Metabolites Of Compounds Research Articles

Antioxidant Activity of Hotong (Setaria italica) Seeds from Buru and its Implications for Biochemistry Learning

Hotong Buru seeds (Setaria italica) are a local wisdom food ingredient in South Buru Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia. These hotong seeds are widely consumed by the people of South Buru as a staple food substitute for rice. Hotong Buru seeds contain bioactive components that have antioxidant properties, including tannins and Vitamin E. Tannins are polyphenols, one of the anti-nutrients found in food ingredients. These components are mostly contained in the epidermis. This research aims to analyze the antioxidant activity of Hotong Buru (Setaria italica) seeds and their implication for Biochemistry Learning. Antioxidant analysis was conducted using 1,1-dephenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) as a free radical. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the chemical composition and quality of Hotong Buru seeds in tables and graphs. Inferential analysis was done using one way ANOVA technique to analyze the effect of food quality. All data were presented descriptively, and antioxidant activity was calculated using the SPSS Program. The results showed that Hotong seeds from Buru Island positively contain secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The content of these secondary metabolites can act as antioxidants for the human body. Antioxidants are very important to delay or inhibit damage to molecular compounds. In addition, the results of this study are implicated in biology learning, especially biochemistry, food science, and nutrition courses. The phytochemical test showed that there were antioxidants in Hotong Buru seeds ingredients, there are alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins. The implications of research results for biology learning have been made clear in the form of practical instructions that have been applied to students of the Pattimura University Biology Education Study Program. Keywords: Hotong buru, antioxidants, culinary ingredients, biochemistry learning

Microbial community succession patterns and metabolite profiles in cigar tobacco during different mildew stages

Mildew in cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs) degrades both quality and market value. This research systematically examines dynamic changes in key metabolic compounds and microbial community succession throughout the mildew process, categorized into three stages: un-mildew (d0), early-mildew (d4 and d8), and late-mildew (d12 and d16). As mildew progresses, carbohydrates decrease, nitrogen metabolism is hindered, the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) declines, and pH rises, making the tobacco weakly alkaline. The total amount of volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) increases, with the proportion of nitrogen-containing compounds such as nicotine rising, while neophytadiene, ketones, and alcohols decrease, leading to a disruption in the coordination of various aroma substances. Microbial diversity declines, with shifts in populations of Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, and Sampaiozyma. Six fungal and five bacterial genera are the characteristic dominate microorganisms at different stages. Co-occurrence network analysis shows that complexity decreases and stability declines, while microbial diversity peaks at the early-mold stage and is severely compromised at the late-mold stage in terms of stability and functional diversity. Two-way Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (O2PLS) identified 12 fungal and 3 bacterial genera as key drivers of metabolic changes. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) emphasized the role of fungi in CTL degradation and the impact of C/N ratio on fungal metabolism. This study, for the first time, elucidates the complex relationship between microbial succession and metabolite compounds during mildew process, providing a reference for dynamic monitoring of fermented tobacco quality.

Microbiota-derived lysophosphatidylcholine alleviates Alzheimer's disease pathology via suppressing ferroptosis.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a pervasive neurodegenerative disorder, and new approaches for its prevention and therapy are critically needed. Here, we elucidate a gut-microbiome-brain axis that offers actionable perspectives for achieving this objective. Using the 5xFAD mouse model, we identify increased Clostridium abundance and decreased Bacteroides abundance as key features associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) burden. Treatment with Bacteroides ovatus, or its associated metabolite lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), significantly reduces Aβ load and ameliorates cognitive impairment. Mechanistically, LPC acts through the orphan receptor GPR119, inhibiting ACSL4 expression, thereby suppressing ferroptosis and ameliorating AD pathologies. Analysis of fecal and serum samples from individuals with AD also reveals diminished levels of Bacteroides and LPC. This study thus identifies a B.ovatus-triggered pathway regulating AD pathologies and indicates that the use of single gut microbiota, metabolite, or small molecule compound may complement current prevention and treatment approaches for AD.

Antihypertensive Activity Profile of Bangkirai Leaves (Shorea laevis Ridl.) Ethanol Extract on Angiotensin II (4ZUD) and β-Adrenergic (6PS5) Receptors

Hypertensive is a cardiovascular system disorder characterized by systolic pressure ≥ 140mmHg and diastolic ≥ 90mmHg. The increase in blod pressure is due to the mechanism of angiotensin II and β-adrenergic receptors, so in developing medicine for hypertension, compounds are needed to inhibit the activation of angiotensin II to angiotensin II, as well as β-adrenergic. Kalimantan, Indonesia has a biodiversity that has the potential as medicine such as Bangkirai (Shorea laevis Ridl.). Based on previous research on secondary metabolites, various compounds have been identified that have potential as new drug candidates, for example as antihypertensive. This study aims to determine the pharmacological profile and mechanism of angiotensin I inhibition at the 4ZUD and β-adrenergic receptors inhibition at the 6PS5 receptor, from ethanol extract of bangkirai leaves by carrying out molecular docking which begins with several stages including preparation and optimization of the structure of the test compound and structure preparation of 3D receptors 4ZUD and 6PS5. To find out the correctness of the method, validation was carried out on the Olmesartan ligand compound for 4ZUD and the propranolol ligand for 6PS5. Based on research carried out on both receptors, results were obtained for the test compounds in the form of MolDockScore, the pharmacological profile of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity. MolDockScore results show that the compound Colchicine, N-desacetyl-N-[4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamoyl] has the lowest values, namely -146.503 at the 4ZUD receptor dan -129.718 at the 6PS5 receptor, which is close to the natural ligand value compared to other metabolite compounds. Apart from that, it also provides good results based on the pharmacological profile of the 4ZUD and 6PS5 receptors including HIA (95.73%), Caco2 (35.14nm/second), and PPB (87.67%). Negative test results are also shown in the mutagenic toxicity profile (Ames Test Method), non-mutagenic, and carcinogenic tests which include genotoxic and nongenotoxic.

Making an E-Pocket Book Based on the Isolation Study of Endophytic Bacteria of Laban Plants That Produce Secondary Metabolite Compounds as Enrichment Material for Natural Material Chemistry Courses

This research addresses the need for effective teaching materials in natural materials chemistry courses, specifically focusing on secondary metabolite compounds derived from endophytic bacteria of laban plants. The main objective is to develop a valid e-pocket book that serves as an enrichment resource for lecturers and students. This study used a research and development approach using the 4-D model, which includes the stages of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. However, this research was limited to the development stage. The E-Pocket Book was assessed for validity through various aspects, including content feasibility, presentation, grammar, graphics, appearance, and software utilisation. Validation involved feedback from material and media validators, as well as responses from chemistry education lecturers and students. Results showed that the E-Pocket Book achieved a highly valid category with an overall average score of 98.785% across the six assessment aspects. Feedback from chemistry education lecturers showed excellent criteria, with scores of 87.50% for content appropriateness and for usefulness, and 91.67% for ease of use. Similarly, student feedback reflected high satisfaction, with scores of 86.67% for ease of use, 85% for benefits of use and 83.09% for attractiveness of presentation. In conclusion, the developed E-Pocket Book was validated as a practical and effective teaching material for secondary metabolite compounds, demonstrating its potential to enhance the learning experience in natural materials chemistry courses. This study highlights the importance of incorporating user feedback in the development process to ensure materials meet educational needs and preferences

Testing the Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract on Terap Fruit Seeds (Artocarpus odoratissimus) using the DPPH Method

Plants contain compounds that are classified as secondary metabolites. One of them is terap fruit (Artocarpus odoratissimus). Terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus) is a plant that grows a lot in Kalimantan. Most of the Artocarpus genus have pharmacological properties. One of the benefits of these compounds is as an antioxidant. Antioxidants can remove free radical compounds in the body and prevent the onset of disease. Secondary metabolite compounds found in plants have been isolated and used as components in medicine. The study was intended to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of terap fruit seeds (Artocarpus odoratissimus) using the DPPH method. The method in this study was quantitative experimental, which included collecting and collecting plants, making simplicia, making extracts from terap seeds (Artocarpus odoratissimus) using 96% ethanol solvent, and for antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method. The presence of antioxidant compounds in plant extracts can cause a change in the color of DPPH from purple to yellow. This color change will indicate antioxidant activity against DPPH free radicals and is measured by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was measured using the IC50 value (50% Inhibitory Concentration). From the results of the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of terap fruit seeds obtained from the Tarakan area showed antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of 197.45 mg/ml indicates that its antioxidant ability is impaired as a weak antioxidant.

Determination of Total Flavonoid Content from Extract and Fractions of Mangrove Leaves (Rhizopora mucronata)

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with a very wide coastal area. Lombok Island has a coastal area with quite extensive mangrove forest areas. Rhizopora mucronata was the most dominant species found in the region. The Rhizopora mucronata species was a plant from the Rhizoporaceae family reported to have antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity. These biological activities were caused by the presence of secondary metabolite compounds in R. mucronata, one of which is flavonoids. Research regarding the flavonoid content of R. mucronata leaves has not been explored. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the total flavonoid content in extracts and fractions of R. mucronata leaves using the spectrophotometric UV-Vis method. R. mucronata mangrove leaves simplicia were extracted using the sonication method using 96% ethanol solvent, then fractionated using the liquid-liquid extraction method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The percentage yield of 96% ethanol extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction respectively were 42.33%; 43.147%; 40.49%; 9.74%; and 32.49%. The TLC test showed the presence of flavonoid compounds detected in the extract and fractions which were marked with blue spots. The total flavonoid contents in the 96% ethanol extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction were respectively (12,980; 14,160; 23,880; and 25,350) mg Quercetin equivalent/gram sample (mg QE/ g). The total flavonoid content of the extract and fractions of R. mucronata leaves were analyzed using the One-way ANOVA test method. The total flavonoid content in the n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction was significantly higher than the 96% ethanol extract and water fraction. The total flavonoid content of R. mucronata leaves was relatively high, which contributes to several of its biological activities.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Sonneratia alba Mangrove Root Infusa Against Propionibacterium acnes and Salmonella typhi Bacteria

Infectious diseases can be caused by microbiological agents, namely bacteria. The ability of bacteria to invade and cause infection is referred to as a pathogenicity. The results of phytochemical screening produced secondary metabolite compounds alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolics that act as antibacterial. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Sonneratia alba mangrove root infusa against Propionibacterium acnes and Salmonella typhi bacteria. This type of research is a laboratory experimental research, using the well method by doing three repetitions on 5 concentration series, 1 positive control and 1 negative control for two types of bacteria namely Propionibacterium acnes and Salmonella typhi. The results obtained from the Kruskal Wallis test on Propionibacterium acnes bacteria are Sig 0.028 < 0.05, and the results of the ANOVA test on Salmonella typhi bacteria from Sig = 0.000 < 0.05. And it is known in Propionibacterium acnes bacteria that 25% concentration inhibits 5.83 mm, 50% concentration inhibits 6.3 mm, 100% concentration inhibits 9.43 mm. And in Salmonella typhi bacteria that concentration is known that 25% concentration inhibits 9.73 mm, 50% concentration inhibits 9.43 mm, 100% concentration inhibits 11.57 mm. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that Sonneratia alba root infusa has antibacterial activity on Propionibacterium acnes and Salmonella typhii bacteria.

Test of the Anti-Inflammatory Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract of Cat's Whiskers Leaves (Orthisiphon Aristatus) on Paw Edema in Male Mice (Mus Musculus)

Cat's whisker leaves contain secondary metabolite compounds, flavonoids and essential oils. The chemical compounds contained in cat's whisker leaves have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties. Flavonoids are known to function as anti-inflammatories by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, namely by blocking cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase, can influence cellular signaling pathways such as NF-kB which can inhibit the migration of inflammatory cells to areas of inflammation. Objective: to test the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of ethanol extract of cat's whisker leaves in-vivo. Method: Anti-inflammatory effectiveness testing was carried out on male mice (Mus musculus) by inducing edema on the soles of their feet using 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan. This research was an experimental study with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The parameters observed were edema volume, edema percentage, and edema inhibition percentage. Edema volume measurements were taken every 60 minutes for 6 hours. The results of measuring the volume of edema were used to calculate the percentage of edema, which was then used to calculate the percentage of edema inhibition. Data on the percentage of edema inhibition were statistically analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test. Result: the results of statistical tests showed significant differences in data on the percentage of edema inhibition and the percentage of edema between treatment groups showing p<0.05. From the results of the percentage of edema inhibition, it shows that cat's whisker leaf extract with a concentration of 15% has the best anti-inflammatory effect, namely inhibition of 88.42% is the concentration with the optimum dose.

Determination of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) Value of Lotion Preparation of Ethanol Extract of Akway Bark (Drymis Piperita Hook F.) of West Papua

Akway bark (Drymis piperita Hook f.) has antioxidant activity. It contains secondary metabolite compounds, one of which is flovonid so that it can be utilized as protection against UV rays and developed into pharmaceutical preparations, namely lotions. The aim of the study was to test the physical stability and determine the SPF value of lotion preparations of ethanol extract of akway bark analyzed in vitro. The test includes the determination of SPF value by UV-vis spectrophotometry method. The absorbance was measured at the wavelength of UV B light (290-320 nm) with an interval of 5 nm; the Mansur formula calculated the results obtained. The test results showed that The results of the stability test showed that the lotion preparation of akway bark extract was stable in organoleptic testing, elution type test, homogeneity test, the stickiness test, spreadability test, pH test, protective power test and the SPF value of lotions with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% obtained an average SPF value of 5.20 ± 0.00 in the medium protection category that protected the skin for 52 minutes; 11.52 ± 0.00 maximum protection that protected the skin for 115 minutes; and 5.20 ± 0.00 in the maximum protection category that protected the skin for 115 minutes. 16.00 ± 0.03 ultra protection will protect the skin for 160 minutes from UV B exposure. Thus, it can be concluded that the variation in concentration of akway bark extract affects the SPF value and can potentially be a sunscreen with moderate to ultra protection category.

Exploration of Secondary Metabolites in Black Pomegranate Peel Extract (Punica granatum L.) as Antioxidants Using DPPH Method

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a plant that contains secondary metabolite compounds that can be used as medicinal content. Black pomegranate contains the highest secondary metabolites compared to red pomegranate and white pomegranate, the skin of the pomegranate contains flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and saponins. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of black pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum L.) with the DPPH method. DPPH method is a method to determine the antioxidant activity in the sample by looking at its ability to counteract the free radical compound 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. The results of testing the antioxidant activity of black pomegranate skin (Punica granatum L.) produced an IC50 value of 47.51 ppm which can be concluded that black pomegranate skin is classified as very strong. This research is important because there has not been much research on black pomegranate, especially its skin, so there is a need for additional expansion and renewal of the species. In addition, it can be used as the main basis for the advancement of natural materials, especially in the field of health.

Effects of fig and pineapple powder on metabolite compounds and health-promoting properties in fermented goat meat sausage.

The objective of this research was to identify the metabolite compounds and health-promoting properties of goat meat fermented sausages containing different amounts of fig and pineapple powder (0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%), which are presented by F1, F2, F3 and P1, P2, P3, separately. Fermented sausages were manufactured from the lean meat of female goats. The samples extracted from the goat meat fermented sausages were evaluated for their metabolite compounds, antioxidants, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity. The results showed that the diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity were the highest in F3 (p<0.05), whereas the hydroxyl radical (°OH) scavenging capacity was the highest in P3 (p<0.05). In addition, F3 and F2 showed the highest superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (p<0.05), whereas F3 and P3 showed the highest copper chelating activity (p<0.05). Based on the metabolite compounds, hydrophobic amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and bitter amino acids were abundant in F3. Both F3 and P3 contained high concentrations of umami-producing compounds. The incorporation of 0.5% fig powder into goat meat fermented sausage showed improved biological activities based on metabolite compounds.

Metabolite phosphatase from anhydrobiotic tardigrades.

Terrestrial organisms have systems to escape from desiccation stresses. For example, tardigrades (also known as water bears) can survive severe dried and other extreme environments by anhydrobiosis. Although their extraordinary ability has enchanted people, little is known about the detailed molecular mechanisms of anhydrobiosis. Here, we focused on the tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus, one of the toughest animals on Earth. A transcriptome database of R. varieornatus shows that genes encoding a Ferritin-like protein are upregulated during desiccation or ultraviolet radiation. This protein shows sequence similarity to enigmatic proteins in desiccation-tolerant bacteria and plants, which are hypothesized to be desiccation-related. However, because these proteins lack detailed biological information, their functions are relatively unknown. We determined an atomic (1.05 Å) resolution crystal structure of a Ferritin-like protein from R. varieornatus. The structure revealed a dinuclear metal binding site, and we showed that this Ferritin-like protein has phosphatase activity toward several metabolite compounds including unusual nucleotide phosphates produced by oxidative or radiation damage. We also found that a homologous protein from a desiccation- and ultraviolet-tolerant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is a metabolite phosphatase. Our results indicate that through cleaning up damaged metabolites or regulation of metabolite levels, this phosphatase family can contribute to stress tolerances. This study provides a clue to one of the universal molecular bases of desiccation-stress tolerance.

Formulasi Hair Tonic Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Pepaya (Carica Papaya L.) dan Uji Efektivitas Pertumbuhan Rambut pada Marmut Jantan (Cavia porcellus)

Hair for humans has an important role, in addition to protecting the skin from adverse environments, hair also plays an important role in a person's appearance. Losing a lot of hair due to hair loss can cause a lack of self-confidence, disappointment, and frustration, so it must be addressed immediately so as not to worsen the condition that can cause baldness. This study aims to determine whether there is a content of secondary metabolite compounds in fresh herbal medicine, herbal medicine powder and ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin; ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin (Carica papaya L.) can be formulated in the form of hair tonic preparations; whether the difference in concentration of ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin (Carica papaya L.) provides different activities in triggering hair growth in guinea pigs. This research method uses a quantitative approach and is experimental with independent variables, namely papaya fruit skin, herbal medicine, and ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%. Research stages: phytochemical screening of fresh papaya fruit peel, powdered simplicia and ethanol extract, hair tonic formulation containing ethanol extract of papaya fruit peel 10%, 20% and 30%, hair tonic evaluation includes: organoleptic, viscosity, stability, pH, irritation, and preference test. And hair growth activity test on male guinea pigs. The results showed that the ethanol extract of papaya fruit peel contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, can be formulated into hair tonic (EEKP) that meets physical quality requirements. Hair tonic EEKP 30% is the best because it has high hair growth activity, which is an average of 16.375 mm where this EEKP 30% hair tonic has almost the same hair growth activity as the positive control, which is an average of 16.782 mm.

Perbandingan Aktivitas Antibakteri Dekokta dan Infusa Daun Iler (Plectranthus Amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus dan Escherichia Coli

Infectious diseases are one of the most common types of diseases suffered by people in developing countries including Indonesia. Bacteria are one of the main causes of infectious diseases and to treat bacterial infections can be done by administering antibacterial drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of decoction and infusion from iler leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.) Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. This research method uses quantitative and experimental nature by making infusion and decoction from iler leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.) Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. This research was conducted from June to August 2024. The results of the study through phytochemical screening tests showed the same group of chemical compounds in the simplicia, decoction and infusion of iler leaves containing secondary metabolite compounds including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides. Then the antibacterial activity of iler leaves against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria with various concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30% in decoction and infusion gave the strongest results at a concentration of 30%, namely in decoction with a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone of 12 mm, and infusion of 15.3 mm. While the antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli in decoction with a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone of 10.8 mm and in infusion with a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone of 11.9 mm. So, the test results show that infusion has higher antibacterial activity than decoction. And in the inhibition test on both bacteria, it inhibits Staphylococcus aureus bacteria faster than Escherichia coli.

The Potential of Biotic Elicitors to Increase Isoflavone Production (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) Callus

Abstract The isoflavones contained in the Pachyrhizus plant (Pachyrhizus erosus Linn) have multiple functions, including serving as raw materials for the health/pharmacology or cosmetic industries. Isoflavones are beneficial as antioxidants, and cholesterol reducers and are capable of neutralizing free radicals and delaying aging. Tissue culture techniques are widely used to produce secondary metabolite compounds. Isoflavones can be made in vitro through callus production by tissue culture. By using elicitation techniques with the addition of various glucose concentrations to the culture media (media Murashige and Skoog or Vacin and Went), it is expected to increase the quantity and quality of callus and the content of secondary metabolites (Isoflavones) in Pachyrhizus callus. The research aims to increase the production of Isoflavones in Pachyrhizus callus by adding elicitors with various concentrations of glucose. The research method used a completely randomized factorial design. Factor I: two levels of basic media: M1 (Murashige and Skoog Media) and M2 (Vacin and Went Media). Factor II: Addition of Glucose concentrations with seven levels: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%. The plant material used was the young leaves of Pachyrhizus. The results of the study showed that (1) all formed callus exhibited compact quality; (2) the addition of 30% glucose concentration resulted in the best growth of callus; (3) the highest Isoflavone content (0.15%) was found in the callus of Pachyrhizus erosus L. due to the treatment with both MS and VW media with 20% Glucose Elicitor

ANALISIS KADAR ALKALOID DAN FLAVONOID SEDUHAN RAMBUT JAGUNG (Zea mays L. ) DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

Corn silk is generally a waste of sweet corn plants after being harvested and is rarely used, however, on the other hand, corn silk is also used by the community as herbal medicine and is believed to reduce the risk of hypertension and other types of chronic diseases such as kidney infections. Corn silk is thought to contain metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, essential oils, steroids, and alkaloids. Alkaloid compounds can function as drugs and strong activators for immune cells that can destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cancer cells. Flavonoid compounds are compounds that have various bioactive effects such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-aging, and antioxidants. it is necessary to measure the levels of alkaloids and flavonoids from corn silk infusion to determine the levels of alkaloid and flavonoid compounds in corn silk infusion. The method used in this study is the Uv-Vis spectrophotometry method. The alkaloid content was calculated using the regression formula y = 0.0895x - 0.3046, the results obtained in the corn hair infusion extract were 46.36 mg / g extract, and the flavonoid content was calculated using the regression formula y = 0.0144 x - 0.025 and the results obtained in the corn hair infusion extract were 85.42 mg / g extract. So it can be concluded that corn hair infusion contains more flavonoid compounds, namely with alkaloid compound levels of 46.36 mg / g extract and flavonoid compounds of 85.42 mg / g extract.

Aktivitas Antirayap Kulit Batang dan Akar Tumbuhan Kokosan (Lansium domesticum cv Kokossan) Terhadap Rayap Tanah (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren)

Kokosan (Lansium domesticum cv Kokossan) is one of the Meliaceae family plants known to produce various compounds with various activities. The Meliaceae family is known to have fruit seeds with a bitter taste that can be utilized as an antifeedant in insects. However, research on the bioactivity and content of secondary metabolites in the roots and bark of kokosan as termiticides against subterranean termites has never been reported. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and test the anti-termite activity of extracts and fractions of kokosan root and stem bark against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren termites. Root and stem bark powder were macerated separately using methanol solvent and then fractionated to obtain n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions (residue). Each extract and fraction was fed to termites through cellulose paper at a concentration of 5% for 3 days. Based on the results of phytochemical tests on extracts and fractions from the roots and bark of kokosan, it is known to contain alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, and phenolic compound groups. The results of the anti-termite activity test are based on the percentage mortality value obtained by the methanol extract of the most active root with a value of 97.2% and paper weight loss of only 6.92%. In the ethyl acetate fraction of the roots, mortality was 84.4% and paper weight loss was 2.38%, and the n-hexane fraction of the stem bark showed mortality of 87.6% and paper weight loss of 2.20%. The kokosan root obtained has the most active activity against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren.

Isolasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Dari Ekstrak Heksana Batang Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris)

Isolation is a method of obtaining pure secondary metabolite compounds from plant extracts, which provide benefits such as health, medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture. This research has been carried out and aims to isolate the secondary metabolite compound from the hexane extract of the kelakai stems (Stenochlaena palustris). Phytochemical screening of that extract resulted in a positive-containing steroid. The isolation method includes the separation of hexane extract with column chromatography using silica gel as the stationary phase and eluted successively with hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate (step gradient polarity). The column chromatography of the hexane extract resulted in five fractions (H1–H5). Furthermore, fraction H3 was purified to obtain a white needle crystal. The isolated compound spot is invisible in thin-layer chromatography (KLT) under an ultraviolet lamp at 254 nm and 365 nm wavelengths. The isolated compound structure was elucidated by proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopy (MS), as well as comparisons with literature data. The isolated compound is a group of steroids identified as β-sitosterol with the molecular formula C29H50O.

Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol 50% dan 70% Daun Kenikir (Cosmos Caudatus Kunth) Dengan Metode DPPH (2,2 Diphenyl-1 Picrylhydrazyl)

Antioxidants are molecules that work by warding off free radicals thereby reducing the damaging effects of free radicals. Coronary heart disease is a disease caused by free radicals. Kenikir leaves contain quite high flavonoid metabolite compounds, namely 12.197 mg QE/g. Flavonoids are among the largest natural phenolic compounds in plants that have bioactivity as medicines. The benefits of flavonoids are as anticancer, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant. The aim of this research was to determine the antioxidant activity of 50% and 70% ethanol extract of kenikir leaves (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) using the DPPH method. This type of research is analytic cross sectional. The results of this study indicate that there is antioxidant activity of 50% and 70% ethanol extract of kenikir leaves (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) using the DPPH method. The lowest IC50 value was 70% ethanol extract of kenikir leaves, namely 45.573 ± 0.241 ppm. The highest potential antioxidant activity is 70% ethanol extract of kenikir leaves with an IC50 value of 45.573 ± 0.241 ppm. The highest total flavonoid content was 70% ethanol extract of kenikir leaves, namely 17.209 ± 0.297%. The conclusion of this research is that 70% ethanol extract of kenikir leaves (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) has the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 45.573 ± 0.241 ppm.