wild-type, the recombinant has doubled biosorption capacity to Cd and Cu with higher sorption rates and was less influenced by different culturing factors (time, metal concentration and pH), which allowed it rapid removal of 92.1% of 25 mg/L Cd within 30 mins; (iii) the recombinant exhibited more diverse biosorption patterns, and the proportion of its intracellular uptake was significantly (P < 0.05) increased 10% under different conditions; (iv) the functional groups on the cell membrane of the recombinant involved in the metal biosorption were more selective, and the synthesis of metal nanoparticles might be reused as optoelectronic materials for recycling. Based on the findings, we concluded that under various culturing conditions, the recombinant can remove the metals examined more successfully and efficiently. Therefore, as a novel strain, the recombinant has great potential for application in the removal and recovery of metals from wastewater or other polluted water sources.

Fungal community diversity of heavy metal contaminated soils revealed by metagenomics

The inappropriate disposal of toxic compounds generated by industrial activity has been impacting the environment considerably. Microbial communities inhabiting contaminated sites may represent interesting ecological alternatives for the decontamination of environments. The present work aimed to investigate the fungal diversity and its functionality contained in stream sediments with industrial waste contaminated with heavy metals by using metagenomic approach. A total of 12 fungal orders were retrieved from datasets and, at phylum level, Ascomycota was the most abundant, followed by Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota. Higher abundance of sequences was encountered within the less contaminated site, while the lower abundance was found in the sample with the higher contamination with lead. Gene sequences related to DNA repair and heavy metals biosorption processes were found in the four samples analyzed.The genera Aspergillus and Chaetomium, and Saccharomycetales order were highly present within all samples, showing their potential to be used for bioremediation studies. The present work demonstrated the importance of using the metagenomic approach to understand the dynamics and the possible metabolic pathways associated with fungal communities related to environmental samples containing heavy metals, as well as evidenced the importance of improving culturomics techniques for isolating strains with potential application in bioremediation processes of environments contaminated with heavy metals.

Fungal biosorption of the heavy metals chromium(VI) and nickel from industrial effluent-contaminated soil

Heavy metals are ubiquitous contaminants that have accompanied man since the earliest ancient times, and unlike other environmental pollutants, they are chemical elements that man does not create or destroy. In the present study, the aim was to determine the biosorption potential of heavy metal-tolerant fungi that were isolated from compost soil samples contaminated by industrial effluents. The isolation was performed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media supplemented with heavy metals. Chromium-Cr(VI) and nickel-Ni. The most dominant fungal species were found to be Penicillium spp. This fungus was screened for its ability to tolerate heavy metals by the plate diffusion and broth method and was highly tolerant to fungal species. The fungi were assessed for their ability to remove heavy metals from the culture media, and the culture conditions for the fungus were experimentally optimized. The isolated Penicillium species was found to show maximum growth at 35°C with media pH 6 for an incubation period of 168 hours. The isolate was able to tolerate 60-70 ppm concentrations of heavy metals under normal conditions. The ability of the isolate to take up metal was very effective, as after 96 hrs of incubation, it was capable of removing approximately 93.8% of Cr(VI) and 95.6% of Ni from the culture media, and complete uptake was observed after a 144 hr incubation period. The molecular characterization revealed the only isolate to be Penicillium rubens (Accession no. LC536286). The morphological characteristics of this fungus make it capable of biosorption of heavy metals, imparting its bioremediation potential and economic importance.

Production of biosurfactant by Bacillus megaterium and its correlation with lipid peroxidation of Lactuca sativa

The biosurfactant-producing bacterial isolate was isolated from an oil-contaminated water sample. This study aimed to determine the production of biosurfactant and its effect on the plant growth via the biosorption of some heavy metals. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Bacillus megaterium ATTC 14581. The surface activity of the produced biosurfactant was determined. The biosurfactant was recovered from the cell-free culture of a bacterial strain at 1.5 g/L. The extracted biosurfactant shows potential stability towards some factors, like temperature and salinity. The FTIR analysis confirmed the production of surfactin biosurfactant. The impact of B. megaterium biosurfactant on Pb and Ar significantly increases morphological features, proline, and antioxidant enzymes, while a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation, H2O2, and O2.

Assessment of the effectiveness of water hyacinth (E. crassipes) in the biosorption of heavy metals from Aluminium extruding company effluents

Biosorption technique was used to assess the effectiveness of water hyacinth in the removal of heavy metal from effluents obtained from an Aluminium extruding company. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to characterize the water hyacinth materials before and after adsorption. A batch experiment was set up using water hyacinth (E. crassipes) ash as absorbent. The effects of contact time, absorbent dose, pH and temperature on the heavy metal removal efficiency were determined. The experimental data were analysed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models of adsorption. The FTIR results showed a reduction in the intensity of the adsorption bands for all the metal ions. The optimal percentage removal of the metal occurred at 30 minutes except Cd which had highest percentage removal at 20 minutes while optimal pH was at 6.0 except Pb which had its optimal removal at pH 4.0. Increase in biosorbent dosage increased the percentage removal of the metal ions with Zn (96% at 1.0 g) having the highest percentage removal of the five metal ions studied. The results revealed that Langmuir and Temkin Isotherms were the best model for the metal ions adsorption onto water hyacinth. Langmuir model had a better fit for Fe (R2 = 0.78), Ni (R2 = 0.82) and Pb (R2 = 0.78), while Temkin model fitted best for Cd (R2 = 0.92) and Zn (R2 = 0.96). The E. crassipes, therefore, could serve as effective, low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbents.

Modeling and Optimization of Heavy Metals Biosorption by Low-Cost Sorbents Using Response Surface Methodology

This paper exploits, through modeling and optimization, the experimental laboratory data on the biosorption of heavy metal ions Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) from aqueous media using soybean and soybean waste biomasses. The biosorption modeling was performed using the Response Surface Methodology, followed by optimization based on numerical methods. The aim of the modeling was to establish the most probable mathematical relationship between the dependent variables (the biosorption efficiency of the biosorbents when adsorbing metal ions, R(%), and the biosorption capacity of sorbents, q(mg/g)) and the process parameters (pH; sorbent dose, DS (g/L); initial metal ion concentration in solution, c0 (mg/L); contact time, tc (min); temperature, T (°C)), validated by methodologies specific to the multiple regression analysis. Afterward, sets of solutions were obtained through optimization that correlate various values of the process parameters to maximize the objective function. These solutions also confirmed the performance of soybean waste biomass in the removal of heavy metal ions from polluted aqueous effluents. The results were validated experimentally.

Biosorption of hazardous waste from the municipal wastewater by marine algal biomass.

Lead is one of the highly toxic heavy metals causes various diseases even at very lower concentrations to human and affects eco-system. It is mainly released into the water through industrial activities. Phytoremediation is useful to degrade, reduce, metabolize and assimilate lead from wastewater. In this study, Turbinaria ornata was collected from the sea and dried biomass was used for biosorption of heavy metals. Adsorption of heavy metal was maximum after 100min incubation with alga powder at acidic pH (4.5). The interactive effects of lead concentration, contact times, pH, biomass concentration and agitation speed was evaluated by a two-level full factorial design. Initial lead concentration, agitation speed and biomass concentration were the most important variables affecting lead removal (p<0.001) were selected for optimization using central composite rotatable design. Lead removal was found to be maximum (99.8%) in optimized conditions: initial lead 99.8mg/L, 250rpm agitation speed and 16.2g/L biomass concentrations. Municipal wastewater was collected and lead concentration (0.013mg/L) and physiochemical factors were analyzed. Algal biomass removed >98.5% lead form the wastewater within 10min in an optimized condition. The present study confirmed the potential application of T. ornata for the removal of lead from contaminated environment.

Cell population behavior of the unicellular red alga Galdieria sulphuraria during precious metal biosorption

This study investigates the biosorption mechanism, including cell population behavior, of trace amounts of precious metals (gold, palladium, and platinum) in a unicellular red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria. Single-cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed that the number of adsorbing cells and the concentration of adsorbed metal per cell varied depending on solution acidity and metal species. The X-ray absorption fine structure in 5 mM HCl solution indicated that the adsorbed Au formed inner-sphere complexes with S, whereas the adsorbed Pd and Pt formed an inner-sphere complexes with N and/or S. In 500 mM HCl solution, the adsorbed Au and Pd formed inner-sphere complexes only with S, and the Au formed a structure similar to Au2S. At higher acidity, Au and Pd were recovered by interacting with residues that formed more stable complexes, which was accompanied by changes in the behavior of cell populations adsorbing the metals. This is the first study to demonstrate the relationship between changes in the behavior of cell populations and chemical interactions that occur between substrate elements and biomaterial residues during biosorption. The findings of this study provide deeper insights into the biosorption mechanism and a background for the design of an environmentally friendly biosorbent.

Transporter drives the biosorption of heavy metals by Stenotrophomonas rhizophila JC1.

To better understand the function of transporter in heavy metal detoxification of bacteria, the transporters associated with heavy metal detoxification in S. rhizophila JC1 were analyzed, among which four members were verified by RT-qPCR. In addition, the removal rates of four single metal ions (Cr6+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+) and polymetallic ions by strain JC1 were studied, respectively. We also researched the physiological response of strain JC1 to different metal stress via morphological observation, elemental composition, functional group and membrane permeability analysis. The results showed that in the single metal ion solution, removal capacities of Cu2+ (120 mg/L) and Cr6+ (80 mg/L) of S. rhizophila JC1 reached to 79.9% and 89.3%, respectively, while in polymetallic ions solution, the removal capacity of each metal ion all decreased, and in detail, the adsorption capacity was determined Cr6+>Cu2+>Zn2+>Pb2+ under the same condition. The physiological response analyses results showed that extracellular adsorption phenomena occurred, and the change of membrane permeability hindered the uptake of metal ions by bacteria. The analysis of transporters in strain JC1 genome illustrated that a total of 323 transporters were predicted. Among them, two, six and five proteins of the cation diffusion facilitator, resistance-nodulation-division efflux and P-type ATPase families were, respectively, predicted. The expression of corresponding genes showed that the synergistic action of correlative transporters played important roles in the process of adsorption. The comparative genomics analysis revealed that S. rhizophila JC1 has long-distance evolutionary relationships with other strains, but the efflux system of S. rhizophila JC1 contained the same types of metal transporters as other metal-resistant bacteria.

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS UPTAKE BY SOME SELECTIVE BACTERIAL STRAINS ISOLATED FROM HAZARIBAGH TANNERY EFFLUENT IN DHAKA CITY, BANGLADESH: BIOSORPTION VIEWPOINT

Biosorption can be defined as a Physiochemical process that cleanses heavy metal-contaminated water and aids in environmental remediation. The present exploration was carried out to examine the metal biosorbent potentiality of five bacterial strains.Biosorption capacity was assessed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer where Bacillus thuringiensis showed uptake of Pb 0.56mg/g that was around 34.74%, Cd 0.38mg/g (20.0%), Ni 0.30 mg/g (15.8%), Cr 0.76mg/g (39.58%), Cu 0.14mg/g (7.61%) and As 0.28mg/g (14.43%) respectively. Micrococcus sp. showed reduction of Pb 0.62mg/g (39.89%), Cd 0.40mg/g (21.10%), Ni 0.22mg/g (11.6%), Cr 0.46mg/g (23.96%), Cu 0.56mg/g (30.43%) and As 0.03mg/g (1.75%) respectively whereas Pseudomonas sp. exhibited reduction of As 0.56mg/g and 0.20mg/g (16% and 10%), Cu 0.26mg/g and 0.46mg/g (14% and 25%), Cr 0.74mg/g and0.56mg/g (39% and 29%), Ni 0.12mg/g and 0.38mg/g (6% and 20%), Pb 0.26mg/g and 0.68mg/g (19% and 41%) and Cd 0.46mg/g and 0.64mg/g (24% and 34%) respectively. The result displayed that the highest degradation of Pb and Cr were shown by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (41±0.01%) and Bacillus thuringiensis (39.58±0.05%) and lowest degradation of As was shown by Micrococcus sp. that was around 1.75±0.001%. By contrast, degradation of Pb in moderate condition was witnessed by Bacillus cereus (19.89±0.01%) and Ni by Bacillus thuringiensis (15.8±0.05%) respectively. Heavy metal’s biosorption is a quick process that might be an advantageous side for the removal of vast range of pollutants.

Green purification of heavy metal pollution from aquatic environment by biorefinery waste biomass of Nigella sativa L.: A novel and effective treatment agent

Nigella sativa L. biorefinery waste biomass with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties was used as a novel biosorbent material for the green treatment of heavy metal pollution from water environment in this work. Manganese, one of the most widely used heavy metals, was used as a model to test the biosorption behavior of novel biosorbent. The main variables of biosorption operation such as pH, biosorbent amount (m), heavy metal concentration (Ci), and time (t) were optimized by the batch-type test system. The typical features of process of heavy metal biosorption were displayed by the characterization, kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics studies. The characterization studies indicated that the biosorbent material possessed a heterogeneous surface morphology including many protuberances and cavities, and a rich profile of functional group. pH of 6, m of 10 mg, Ci of 30 mg L−1, and t of 120 min were determined to be the optimum variables values of biosorption process. The experimental data of heavy metal biosorption followed the kinetics model of Elovich and the isotherm model of Freundlich. The biosorption of heavy metal from aquatic medium was a spontaneous, favorable, and physical operation (ΔG∘: -7.27–3.55 kJ mol−1 and EDR: 0.90 kJ mol−1). The biosorbent material exhibited higher heavy metal biosorption performance (91.53 mg g−1) than many other sorbent materials reported in the literature. Thus, the current study showed that the biorefinery waste biomass of N. sativa L. could be used as an effective biosorbent for the biosorption of heavy metal from water environment, in addition to its use as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent for multidirectional treatment of aquatic medium.

Biosorption of heavy metals: Transferability between batch and column studies

The design of an industrial water treatment system using sorption is based on laboratory column tests. To verify the applicability of a column sorption system at industrial scale, it is necessary to determine the system's breakthrough time (BT) in a laboratory setting. In a laboratory column set-up, BT is referred to as the time taken by the adsorbate to appear at column outlet for the first time. This is when the mass transfer zone (MTZ), where the equilibrium sorption occurs, reaches the end of the sorbent bed. However, such laboratory set-up requires significant resources including laboratory space, time and multiple trials, which is the opposite to the batch experimental approach that is commonly used to assess efficiency of sorbents. This study identified batch sorption parameters that can be used to determine BT for a column sorption setting for three toxic heavy metals commonly found in industrial wastewater, namely, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+. The study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the relationships between column BT and its key influential factors, namely, equilibrium sorption capacity (qe), pseudo second-order kinetic rate constant (k2) and initial sorption rate (h). The results revealed that BT can be better estimated using h compared to qe and k2. As such, a batch experiment which is more resource efficient could be undertaken for an initial estimation of the experimental BT of a column system. Moreover, a simulation model developed to replicate column sorption could demonstrate the behaviour of the breakthrough curve, which is a key to the selection and assessment of the performance of a sorbent in an adsorbent column. The estimation errors in qe and k2 were found to influence the simulation outcomes. Hence, it is necessary to further investigate the other factors that can potentially influence sorption behaviour.

A comprehensive review on conventional and biological-driven heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater

Due to high concentrations of numerous harmful and hazardous pollutants, particularly heavy metals, industrial wastewater has become a major problem. Heavy metal pollution and its implications for human health and the environment have increased research in developing low cost and sustainable remediation technology. Diverse conventional physicochemical and green biological methods are applied to remove heavy metals (HMs). This review article covers both the conventional and biotechnological approaches used for removal of HMs from wastewater and evaluate them based on their efficiency. Adsorption, coagulation, flocculation, chemical precipitation, membrane separation, ion exchange, flotation, and electrochemical technologies are examples of conventional methods. In some circumstances, these procedures produce quick results, although they are less efficient and cost more than biotechnological heavy metals removal (HMR). The current state and prospects of biosorption and bioaccumulation for environmental bioremediation are reviewed. Environmental considerations are evaluated, with a focus on the removal efficiency of biosorption and bioaccumulation. HMR efficiency and cost effectiveness of a range of biosorbents for the removal of pollutants are described. Furthermore, the equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic behavior of the heavy metal biosorption process, based on kinetic and isotherm models, are presented. Overall, this study provides clear information of biological processes, which will help surmount technological limitations of bioseparation process application.

Biosorption of heavy metals from wastewater using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biosorbent: A mini review

Waste water is the primary source of most of the heavy metals like Cd, Cr (VI), Pb, As, Hg, Cu, Ni, Zn, etc. The recent implementation of bioremediation methods has drastically outsmarted all other methods in removal of toxic heavy metals from waste water. Several organisms in micro and macro scale are being used as biomaterials for biosorption of heavy metals. The aim of this review is to assess the credibility of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for biosorption of toxic heavy metals, which has large surface area and budded structure, porous cell wall, ability to undergo meiosis, metal specificity and potential genetic modifications. S. cerevisiae is inoculated with its culture media into contaminated water where biosorption of heavy metals occurs. The optimum temperature, pH and contact time for heavy metal biosorption as found from literatures are 20 °C to 30 °C, 5.0 to 7.0 and 60 min respectively. The maximum biosorption can range up to 99.5 %. Hence, waste water can be decontaminated from toxic heavy metals using biosorption by S. cerevisiae.

Revealing the Roles of Biomass Components in the Biosorption of Heavy Metals in Wastewater by Various Chemically Treated Hemp Stalks

Revealing the Roles of Biomass Components in the Biosorption of Heavy Metals in Wastewater by Various Chemically Treated Hemp Stalks