Metabolic Factors Research Articles

Exploration of the mode of death and potential death mechanisms of nucleus pulposus cells.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common chronic orthopaedic disease in orthopaedics that imposes a heavy economic burden on people and society. Although it is well established that IVDD is associated with genetic susceptibility, ageing and obesity, its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Previously, IVDD was thought to occur because of excessive mechanical loading leading to destruction of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), but studies have shown that IVDD is a much more complex process associated with inflammation, metabolic factors and NPCs death and can involve all parts of the disc, characterized by causing NPCs death and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. The damage pattern of NPCs in IVDD is like that of some programmed cell death, suggesting that IVDD is associated with programmed cell death. Although apoptosis and pyroptosis of NPCs have been studied in IVDD, the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration can still not be fully elucidated by using only traditional cell death modalities. With increasing research, some new modes of cell death, PANoptosis, ferroptosis and senescence have been found to be closely related to intervertebral disc degeneration. Among these, PANoptosis combines essential elements of pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis to form a highly coordinated and dynamically balanced programmed inflammatory cell death process. Furthermore, we believe that PANoptosis may also crosstalk with pyroptosis and senescence. Therefore, we review the progress of research on multiple deaths of NPCs in IVDD to provide guidance for clinical treatment.

Transcriptomic and western blot characterisation of the human CLEFF4 clone, a new rapid cell line replacement for the Caco2 model

The CLEFF4 sub clone from stock late passage Caco2 cells has a unique property of being able to develop polarised cell monolayers with high P-gp expression and tight junctions much quicker than the original cell line. Instead of being useful for transport studies 21–24 days after initiating culture, the CLEFF4 cell line matures in 5–6 days with tight junctions surpassing that of 3 week old Caco2 cells in that time frame [1].This has enabled the CLEFF4 cell line to provide measures of apparent permeability for potential drug candidates, so important for pre-clinical drug development, 4 times faster than the original cell line. RNA samples were collected and analysed at days 4 and 7 of culture over a 3 year period and had full RNA transcriptome analysed by the ranaseq.eu open bioinformatics platform. Protein was also collected from day 4 to day 22 of culture. Differential expression data from the FASTQ files have shown significant differences in expression in multiple genes involved with drug efflux, tight junctions, phase 2 metabolism and growth factors, which have been confirmed from protein determination that may hold the key to understanding accelerated human cell maturation. These gene expression results may be significant for other tissues beyond the gastrointestinal tract, and potentially for accelerated cell growth for the new field of laboratory grown tissues for organ replacement. The data also confirms the different genetic expression in CLEFF4 cells compared to Caco2 and the stable nature of the different expression over many years.

The Role of Hepatitis Viruses as Drivers of Hepatocancerogenesis.

Recently, metabolic associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) became the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and one of the most frequent causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nonetheless, in this epidemiological trend, viral hepatitis remains the major driver in hepatic carcinogenesis. Globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma, with an overall attributable risk of approximately 40%, followed by hepatitis C virus (HCV), which accounts for 28-30% of cases, with significant geographic variations between the Eastern and Western world. Considering all the etiologies, HCC risk increases proportionally with the progression of liver disease, but the risk is consistently higher in patients with viral triggers. This evidence indicates that both direct (due to the oncogenic properties of the viruses) and indirect (through the mechanisms of chronic inflammation that lead to cirrhosis) mechanisms are involved, alongside the presence of co-factors contributing to liver damage (smoking, alcohol, and metabolic factors) that synergistically enhance the oncogenic process. The aim of this review is to analyze the oncogenic role of hepatitis viruses in the liver, evaluating epidemiological changes and direct and indirect viral mechanisms that lead to liver cancer.

Metabolic Syndrome and Biotherapeutic Activity of Dairy (Cow and Buffalo) Milk Proteins and Peptides: Fast Food-Induced Obesity Perspective-A Narrative Review.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined by the outcome of interconnected metabolic factors that directly increase the prevalence of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Currently, obesity is considered one of the most relevant topics of discussion because an epidemic heave of the incidence of obesity in both developing and underdeveloped countries has been reached. According to the World Obesity Atlas 2023 report, 38% of the world population are presently either obese or overweight. One of the causes of obesity is an imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure, where nutritional imbalance due to consumption of high-calorie fast foods play a pivotal role. The dynamic interactions among different risk factors of obesity are highly complex; however, the underpinnings of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia for obesity incidence are recognized. Fast foods, primarily composed of soluble carbohydrates, non-nutritive artificial sweeteners, saturated fats, and complexes of macronutrients (protein-carbohydrate, starch-lipid, starch-lipid-protein) provide high metabolic calories. Several experimental studies have pointed out that dairy proteins and peptides may modulate the activities of risk factors of obesity. To justify the results precisely, peptides from dairy milk proteins were synthesized under in vitro conditions and their contributions to biomarkers of obesity were assessed. Comprehensive information about the impact of proteins and peptides from dairy milks on fast food-induced obesity is presented in this narrative review article.

Food type, human physiology, and psychology factors affect food intake, perceived satiation, and satiety differently – an exploratory study

SummaryNumerous investigations have studied relationships between satiation, satiety, or food intake and single factors like food composition and resting metabolic rate. However, a comprehensive framework connecting food, physiological, and psychological factors together has not previously been reported. As an exploratory study with a trained panel consisting of nine participants, the contributions of twenty‐eight variables (seven food, seven psychological, and fourteen physiological factors) to satiation, satiety, and food intake of a mid‐morning snack were investigated. Both human factors and foods had contributions to perceived satiation and satiety, but with large differences in loadings, especially for metabolic factors. Food factors, including nutrient and energy contents, were major determinants of food intake, with only small contributions from human factors. Investigating diverse factors together provides a comprehensive approach linking appetite to both food and human factors. This study suggests the potential to guide manipulation of satiation, satiety, and food intake depending on individual psychological and physiological profiles.

The enhancement of astaxanthin production in Phaffia rhodozyma through a synergistic melatonin treatment and zinc finger transcription factor gene overexpression.

Astaxanthin has multiple physiological functions and is applied widely. The yeast Phaffia rhodozyma is an ideal source of microbial astaxanthin. However, the stress conditions beneficial for astaxanthin synthesis often inhibit cell growth, leading to low productivity of astaxanthin in this yeast. In this study, 1 mg/L melatonin (MT) could increase the biomass, astaxanthin content, and yield in P. rhodozyma by 21.9, 93.9, and 139.1%, reaching 6.9 g/L, 0.3 mg/g DCW, and 2.2 mg/L, respectively. An RNA-seq-based transcriptomic analysis showed that MT could disturb the transcriptomic profile of P. rhodozyma cell. Furthermore, differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis show that the genes induced or inhibited significantly by MT were mainly involved in astaxanthin synthesis, metabolite metabolism, substrate transportation, anti-stress, signal transduction, and transcription factor. A mechanism of MT regulating astaxanthin synthesis was proposed in this study. The mechanism is that MT entering the cell interacts with components of various signaling pathways or directly regulates their transcription levels. The altered signals are then transmitted to the transcription factors, which can regulate the expressions of a series of downstream genes as the DEGs. A zinc finger transcription factor gene (ZFTF), one of the most upregulated DEGs, induced by MT was selected to be overexpressed in P. rhodozyma. It was found that the biomass and astaxanthin synthesis of the transformant were further increased compared with those in MT-treatment condition. Combining MT-treatment and ZFTF overexpression in P. rhodozyma, the biomass, astaxanthin content, and yield were 8.6 g/L, 0.6 mg/g DCW, and 4.8 mg/L and increased by 52.1, 233.3, and 399.7% than those in the WT strain under MT-free condition. In this study, the synthesis and regulation theory of astaxanthin is deepened, and an efficient dual strategy for industrial production of microbial astaxanthin is proposed.

Human Leucocyte Antigen Genetics in Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury with Evidence Based on the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method.

The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) allele variability was studied in cohorts of patients with idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI). Some reports showed an association between HLA genetics and iDILI, proposing HLA alleles as a potential risk factor for the liver injury. However, the strength of such assumptions heavily depends on the quality of the iDILI diagnosis, calling for a thorough analysis. Using the PubMed database and Google Science, a total of 25 reports of case series or single cases were retrieved using the terms HLA genes and iDILI. It turned out that in 10/25 reports (40%), HLA genetics were determined in iDILI cases, for which no causality assessment method (CAM) was used or a non-validated tool was applied, meaning the findings were based on subjective opinion, providing disputable results and hence not scoring individual key elements. By contrast, in most iDILI reports (60%), the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) was applied, which is the diagnostic algorithm preferred worldwide to assess causality in iDILI cases and represents a quantitative, objective tool that has been well validated by both internal and external DILI experts. The RUCAM provided evidence-based results concerning liver injury by 1 drug class (antituberculotics + antiretrovirals) and 19 different drugs, comprising 900 iDILI cases. Among the top-ranking drugs were amoxicillin-clavulanate (290 cases, HLA A*02:01 or HLA A*30:02), followed by flucloxacillin (255 cases, HLA B*57:01), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (86 cases, HLA B*14:01 or HLA B*14:02), methimazole (40 cases, HLA C*03:02), carbamazepine (29 cases, HLA A*31:01), and nitrofurantoin (26 cases, HLA A*33:01). In conclusion, the HLA genetics in 900 idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury cases with evidence based on the RUCAM are available for studying the mechanistic steps leading to the injury, including metabolic factors through cytochrome P450 isoforms and processes that activate the innate immune system to the adaptive immune system.

Childhood maltreatment influences adult brain structure through its effects on immune, metabolic, and psychosocial factors

Childhood maltreatment (CM) leads to a lifelong susceptibility to mental ill-health which might be reflected by its effects on adult brain structure, perhaps indirectly mediated by its effects on adult metabolic, immune, and psychosocial systems. Indexing these systemic factors via body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and rates of adult trauma (AT), respectively, we tested three hypotheses: (H1) CM has direct or indirect effects on adult trauma, BMI, and CRP; (H2) adult trauma, BMI, and CRP are all independently related to adult brain structure; and (H3) childhood maltreatment has indirect effects on adult brain structure mediated in parallel by BMI, CRP, and AT. Using path analysis and data from N = 116,887 participants in UK Biobank, we find that CM is related to greater BMI and AT levels, and that these two variables mediate CM's effects on CRP [H1]. Regression analyses on the UKB MRI subsample (N = 21,738) revealed that greater CRP and BMI were both independently related to a spatially convergent pattern of cortical effects (Spearman's ρ = 0.87) characterized by fronto-occipital increases and temporo-parietal reductions in thickness. Subcortically, BMI was associated with greater volume, AT with lower volume and CPR with effects in both directions [H2]. Finally, path models indicated that CM has indirect effects in a subset of brain regions mediated through its direct effects on BMI and AT and indirect effects on CRP [H3]. Results provide evidence that childhood maltreatment can influence brain structure decades after exposure by increasing individual risk toward adult trauma, obesity, and inflammation.

Point-of-care β-hydroxybutyrate measurement predicts adequate glucose metabolism suppression in cardiac FDG-PET/CT.

The aims of our study were to evaluate whether point-of-care β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) measurement can be used to identify patients with adequate cardiac glucose metabolism suppression for cardiac[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose-positron emission tomography with computerized tomography(FDG-PET/CT) and to develop a pretest probability calculator of myocardial suppression using other metabolic factors attainable before imaging. We recruited 193 patients with any clinical indication for whole body [18F]-FDG-PET/CT. BHB level was measured with a point-of-care device. Maximal myocardial standardized uptake value using lean body mass (SULmax) was measured from eight circular regions of interest with 1 cm circumference and background from left ventricular blood pool. Correlations SULmax and point-of-care measured BHB were analysed. The ability of BHB test to predict adequate suppression was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic analysis. Liver and spleen attenuation in computed tomography weremeasured to assess the presence of fatty liver. BHB level correlated with myocardial uptake and, using a cut-off value of 0.35 mmol/L to predict adequate myocardial suppression, we reached specificity of 90% and sensitivity of 56%. Other variables to predict adequate suppression were diabetes, obesity, ketogenic diet and fatty liver. Using information attainable before imaging, we created a pretest probability calculator of inadequate myocardial glucose metabolism suppression. The area under the curve for BHB test alone was 0.802 and was 0.857 for the pretest calculator (p = 0.319). BHB level measured with a point-of-care device is useful in predicting adequate myocardial glucose metabolism suppression. More detailed assessment of other factors potentially contributing to cardiac metabolism is needed.

Effect of Black Glutinous Rice Fermented Beverage on Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels in Metabolic Syndrome Rats

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) represents a combination of metabolic factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary heart disease (CHD). The high prevalence of MetS results in a significant socio-economic burden. However, current management approaches have limitations, prompting the exploration of functional foods and nutraceuticals as promising alternatives. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of Black Glutinous Rice Fermented Beverage (BGRFB) on Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) concentration in a MetS rat model. Rats were induced with a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA) to induce MetS conditions. BGRFB was administered as a treatment to the MetS rat group. The results showed that the Negative Control (NC) group exhibited a significant decrease in SCFA levels compared to the normal group (N). However, administration of BGRFB to the T2 group resulted in a significant increase in SCFA levels. The SCFA levels in the T2 group were higher but not significantly different from the Positive Control (PC) group treated with metformin. Increasing SCFA production could be an effective strategy in addressing Mets. This study demonstrates the potential of BGRFB as a therapy to enhance SCFA production and improve MetS. The outcomes of this investigation are anticipated to provide insights into novel dietary approaches for MetS management.

Genetic, lifestyle and metabolic factors contributing to cardiovascular disease in the Italian population: a literature review.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a major health problem worldwide. In Italy, despite the decline in CVD mortality and disability-adjusted life years recently observed, CVD remains the leading cause of death. The development of CVD has a complex and multifactorial etiology that involves environmental, lifestyle/behavioral (e.g., unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol abuse), metabolic, and genetic factors. Although a large number of CVD susceptibility genetic variants have been identified, some seem to confer risk according to the genetic background or ethnicity of the population. Some CVD-associated polymorphisms with appreciable frequency in the Italian population may be important contributors to the development and progression of the most prevalent CVD in the population. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the epidemiology of CVD in Italy, as well as to highlight the main genetic, lifestyle/behavioral, and metabolic factors contributing to CVD risk in this population.

Genetic variants of folate metabolism and the risk of multiple sclerosis

ABSTRACT Background and aims Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of unknown cause. Alterations in one-carbon metabolism have impact in the pathophysiology by genetic susceptibility to MS and increased the risk of MS. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of the gene polymorphism on Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR), Methionine Synthase Reductase (MTRR), Methionine Synthase (MTR) enzymes and of the essential factors (homocysteine, Hcy; cysteine, Cys; and vitamin B12, VitB12) in folate metabolism. Methods Eligible MS patients (n = 147) and health controls (n = 127) were participated. The gene polymorphisms were analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and the levels of plasma Hcy, Cys and VitB12 were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunuabsorbent Assay (ELISA). Results and conclusion Our results showed that the levels of Hcy and VitB12 were lower and the levels of Cys were higher in MS compared to controls. The observation of high Cys values in all 3 gene polymorphisms suggests that the transsulfiration pathway of Hcy is directed towards Cys formation since the methionine synthesis pathway does not work. We could not find any association with all gene polymorphisms with the risk of MS. The T allele of MTHFR C677T and G allele of MTR A2756G are risk factors for serum Cys level on MS. As for MTR A2756G, serum vitB12 was observed in MS patients with G allele.

Unraveling the complexities of early-onset colorectal cancer: a perspective on dietary and microbial influences.

While advances in screening have resulted in declining rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) among adults ≥50 years of age since the mid-2000s, the incidence of early-onset CRC (EOCRC) has steadily increased over the last decade. This increase is not fully accounted for by hereditary factors, and the hypothesis that a sedentary lifestyle and obesity are the primary culprits is not fully supported by recent reports indicating that many affected individuals lead active lifestyles, maintain normal weight, and are otherwise healthy. Attention has shifted toward dietary patterns, notably the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods found in Western diets, which are suspected of disrupting the gut microbiome balance that potentially leads to EOCRC. The impact of antibiotic use on the gut microbiome is also posited as a contributing factor, given its rising prevalence in medical and agricultural practices. We propose that a paradigm shift is necessary for EOCRC research, moving beyond metabolic factors to a broader exploration of dietary and microbial influences. Future research must prioritize understanding the relationship between dietary habits, particularly processed food intake, antibiotic exposure, and gut microbiome dynamics, to unravel the complex etiology of EOCRC. This will be crucial in developing comprehensive preventive strategies to address the increasing incidence of this malignancy in younger populations.

Molecular Targets of Novel Therapeutics for Diabetic Kidney Disease: A New Era of Nephroprotection.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a chronic microvascular complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Although glomerulosclerosis, tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis are typical damages of DKD, the interplay of different processes (metabolic factors, oxidative stress, inflammatory pathway, fibrotic signaling, and hemodynamic mechanisms) appears to drive the onset and progression of DKD. A growing understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms, and the development of new therapeutics, is opening the way for a new era of nephroprotection based on precision-medicine approaches. This review summarizes the therapeutic options linked to specific molecular mechanisms of DKD, including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, SGLT2 inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, endothelin receptor antagonists, and aldosterone synthase inhibitors. In a new era of nephroprotection, these drugs, as pillars of personalized medicine, can improve renal outcomes and enhance the quality of life for individuals with DKD.

Subclinical Metabolic and Cardiovascular Factors and Brain White Matter Microstructural Integrity in Young Women.

Women who have experienced pregnancy complications, specifically preeclampsia and gestational diabetes, have well documented increased risks of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological disease later in life. This study examined how specific cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors for preeclampsia assessed in a non-pregnant state were associated with brain white matter microstructural integrity. This study examined sixty-two healthy women (mean age 31 ± 5years) who received metabolic and cardiovascular assessments as well as multiple modality MRI imaging. Participants were either nulliparous (n = 31) or had a history of preterm preeclampsia (n = 31). Imaging included acquisition Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) to assess white matter integrity within the brain. We hypothesized that healthy, young, non-pregnant women with cardiovascular and metabolic profiles suggesting elevated risk would have decreased white matter integrity, represented by lower Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and increased Mean Diffusivity (MD) estimates in the posterior cortical areas of the brain. We observed increased white matter degradation (lower FA and increased MD) in posterior and occipital tracts, commissural fibers, and subcortical structures in women with increased adiposity, worse measures of cardiovascular and metabolic function, including greater insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), hyperlipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and increased arterial stiffness. The relationships detected between subclinical cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes and increased white matter disruption at a young age, outside of pregnancy, are indicative that adverse changes are detectable long before cognitive clinical presentation. This may suggest that many of the long-term cardiovascular and metabolic risks of aging are influenced by physiologic aging trajectories rather than damage caused by pregnancy complications.

A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study on Association of Ready-to-Eat and Processed Food Intakes with Metabolic Factors, Serum Trans Fat and Phospholipid Fatty Acid Compositions in Healthy Japanese Adults.

Frequently consuming processed and ready-to-eat (RTE) foods is regarded as unhealthy, but evidence on the relationships with circulating metabolic parameters is lacking. Japanese residents of a metropolitan area, 20 to 50 years of age, were studied in terms of anthropometric and biochemical parameters, including circulating trans fat and serum phospholipid fatty acid levels. Processed foods, except drinks and dairy items, were categorized according to requirements for additional ingredients and cooking before eating. Processed and RTE foods were divided according to fat and/or oil content into non-fatty or fatty foods. The participants were grouped into tertiles based on the energy percent (En%) derived from fatty-RTE foods. Fatty-RTE En% showed negative associations with fish, soybean and soybean products, dairy, eggs, vegetables, seaweed/mushrooms/konjac, fruit and non-oily seasonings reflecting lower dietary fiber, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and mineral and vitamin intakes, while the associations with fat/oil, confectionaries, and sweet beverages were positive. Fatty-RTE En% consumption was positively associated with alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, direct bilirubin, elaidic acid, and C18:2 but inversely associated with HDL cholesterol, C15:0, C17:0, EPA, and DHA. A higher fatty-RTE food intake was suggested to contribute to unbalanced nutrient intakes, as reflected in lipid metabolic parameters. Further large-scale studies are needed to evaluate the quality and impacts of RTE foods.

Association of multiple metabolic and cardiovascular markers with the risk of cognitive decline and mortality in adults with Alzheimer's disease and AD-related dementia or cognitive decline: a prospective cohort study.

There is a scarcity of data stemming from large-scale epidemiological longitudinal studies focusing on potentially preventable and controllable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related dementia (ADRD). This study aimed to examine the effect of multiple metabolic factors and cardiovascular disorders on the risk of cognitive decline and AD/ADRD. We analyzed a cohort of 6,440 participants aged 45-84 years at baseline. Multiple metabolic and cardiovascular disorder factors included the five components of the metabolic syndrome [waist circumference, high blood pressure (HBP), elevated glucose and triglyceride (TG) concentrations, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations], C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), factor VIII, D-dimer, and homocysteine concentrations, carotid intimal-medial thickness (CIMT), and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Cognitive decline was defined using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) score, and AD/ADRD cases were classified using clinical diagnoses. Over an average follow-up period of 13 years, HBP and elevated glucose, CRP, homocysteine, IL-6, and ACR concentrations were significantly associated with the risk of mortality in the individuals with incident AD/ADRD or cognitive decline. Elevated D-dimer and homocysteine concentrations, as well as elevated ACR were significantly associated with incident AD/ADRD. Elevated homocysteine and ACR were significantly associated with cognitive decline. A dose-response association was observed, indicating that an increased number of exposures to multiple risk factors corresponded to a higher risk of mortality in individuals with cognitive decline or with AD/ADRD. Findings from our study reaffirm the significance of preventable and controllable factors, including HBP, hyperglycemia, elevated CRP, D-dimer, and homocysteine concentrations, as well as, ACR, as potential risk factors for cognitive decline and AD/ADRD.

FEATURES OF CHILDREN'S PHYSICAL THERAPY WITH LEGG-CALVE-PERTES DISEASE

Introduction. The article analyzes modern domestic and foreign publications related to the study of the effectiveness of physical therapy (PT) in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (or juvenile osteochondrosis of the femoral head). Since today there is no certainty about the superiority of different FT agents in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease of LKP), there is no unanimous opinion regarding the choice of the optimal time for the use of FT agents during the development of the disease, therefore, a review of rehabilitation programs with the features of the use of FT is relevant children with juvenile osteochondrosis of the femoral head.
 The aim of the study - study of physical therapy features in children with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease with analysis of existing physical rehabilitation programs.
 Conclusions. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease is characterized by unilateral or bilateral necrosis of the femoral head, which affects the range of motion of the hip. Despite the low incidence, LCP is a serious global health problem, as it affects a significant proportion of children under 15 years of age and is characterized by lameness, pain, and limitation of hip mobility.
 The causes of LKP disease are unknown. This disease is believed to be multifactorial, caused by a combination of environmental, metabolic, and genetic factors.
 The pathogenesis of LKP disease is complex, therefore, taking into account the multifactorial etiology, treatment and recovery, the prognosis of the disease is determined according to the characteristics of each patient, such as age, sex, type and size of the affected part of the femur.
 The analysis of the scientific and methodical literature indicated the need to observe the staged application of FT in the rehabilitation of this disease. The result of treatment and rehabilitation of patients with LKP depends to a large extent on the child's age, weight, gender, size of the femoral head necrososis, and the timeliness of medical and rehabilitation assistance. At the same time, the effectiveness and the choice of the optimal time for the use of FT agents in the course of the development of the disease of LCP have not been fully clarified.

The Combined Effect of Diets with Different Time Restriction and Low-intensity Aerobic Exercise on Metabolic Factors and Anthropometry in Overweight Middle-aged Men

The Combined Effect of Diets with Different Time Restriction and Low-intensity Aerobic Exercise on Metabolic Factors and Anthropometry in Overweight Middle-aged Men

482 Improvement of health outcomes and quality of life of Hispanic older adults in Puerto Rico through participation in a Physical Activity (PA) Community-based Program

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The proposed study aims to improve physical and mental health outcomes among Hispanic older adults who live alone in a low-income San Juan, Puerto Rico community through weekly PA groups. Specific outcomes include measures of loneliness, social isolation, depression, physical mobility, metabolic indicators, and other health indicators. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data will be collected at three time points: Pre (Week 1), Mid (Week 6), and Post (Week 12) intervention. Currently, the community has 50 residents over 65 years old who live under the poverty index and receive multiple social benefits. Various tools will be implemented to measure loneliness (University of California Los Angeles – Loneliness Scale-10 items), social isolation (Lubben Social Network Scale-6 items), depression (Geriatric Depression Scale-10 items), physical mobility (Time Up and Go Test), metabolic health indicators (hemoglobin A1c and glucose) and other health indicators (i.e., blood pressure, cholesterol, as well as body mass index (BMI)). These measurements will determine if participation in PA groups is associated with improvement of the variables measured. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is expected that the baseline scores of older Hispanic adults in terms of loneliness, social isolation, depression, physical mobility, metabolic indicators (i.e., cholesterol level and hemoglobin A1c), and other health indicators (blood pressure or BP and BMI) will be lower compared to those after participation in the Physical Activity Program. More frequent participation will be associated with more significant improvement in measured variables. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Results from this study will determine the effectiveness of community-based PA interventions in addressing loneliness, social isolation, depression, physical mobility, and metabolic factors (hemoglobin A1c and glucose) in elderly minority Hispanic populations as a means of improving their health outcomes and quality of life.