Metacognitive Level Research Articles

Prompting Metacognition During a Job Search: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial with University Job Seekers

Searching for a job is a self‐directed activity that requires self‐regulation over significant periods of time; yet, in the scientific community, we know little about proximal support interventions that shape the self‐regulation processes during a job search. Using an experimental design, we tested a proximal support intervention in the form of metacognitive prompts and how this shaped metacognition and effort in 123 university job seekers over a period of 9 weeks. Job seekers who were exposed to the intervention reported higher levels of metacognition, effort, and a greater number of job interviews compared to job seekers in a control condition. Additionally, the present study revealed that the prompting intervention, compared to the active control condition, resulted in higher levels of metacognition for job seekers who were less committed to finding a job than for job seekers who were more committed to finding a job. In summary, the current study makes important contributions to the job search literature and practice by fine‐tuning our understanding of the interventions that may support metacognition during the job search process and the individuals for whom these interventions may be most effective.

The Determinants of Private Tutoring Participation for Mathematics in China: Focusing on the Role of Student Metacognition.

Participation in private tutoring has been a global educational phenomenon and is especially prevalent in China. The present study conducted a student-report questionnaire and collected school reports of mathematical achievement to track a year of the longitudinal variation of private tutoring and obtained an analysis of the impact of metacognition on private tutoring participation and its moderating effects between environment-related and initial indicators and mathematical private tutoring participation. The empirical results of this study showed that metacognitive level for learning process monitoring, family economic condition, and mathematics achievement could impact the decision to participate in private tutoring. The results also showed that family economic condition could moderate the effect of metacognitive level for learning process monitoring on the decision to participate in private tutoring. Practical implications for educational competent department and the schoolteachers were discussed.

Metacognitive myopia in change detection: A collective approach to overcome a persistent anomaly.

Going beyond the origins of cognitive biases, which have been the focus of continued research, the notion of metacognitive myopia refers to the failure to monitor, control, and correct for biased inferences at the metacognitive level. Judgments often follow the given information uncritically, even when it is easy to find out or explicitly explained that information samples are misleading or invalid. The present research is concerned with metacognitive myopia in judgments of change. Participants had to decide whether pairs of binomial samples were drawn from populations with decreasing, equal, or increasing proportions p of a critical feature. Judgments of p changes were strongly affected by changes in absolute sample size n, such that only increases (decreases) in p that came along with increasing (decreasing) n were readily detected. Across 4 experiments these anomalies persisted even though the distinction of p and n was strongly emphasized through outcome feedback and full debriefing (Experiment 1-4), simultaneous presentation (Experiments 2-4), and recoding of experienced samples into descriptive percentages (Experiment 3-4). In Experiment 4, a joint attempt was made by 10 scientists working in 7 different institutions to develop an effective debiasing training, suggesting how multilab-collaboration might improve the quality of science in the early stage of operational research designing. Despite significant improvements in change judgments, debiasing treatments did not eliminate the anomalies. Possible ways of dealing with the metacognitive deficit are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Metacognition Of Adolescents In Relation To Their Gender And Residential Area

Adolescence is the most vulnerable stage to the physical, emotional, social and cognitive problems. Cognitive changes that occur during adolescence are increased in abstract, idealistic and logical thinking. Metacognition is a subdivision of cognition, or a type of cognition. Metacognition is one’s ability to use prior knowledge to plan a strategy for approaching a learning task, take necessary steps to solving the problem, reflect on and evaluate results, and modify one’s approach as needed. Cognition helps to generate new knowledge through mental processes and also helps to use the knowledge that people have in daily life. This study examines the assessment of metacognition in relation to residential area and gender of adolescents. The study was conducted in Hisar district of Haryana state. Two areas were selected purposively i.e., rural and urban. From urban area Hisar city and from rural area three villages namely Kharia, Dhobi and Kirtan were selected for collection of data. From each schools 25 boys and 25 girls of 14-16 year were included in the study. The total sample comprised of 300 adolescents. Metacognition Awareness Inventory (MAI) by Schraw and Dennison (1994) was used for assessing metacognition. Results disclosed that status of male respondents on ‘knowledge about cognition’ confirmed moderate level of metacognition on procedural knowledge, conditional knowledge and total knowledge about cognition whereas, about declarative knowledge female respondents had moderate level of metacognition. The status of male respondents on other component of metacognition i.e. ‘regulation of cognition’ confirmed that majority of respondents had moderate level of metacognition viz: information management strategies, debugging strategies, evaluation, total regulation of cognition. The results further divulged that on total sample the status of respondents on metacognition confirmed that more percentage of the respondents had moderate level of metacognition depicting high percentage among males than females. The results divulged that on total sample the status of respondents on metacognition indicated that higher percentage of the respondents had moderate level of metacognition showing higher percentage of urban adolescents as compare to rural respondents.

Estrategias metacognitivas y niveles de comprensión lectora en alumnos del 4º grado de primaria de la institución educativa “Inka Pachacutec N°6037 del distrito de San Juan de Miraflores, 2018

Uno de los focos de investigación más relevantes en lo que se refiere a materia educativa, lo contribuyen las estrategias de aprendizaje, que sirven como herramientas para facilitar la adquisición, desarrollo y puesta en marcha de procesos de adquisición de contenidos, haciendo posible un aprendizaje eficaz.
 La investigación tuvo como problema general: ¿Qué relación existe entre las estrategias metacognitivas y la comprensión lectora en los alumnos del Cuarto Grado de Educación Primaria de la Institución Educativa “Inka Pachacútec” N° 6037 del Distrito de San Juan de Miraflores UGEL 01 - Lima 2018?
 La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar si existe relación entre las estrategias metacognitivas y los niveles de comprensión lectora en alumnos con dificultades en el área de comunicación integral del 4º grado de primaria de la Institución Educativa “Inka Pachacútec” N° 6037 del Distrito de San Juan de Miraflores UGEL 01. Lima 2018. Es una investigación científica con enfoque cuantitativo, con diseño descriptivo correlacional. Los instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron un inventario de estrategias metacognitivas y la prueba de comprensión lectora. La población de estudio fueron 118 estudiantes de la Institución Educativa “Inka Pachacútec” N° 6037 del Distrito de San Juan de Miraflores UGEL 01. Lima 2018. La muestra representativa fue 118 estudiantes del área de comunicación integral del 4º A, 4º B, 4º C y 4º D. El 15.3 % tiene un nivel de metacognición deficiente, el 39.8 bajo, 39.8% regular y el 5.1 % alto. El 4,2% es deficiente en los Niveles de Comprensión Lectora, 46,6% bajo, 43,2% regular mientras que un 5,9% alto.
 Se llegó a la siguiente conclusión: Las estrategias metacognitivas no se relacionan con los niveles de comprensión lectora, en los alumnos con dificultades en el área de comunicación integral del 4º grado de primaria de la Institución Educativa “Inka Pachacútec n° 6037 del Distrito de San Juan de Miraflores, 2018 con un Rho de Spearman r=0,706 y una significancia p=0 (p<0.05) teniendo un 70,6% siendo alto.
 Se recomienda capacitar a los docentes de las diferentes especialidades sobre programas de estrategias metacognitivas e implementar un programa de estrategias metacognitivas aplicada a la comprensión lectora para los alumnos con dificultades en el área de comunicación en primaria.

МЕТАКОНІТИВНИЙ ДОСВІД ЯК ПЕРЕДУМОВА РОЗВИТКУ САМОРЕГУЛЯЦІЇ НАВЧАЛЬНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ СТУДЕНТІВ

У статті розглядаються психологічні особливості метакогнітивного досвіду як передумови роз­витку саморегульованого навчання студентів. Характеризується метакогнітивний рівень інтелек­туальної діяльності, на якому суб’єкт розв’язує об’єктивні протиріччя, що виникають в процесі виконання на­вчальної діяльності. Виокремлюється метапізнання як процес, що передбачає моніторинг, регуляцію і контроль суб’єкта за своєю діяльністю. Автор розглядає важливу роль механізму саморегуляції у процесі саморегульованого навчання. Аналіз доводить, що саморегуляція у навчанні відбувається, коли суб’єкт виконує її головну функцію – цілепокладання, здатний виконувати адекватну мислительну діяльність щодо моделювання діяльності і результатів, перетворювати власну активність у діяльність згідно зі створеною моделлю, долати на особистісному рівні перешкоди задля досягнення поставлених навчальних цілей. 
 Теоретичний аналіз наукового доробку показує, що саморегуляція особистості поєднує елементи соціально-психологічних проявів і самосвідомості особистості, а також залучає її емоційно-поведінкову, мотиваційно-вольову, когнітивно-інтелектуальну сфери. Виокремлено важливу роль рефлексивної компе­тент­ності суб’єкта як метакогнітивного компонента у навчальній діяльності. Відзначено, що мета­когнітивний досвід є необхідною передумовою формування і розвитку особистісної компетентності суб’єкта пізнавальної діяльності та підкреслено важливе значення рефлексії розумової діяльності суб’єкта у цьому процесі. Автор підкреслює важливість подальших наукових розвідок у дослідженні проблематики метакогнітивного досвіду у контексті саморегульованого навчання, що сприятиме комплексній розробці практично спрямованих програм підвищення ефективності навчальної діяльності студентів, розвитку рефлексивних умінь суб’єкта пізнавальної та інтелектуальної діяльності, структуризації комплексу психічних процесів особистості загалом.

Identification of Students’ Metacognitive Levels in Physics Learning Viewed from the Problem-Solving Ability

This study aimed to look at the level of physics problem-solving ability achieved by students and identify the level of metacognition based on the ability to solve physics problems at each level. The research method used was a mixed method with a sequential explanatory strategy. The populations in this study were all eleventh-grade science students of Kebumen Islamic High School, Tanggamus District. The sampling technique used was a balanced sample with a participant selection model. The instruments used in this study were the physics tests, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis process included two stages of analysis, namely quantitative data analysis and qualitative data analysis. The results of this study indicated that 12.12% of students belong to the high problem-solving group, 66.67% of students belong to the moderate problem-solving group, and 21.21% of students belong to the low problem-solving group. The high problem-solving group had a high level of metacognition, namely Semi-reflective use with a percentage of 10% and Strategic use with a percentage of 10%. The moderate problem-solving group had Semi-strategic use level with a percentage of 40% and Aware use with a percentage of 20%. The low problem-solving group had the lowest metacognition level, namely Tacit use with a percentage of 20% of the total sample taken. so, the levels of metacognition ability of students in learning physics identified in this study were: tacit use, aware use, semi strategic use, strategic use, and semi-reflective use.

The Identification of Mathematics Students’ Characteristic and Metacognitive Level in Mathematical Problem Solving State University of Medan

Metacognition is needed in solving mathematics problem. It is defined as the knowledge, awareness, and control of one’s thinking process. In solving mathematics problem, not all students are able to use their metacognitive thinking processes. The objective of this research was to describe Mathematics Students characteristics and level of metacognition in mathematical problem solving and to know students’ metacognitive scaffolding question in answer the question of problem solving at second semester Universitas Negeri Medan. This research use qualitative data which is described to get the students’ metacognitive representation in mathematical problems. That is why this research is included in descriptive qualitative research. The subject in this research is the whole mathematics students’ who’s taking Geometry analitic at State University of Medan. The students’ given test then grouped into three groups that us high level ability, medium and low ability. Every group is taken two subjects to have interview to get more credible data. Then, the data is analyzed to get conclusion from each group. The result of the research is obtained that the high level ability students has reflective cognitive use. Medium level ability students have strategic metacognitive use. Low level ability students have aware use and tacit use. Scaffolding questions given in the test should be help students in completing the problem. From the result of this research is hoped will be source of information and input material for mathematics lecturer, researchers, and all side which needed especially in Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science State University of Medan’s environment.

Thinking skills in Primary Education: An Analysis of CLIL Textbooks in Spain

In this work an analysis of CLIL textbooks based on Bloom’s taxonomy and the subsequent revision made by Anderson and Krathwohl will be conducted. The objective is to ascertain whether teachers have at their disposal a bibliographical support consistent with the didactic tenets that the CLIL methodology promotes. The bidimensional table proposed by these authors has been utilized as a tool of analysis, taking both the cognitive and knowledge dimensions into account. Within the latter, the study focuses on the metacognitive knowledge level. Six Natural Science textbooks for sixth year of Primary Education, designed by different publishers and currently in use, have been analyzed. These textbooks have been designed according to the CLIL approach. We purport to verify whether these materials develop High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS), which are necessary for the proper development of this approach. It can be concluded that 66% of the analyzed materials do not promote the necessary HOTS for the proper implementation of the CLIL approach. Therefore, a change in the elaboration of textbooks is deemed necessary.

Psychometric and Structural Evaluation of the Physics Metacognition Inventory Instrument

<p>The purpose of this study is to evaluate the psychometric and structural instruments of the Physics Metacognition Inventory (PMI) developed by Taasoobshirazi, Bailey, and Farley (2015). The PMI consists of 26 items in six factors. The English and Indonesian versions were tested on an English course (N = 37) in the Geophysics study program at Tadulako University. The trials were conducted separately within a two-week interval. The data collected from 364 students of the Physics Education Department, University of Tadulako were analyzed using the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Later, data were collected from 351 students of some Indonesian universities which have physics education study programs, and the data were analyzed using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The EFA result reveals six factors based on the rotation result with the maximum loading factor. The CFA result shows the RMSEA values of .018, 2 (284) = 316.32 (χ2 / df = 1,11), GFI = .93, CFI = .99, AGFI = .92 and NFI = .93 which meet the cut-off statistic value, and therefore, the model is considered fit, with the Construct Reliability Estimation (CR) of .93, Composite Reliability of  = .95, and maximum reliability of Ω = .96. The results obtained reveal that the PMI scale has good, valid and reliable psychometric properties. Therefore, PMI can be used to measure the level of metacognition of students when solving physics problems. Future studies using PMI are also discussed.</p>

Relationship between Metacognitive Awareness and Reflective Learning of Medical Students at the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University

Aim: To examine the relationship between reflective thinking and metacognitive awareness to help medical students to be independent learners who can control their learning and improve their professional performance.
 Study Design: It is a cross-sectional correlational study.
 Place and Duration of the Study: This study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine-Suez Canal University in August 2018.
 Methodology: This is a cross-sectional correlational study; the study population included the undergraduate medical students in all study years at the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University. The sample was 264 randomly selected students by using a cluster sampling technique. The instruments that were used for data collection were the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) to measure students’ metacognitive awareness levels, Reflection-in-Learning Scale (RLS) to measure the students’ reflective learning levels.
 Results: The descriptive statistics of both MAI and RLS total scores of students in the six study years revealed that students have mean total MAI total scores = 178 ± 26 and have mean total RLS total scores = 60 ± 13.
 The Spearman's correlation between the metacognitive awareness and the reflective learning skills of medical students revealed that there was a statistically significant high positive correlation between the metacognitive awareness and the reflection in the learning of FOM-SCU students (p= 0.699, p-value<0.0001).
 Multiple regression analysis revealed that the weighted combination of the predictor variables explained approximately 50% of the variance of reflection in learning.
 Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that the students at the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University have fair to good metacognitive awareness and partial to ample reflective abilities. There is a significantly high positive relationship between metacognitive awareness and the reflective learning skills of medical students.

Bizarreness of Lucid and Non-lucid Dream: Effects of Metacognition.

Dreams are usually characterized by primary consciousness, bizarreness and cognitive deficits, lacking metacognition. However, lucid dreaming (LD) is a type of consciousness state during which the dreamer is aware of the fact that he or she is dreaming, without leaving the sleeping state. Brain research has found that LD shares some common neural mechanisms with metacognition such as self-reflection. With a different metacognition level, the bizarreness of LD would also change. However, the difference in bizarreness between LD and non-LD was seldom explored, and individual differences were often neglected. In the present study, considering LD prevalence in Asia was rarely studied and related results in China and Japan were very different from each other, we first investigated the LD frequency of China in a standardized way. On that basis, we collected dreams of subjects who had relatively higher LD frequency and compared bizarreness density (BD) of LD and non-LD. Moreover, to explore the relationships of metacognition traits and BD, we also measured self-reflection and insight trait by Self-Reflection and Insight Scale. We found that 81.3% of subjects have experienced LD once or more, which is similar to findings in some western countries. Besides, BD was significantly lower in LD than in non-LD. Self-reflection and insight were inversely associated with dream bizarreness. These findings indicate that self-consciousness traits extend from waking to LD and non-LD state. As a particular consciousness state, LD may shed light on the research of consciousness and dream continuity. Future research on dream bizarreness is suggested to take dream types and metacognition differences into consideration.

Analysis of Metacognitive Awareness of Primary and Secondary School Students in Terms of Some Variables

Metacognition is important for learners of all ages. Therefore, this situation raises all important questions about how to develop metacognitive skills and habits in the classroom regardless of primary, secondary and high school. The aim of this study is to investigate the metacognitive awareness of primary and secondary school students according to the variables of gender, grade level and region. The model of this research, which was conducted to determine the metacognitive awareness levels of the students in primary and secondary school, is a survey model. Metacognitive Awareness Scale was administered to 399 students (195 girls, 204 boys) in third, fourth and fifth grade. The research shows that the metacognitive awareness scores of primary and secondary school students do not differentiate in gender. According to another result obtained in the research; metacognitive awareness scores of pirmary and secondary school students differentiate in locality. The students’ metacognitive awareness is higher than that of the urban local. When the metacognitive awareness scores were examined according to the grade level, it was seen that the metacognitive awareness scores of the fifth grade students were higher than the other groups. However, there is no significant difference between the metacognitive awareness scores of the third and fourth grade students. Similar studies aiming to examine the development of metacognitive awareness of students are thought to be useful in planning the education process in this direction.

Problemas com mais do que uma solução – seu contributo para o desenvolvimento metacognitivo dos estudantes e da sua capacidade de comunicar matematicamente

O tema da comunicação matemática tem vindo a ser um aspeto importante a ser promovido nas aulas de Matemática em Portugal deste há muito tempo até à presente data. Colocar os estudantes na condição de poderem e deverem utilizar argumentos comunicacionais válidos para justificarem as suas tomadas de decisão na resolução de tarefas matemáticas é algo que tem vindo a ser promovido ao nível das políticas educativas portuguesas, designadamente através dos últimos Programas de Ensino Básico. Assim, este artigo visa, precisamente, contribuir para uma reflexão importante sobre esta temática, propondo como algo inovador que os docentes procurem proporcionar aos seus estudantes a resolução de problemas que permitam mais do que uma solução válida, em detrimento da resolução de problemas de resposta única. Com essa intenção pedagógica estarão, certamente, a criar as condições para que os estudantes possam, efetivamente, propor resoluções diferentes das dos seus colegas, bem como propor, cada um deles, mais do que uma solução, tendo que apresentar sempre os argumentos que validem as suas tomadas de decisão. Do ponto de vista metodológico serão apresentados nove problemas que possibilitam mais do que uma resolução, problemas esses, da autoria dos autores deste artigo. A seleção destes problemas, que agora são objeto desta nossa análise, também teve em linha de conta a ideia de se abordar mais do que uma área temática da Matemática. Assim, os três primeiros problemas estão afetos ao tema da Geometria e Medida, os três seguintes ao tema dos Números e Cálculo e os três últimos ao tema da Lógica Matemática. Apresentaremos, para cada caso, várias resoluções possíveis, da nossa autoria, para ilustrarmos a riqueza pedagógica que estes problemas suscitam, quer ao nível da Comunicação Matemática como ao nível da Metacognição. Como consequência desta sugestão metodológica, estar-se-á a contribuir para o desenvolvimento metacognitivo de cada resolvedor, ao tomarem conhecimento dos seus processos cognitivos e usá-los adequadamente de modo a que possam promover a sua condição de resolvedores de problemas e de comunicadores de Matemática.

The Investigation of Social Studies Teacher Candidates Cognitive Flexibility Levels and Metacogniyive Learning Strategies in Terms of Different Variables

The purpose of this research; social studies is to examine the relationship between the cognitive flexibility skills of teacher candidates and the learning strategies of supernatural (metacognitive learning strategies) in terms of various variables. The working (study) group of the research, who participated in the study on voluntary basis, is composed of a total of 150 social science teacher candidates; 94 female and 56 male ones who continue their education in the Department of Social Sciences Education at the Faculty of Education at a state university in Central Anatolia. and participate in volunteer work. "Cognitive Flexibility Scale" and "Bilingual Metacognitive Learning Strategies Identification Scale" were used as data collection tools in the research. Relational search screening model was used in the study. The data were analysed using the SPSS 20 program. According to the findings; it was determined found that the levels of cognitive flexibility levels of the social science teacher candidates were are moderate (in part agreeing partly agree) while metacognitive learning strategies identification levels were high.to determine the supra-learning strategies. It is concluded that the metacognitive learning strategies identification levels of female teacher candidates determination of supra-learning strategies are higher than those of male teacher candidates. On the other hand, it has been determined that there is no relationship between cognitive flexibility levels of social science teacher candidates and sex change gender.

The impact to demographic and academic factors on metacognition and academic self-efficacy: A study on Iranian students in health sciences

BACKGROUND:Metacognition and academic self-efficacy are two emerging resources in the process of learning. Basic levels of metacognition and academic self-efficacy may differ and be influenced by demographic and academic factors. This study investigated impacts of demographic and academic factors on metacognition, metacognitive skills, and academic self-efficacy in health sciences students.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 404 participating students attending various fields of study in health sciences at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Demographic and academic data were collected. Global metacognition, metacognitive skills, and academic self-efficacy scores were assessed using published or online questionnaires. Means were compared using Student's t-test, whereas intra- and intergroups' scores were compared using one-way ANOVA test.RESULTS:Global metacognition and academic self-efficacy were not impacted by demographic students' status. The gender and age impacted both knowledge and control of process- planning (favoring male gender), as well knowledge and control-of-self (disfavoring 20–30 age class) of metacognitive skills, (P < 0.05). Academic status did not influence academic self-efficacy. The school type influenced the metacognitive skill component to knowledge and control of process-regulation (disfavoring nursing school) (P < 0.05). The academic discipline impacted the global metacognition (P < 0.05) and its knowledge and control of self-component (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONS:Demographic and academic status does impact metacognitive skills and global metacognition scores. Given the heterogeneous level to innate metacognitive skills, this study sheds lights on usefulness to screen learners' subgroups that require supplementary educational instructions to uniformly optimize metacognitive skills.

KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL OLIMPIADE MATEMATIKA BERDASARKAN LEVEL METAKOGNISI

The research aims to describe the level of creative thinking ability of students in solving mathematics olympiad problems based on students' metacognition levels by using the qualitative descriptive approach. The subjects of this study were the students at State of Junior High School (SMPN) 2 Jember involving the learning of Olympiad mathematics. The data collection was carried out based on the student's creative thinking ability test sheets, interviews, and observations. Test questions given to the students were mathematics olympiad questions. The analysis of the Miles and Huberman models were used for data analysis. The results exhibited that the level of creative thinking skills of the students in solving mathematics Olympiad questions were 29.41% (less creative), 41.18% (quite creative), 11.76% (creative) and 17.65% (very creative). On the other hand, the metacognitive level of SMPN 2 Jember students were 64.71% at level 2 (aware use), 23.53% at level 3 (strategic use) and 11.76% at level 4 (reflective use). In addition, the literatures indicate that there are several factors affectting the creative thinking skills and metacognition level, among them is an understanding of the information of the problem, compiling an appropriate strategies, skills of the chosen strategy, skills of answer elaboration, mastery of the Mathematics Olympiad material and a tendency to rely on the memorization or imitations based on previous or discussed solutions.

IDENTIFICATION OF STUDENTS METACOGNITION LEVELS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING AND MATHEMATICAL LITERACY

Metacognition is knowledge and awareness about the process of cognition or learning about the mind and how it works. Solving mathematical problems requires the involvement of metacognition. This study aims to obtain the results of identification of students' level of metacognition in problem-solving and the level of metacognition of students in mathematical literacy on social arithmetic material. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 3 Palimanan. This type of research is qualitative research. The subjects of this study were students of class VII C Middle School 3 Palimanan. Data collected by test and interview methods. Data were analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results of this study indicate that the level of metacognition of students in solving mathematical problems and mathematical literacy has mixed results. In solving mathematical problems, students who have high learning outcomes are at the level of Reflective Use metacognition, students who have learning outcomes are at the Strategic Use metacognition level, and students who have low learning outcomes are at the Tacit Use metacognition level. Meanwhile, the level of student metacognition in mathematics literacy is not much different from solving mathematical problems. Students who have high learning outcomes are at the Reflective Use metacognition level, students who have learning outcomes are at the Strategic Use metacognition level, and students who have low learning outcomes are at the Aware Use metacognition level. Overall the level of metacognition of students both in solving mathematical problems and in mathematics literacy is at the level of Strategic Use metacognition

Predictors of cyberloafing among high school students: unauthorized access to school network, metacognitive awareness and smartphone addiction

Cyberloafing is one of the phenomena that adversely affects the efficiency and productivity in learning and teaching activities in educational settings. Increased ICT (information and communication technology) access status in educational environments and personal mobile devices lead to a wide range of cyberloafing behaviors of learners. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate cyberloafing behaviors of high school students in terms of several variables, including gender, ICT usage, unauthorized access to school network, metacognitive awareness and smartphone addiction. In this study, the relational screening model from descriptive research methods was used. A total of 269 9th grade students, 123 of whom were male and 146 of whom were female, were recruited. Hierarchical linear multilevel regression analysis was employed in the data analysis. The findings indicate that four of the five models designed to investigate cyberloafing behaviors in educational settings were found to be statistically significant. In other words, four hypotheses were supported. It has been concluded that the unauthorized access to the school network of learners has a significant impact on the cyberloafing behaviors in educational contexts. Additionally, the smartphone addiction and metacognitive awareness levels of students, as well as daily social media usage time are fundamental predictors of the cyberloafing behaviors.

Identification of Students Metacognition Levels in Problem-Solving and Mathematical Literacy

Metacognition is knowledge and awareness about the process of cognition or learning about the mind and how it works. Solving mathematical problems requires the involvement of metacognition. This study aims to obtain the results of identification of students' level of metacognition in problem-solving and the level of metacognition of students in mathematical literacy on social arithmetic material. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 3 Palimanan. This type of research is qualitative research. The subjects of this study were students of class VII C Middle School 3 Palimanan. Data collected by test and interview methods. Data were analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results of this study indicate that the level of metacognition of students in solving mathematical problems and mathematical literacy has mixed results. In solving mathematical problems, students who have high learning outcomes are at the level of Reflective Use metacognition, students who have learning outcomes are at the Strategic Use metacognition level, and students who have low learning outcomes are at the Tacit Use metacognition level. Meanwhile, the level of student metacognition in mathematics literacy is not much different from solving mathematical problems. Students who have high learning outcomes are at the Reflective Use metacognition level, students who have learning outcomes are at the Strategic Use metacognition level, and students who have low learning outcomes are at the Aware Use metacognition level. Overall the level of metacognition of students both in solving mathematical problems and in mathematics literacy is at the level of Strategic Use metacognition.