Metabolic Syndrome In Japanese Men Research Articles

Differential white blood cell count and metabolic syndrome in Japanese men

Differential white blood cell count and metabolic syndrome in Japanese men

Serum ferritin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein are associated with metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women

Serum ferritin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein are associated with metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women

Daily rice intake strongly influences the incidence of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men aged 40-59 years.

Objectives: The first objective of this study was to classify men aged 40–74 yrs with metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to daily rice intake, and the second was to investigate physical measurements, physiological examinations, blood biochemical assays, intake of food other than rice and lifestyle and environmental factors in the study group.Methods: We analyzed data from 6095 men aged 40–74 yrs who had undergone full medical examinations. The men were classified into 3 age groups: (1) 40–49 yrs, (2) 50–59 yrs, and (3) 60–74 yrs. The men were classified further into 3 groups according to daily rice intake: group 1 (≤300 g), group 2 (300–450 g), and group 3 (≥450 g). The relationship between daily rice intake and the following factors was analyzed in the three age brackets: (1) physical measurements including waist circumference, (2) physiological measurements, (3) serum biochemical indices, (4) whether or not the person was taking medication for hypertension, diabetes mellitus or serum lipid abnormalities, (5) lifestyle, and (6) consumption of foods other than rice.Results: Daily rice intake was related strongly to the occurrence of MetS in all three age brackets. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed (1) a significant increase in the odds ratio for MetS (1.461 times) for group 3 compared with group 1 in men aged 40–49 yrs and (2) a significant increase in the odds ratio for MetS (1.501 times) for group 3 compared with group 1 in men aged 50–59 yrs. However, there was no significant difference in the odds ratio for MetS among rice intake groups in the 60–74 age bracket.Conclusion: In men aged 40–59 yrs, daily rice intake strongly influenced the incidence of MetS, whereas in men aged 60–74 yrs, there was no relationship between daily rice intake and MetS.

Total bilirubin is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome but not a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women

Serum total bilirubin (TB) is a potent antioxidant and inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Asian populations. However, there has been no study which is aimed to investigate whether TB is a risk factor for MetS or not. We investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between TB and MetS in 2,435 Japanese men and 1,436 Japanese women. The odds ratios [95 % confidence interval (CI)] of coexisting MetS for each 1 SD increase in log TB were 0.850 (0.754-0.958) (p = 0.008) in men and 0.809 (0.656-0.998) (p = 0.047) in women adjusted for sex, age, smoking, and other confounding covariates. Those for the third and fourth quartiles of TB compared with the lowest quartile were 0.720 (0.537-0.965) (p = 0.028) and 0.737 (0.530-1.052) (p = 0.095), respectively, in men and 0.822 (0.473-1.427) (p = 0.486) and 0.704 (0.362-1.369) (p = 0.301), respectively, in women. There was a tendency that TB and MetS changed inversely to each other. The similarly adjusted hazard ratios of developing MetS for each 1 SD increase in log TB and for the higher quartiles of TB compared with the lowest quartile were not significant either in men or in women. TB is inversely associated with MetS but not a risk factor for MetS in Japanese men and women.

Protective effect of alcohol consumption for fatty liver but not metabolic syndrome

To investigate the effect of alcohol on the metabolic syndrome (MS) and fatty liver in Japanese men and women. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a medical health checkup program at a general hospital. This study involved 18 571 Japanese men and women, 18-88 years of age, with a mean body mass index of 22.6 kg/m(2). A standardized questionnaire was administered. The total amount of alcohol consumed per week was calculated, and categorized into four grades. Fatty liver was examined by ultrasound modified criteria of the revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and the new International Diabetes Federation. The prevalence of fatty liver decreased in men and women with light to moderate alcohol consumption, whereas the prevalence of MS was not so changed. The prevalence of fatty liver of any grade in men was lower than that in those with no or minimal alcohol consumption. In women with light to moderate alcohol consumption, prevalence of fatty liver was lower than that in women with no or minimal alcohol consumption. By logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for MS in women with light alcohol consumption was decreased to < 1.0, but this change was not clear in men. The OR for fatty liver was clearly < 1.0 in men with any level of alcohol consumption and in women with light to moderate consumption. Light to moderate alcohol consumption has a favorable effect for fatty liver, but not for MS in Japanese men and women.

Relationship between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome in Japanese men with overweight or obesity

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of alcohol intake with metabolic syndrome in obese people. Japanese men (35-65 years, n = 7250) who showed high body mass index (25 kg/m(2) or over) were divided into four groups by alcohol intake [non-, light (<22 g ethanol/day), heavy (≥22 and <44 g ethanol/day) and very heavy (≥ 44 g ethanol/day) drinkers]. Odds ratios for metabolic syndrome were calculated after adjustment for age and history of smoking. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in very heavy drinkers than in nondrinkers and was significantly lower in light drinkers than in heavy and very heavy drinkers. The odds ratio vs. nondrinkers for metabolic syndrome was significantly low in light drinkers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-0.98, p < 0.05), was not significant in heavy drinkers (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.90-1.13), and was significantly high in very heavy drinkers (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.08-1.40, p < 0.01). In Japanese men with overweight or obesity, there are significant inverse and positive associations of light and excessive alcohol consumption, respectively, with metabolic syndrome.

Association of a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Regulatory Subunit-Associated Protein 1-Like 1 (CDKAL1) Polymorphism With Elevated Hemoglobin A1c Levels and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Men: Interaction With Dietary Energy Intake

Genome-wide association studies have identified the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1-like 1 (CDKAL1) gene as a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Application of this genetic marker for prevention of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in healthy populations has not yet been evaluated. The authors examined the effects of a CDKAL1 polymorphism (rs9465871) on metabolic phenotype and of gene-lifestyle (CDKAL1-energy intake) interaction on MetS in a cohort of apparently healthy Japanese men examined in 2003. The CC genotype of the CDKAL1 variant was associated with elevated glycosylated hemoglobin A₁(c) (HbA1c) levels. The prevalence of MetS was 25.6% for CC and 16.3% for TT + CT (odds ratio = 2.18, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 4.48; P = 0.035). When dietary energy intake was accounted for, the variant's effect on HbA1c was observed in the highest energy-intake group (mean: CC, 5.6% (standard deviation, 1.7); TT + CT, 5.0% (standard deviation, 0.5); P = 0.025). In addition, the positive association between HbA1c and energy intake was stronger in subjects with the CC genotype than in subjects with TT + CT. These results suggest that the interaction between the CDKAL1 polymorphism and dietary energy intake influences the dysglycemic phenotype leading to MetS, possibly through impaired insulin secretion. The CDKAL1 polymorphism may be a marker for MetS in the Japanese population.

Optimal cutoff values of waist circumference and the discriminatory performance of other anthropometric indices to detect the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors for metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women

To evaluate the pertinent cutoffs of waist circumference (WC) and the discriminatory performance of other anthropometric indices to detect clustering cardiovascular risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Japan, where the current WC cutoffs for MetS (85cm for men and 90cm for women) remain controversial. We analyzed the baseline data from 844 subjects (330 men and 514 women) aged 40-69years who participated in a cohort study in Saga city, Japan, between November 2005 and December 2007. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to find an appropriate cutoff (defined as the point nearest to the upper left corner of the ROC curve) of each anthropometric index for the presence of multiple risk factors among dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia [which was defined as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels at and above 5.2, 5.5, or 5.8%, values approximately corresponding to fasting plasma glucose levels of 100, 110, and 120mg/dL, respectively]. The optimal WC cutoff was 88cm (sensitivity 60%, specificity 70%) for men and 82cm (sensitivity 78%, specificity 62%) for women; changing the HbA1c cutoff affected the results in women only (~85cm). For the currently defined WC cutoffs in Japan, specificity was low (53-57%) in men, whereas sensitivity was very low (32-42%) in women. Body mass index, proportion of body fat, waist-to-height ratio, and waist-to-hip ratio showed area under the curve values similar to that of WC. The current Japanese criteria of WC for MetS may be low for men and too high and insensitive for women in our study population. Other anthropometric indices such as waist-to-height ratio did not confer an improved discriminatory performance compared with WC.

Cross-Sectional Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Men and Women

The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between alcohol intake and metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women. Japanese female subjects (n=11,187) were divided into non-, light (<22 g ethanol/day) and heavy (> or = 22 ethanol/day) drinkers, and Japanese male subjects (n=19,398) were divided into non-, light (<22 g ethanol/day), heavy (> or = 22 and <44 g ethanol/day) and very heavy (> or = 44 g ethanol/day) drinkers. The mean level of each variable and the prevalence of each risk factor and metabolic syndrome were compared among the groups. In men and women, blood pressure and HDL cholesterol tended to be higher, and hemoglobin A1c tended to be lower with increased alcohol intake. Waist circumference showed U- and V-shaped relationships, and log-converted triglyceride showed J- and V-shaped relationships with alcohol intake in men and women, respectively. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was lowest in light drinkers in men and women and was significantly higher in very heavy drinkers than in non-drinkers in men. In men, the odds ratio vs. non-drinkers for metabolic syndrome was significantly low in light drinkers, while the odds ratio was significantly high in very heavy drinkers. In women, a significantly low odds ratio vs. non-drinkers for metabolic syndrome was obtained in light drinkers. Light drinking is associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women, while very heavy drinking is thought to increase the risk of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men.

Serum free testosterone and metabolic syndrome in Japanese men

To examine the association between late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) and metabolic syndrome (Mets) or insulin resistance in the Japanese adult male population, we evaluated anthropometric parameters, indices of glucose and lipid metabolism, and hormones related to sexual function in 274 men (mean age: 46.0 +/- 11 years) who underwent general health checks. Seventy subjects (25.5%) were diagnosed as having Mets, while the frequency of LOH was 8.0%. Glycated hemoglobin was normal in the majority of participants (94.9%). The serum free testosterone (FT) level was significantly lower in the Mets (+) group than in the Mets (-) group (11.7 +/- 4.0 vs. 14.7 +/- 4.6 pg/mL, p<0.0001). FT decreased significantly along with an increase in the number of Mets components. Likewise, the number of Mets components showed a significant difference among the eugonadal, borderline, and hypogonadal groups (2.2 +/- 1.4, 1.5 +/- 1.4, and 0.9 +/- 1.1, respectively). After adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), FT was still significantly correlated with Mets (standard partial regression coefficient = - 0.0971; 95 % confidence interval = - 0.1936 approximately - 0.0006; p = 0.048). A compensatory increase of gonadotropins was not seen in the hypogonadal group. Among Japanese men who were mainly without diabetes, FT was associated with Mets independently of age, BMI, and WC. Mets and insulin resistance may decrease serum testosterone via induction of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, and the reduction of testosterone may in turn cause further obesity and insulin resistance, consequently initiating a vicious cycle.

Relationships of Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption to Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Men

BackgroundCigarette smoking is an important, aggravating factor in metabolic syndrome (MetS). In addition, some studies have reported that MetS is related to alcohol consumption irrespective of the amount consumed. However, the relationship of the combination of the 2 habits to MetS has not been fully described.MethodsIn this cross-sectional survey, a questionnaire was used to collect information on cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption from 3904 Japanese men aged 20 years or older. MetS was defined according to Japanese criteria. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze relationships of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with MetS, after adjustment for potential confounding factors.ResultsAmong the subjects, 581 (14.9%) had MetS. Daily cigarette and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with the prevalence of MetS (P < 0.0001, P = 0.030 for trend). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for the prevalence of MetS was 1.89 (95% confidence interval: 1.34–2.65) for subjects who smoked ≥30 cigarettes/day, as compared with nonsmokers; 1.54 (1.06–2.23) for those who consumed ≥69 grams of ethanol/day, as compared with nondrinkers; and 3.63 (1.91–6.90) for those who smoked ≥30 cigarettes/day and consumed ≥69 grams of ethanol/day, as compared with those who neither smoked nor drank. The interaction of smoking ≥30 cigarettes/day with drinking ≥69 grams/day was 2.03 (1.02–4.01, P = 0.043).ConclusionsCigarette smoking and alcohol drinking had independent relations to the prevalence of MetS. In addition, the prevalence of MetS was higher among Japanese men who smoked and drank heavily.

Usefulness of C-Reactive Protein to High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin Ratio to Predict Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Men

We questioned whether the ratio of C-reactive protein to high-molecular-weight adiponectin (C/A ratio), compared to each value alone, is more useful to predict insulin resistance and/or metabolic syndrome. We measured serum CRP and HMW adiponectin levels in 841 Japanese men who had participated in an annual health checkup. Correlations of the C/A ratio with metabolic parameters were assessed, and its predictive values for insulin resistance and MetS were compared with CRP or HMW adiponectin alone. The C/A ratio was higher in subjects with MetS (n = 114) than in those without MetS (0.46 ± 0.67 vs. 0.23 ± 0.39, p<0.0001). The C/A ratio was correlated with a larger number of metabolic parameters than CRP, but the correlation was comparable to HMW adiponectin. Likewise, the area under the curve of the C/A ratio in receiver operator characteristic analysis for MetS was greater than that of CRP, but comparable to that of HMW adiponectin. However, the AUC of the C/A ratio in ROC analysis for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >2.5) was greater than that of CRP or HMW adiponectin alone. While the C/A ratio provided little advantage to predict MetS, it might be more useful to predict insulin resistance than CRP or HMW adiponectin alone.

Resistin gene variations are associated with the metabolic syndrome in Japanese men

Metabolic syndrome is defined as a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and is intimately related to insulin resistance. Resistin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, may play an important role in communication between adiposity and insulin resistance. We investigated whether variations in the resistin gene associated with metabolic syndrome in a Japanese population. We analyzed five SNPs, two of which were located in the promoter region (-420C > G, -358G > A), two in intron 2 (+157C > T, +299G > A), and one in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) (+1263G > C) across the resistin gene in 2968 residents from an urban Japanese cohort. The associations of SNPs and haplotypes with metabolic syndrome were analyzed. The GAC and CGC haplotypes (comprising -420C > G, -358G > A, and +157C > T) had opposite influences on metabolic syndrome susceptibility in men; the former was associated with an increased risk and the latter with a decreased risk. We also found that the -420G allele was significantly associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and significantly correlated with high diastolic blood pressure, high HOMA-IR values, high serum triglyceride levels, low HDL-cholesterol levels and high serum levels of adiponectin. We identified a risk-conferring SNP and haplotype of the resistin gene for metabolic syndrome in a Japanese population. Our data suggested that resistin gene is a susceptibility gene for metabolic syndrome in Japanese men.

Increasing Leg Strength per Body Weight is Associated with Improvements in Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Men

Objectives: The link between changes in leg strength per body weight and metabolic syndrome was evaluated in Japanese men with a 1-year follow up.Subjects and Methods: We used data for 136 Japanese men (45.5 ± 8.5 years) with a 1-year follow up. All subjects were given instructions by well-trained medical staff on how to change their lifestyle. Metabolic syndrome has been defined by a new criterion in Japan. The association between changes in leg strength per body weight and metabolic syndrome was evaluated.Results: With a 1-year follow up, body weight, abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and triglyceride were significantly reduced. Leg strength and leg strength per body weight and HDL cholesterol were significantly increased. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly reduced. There was significant relationship between changes in metabolic syndrome and changes in leg strength per body weight. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly reduced in subjects with an increase in leg strength per body weight (Group I) compared to subjects without such an increase (Group D). In addition, there were remarkable differences in delta abdominal circumference (delta represents positive changes in parameters) between Group I and Group D.Conclusion: An increase in leg strength per body weight may be associated with improving metabolic syndrome and abdominal circumference in Japanese men.

Cell death–inducing DNA fragmentation factor α–like effector A ( CIDEA) gene V115F (G→T) polymorphism is associated with phenotypes of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men

Cell death–inducing DNA fragmentation factor α–like effector A ( CIDEA) regulates energy expenditure in the adipose tissue and is implicated in the development of obesity. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the CIDEA gene that causes an amino acid substitution of valine 115 to c(V115F) has recently been shown to be associated with obesity in the Swedish population. Here, we determined the effects of this polymorphism on phenotypes of metabolic syndrome within the Japanese population. Two hundred seventy unrelated Japanese male workers (mean age, 44.5 years) were analyzed in a cross-sectional study. The clinical features regarding metabolic syndrome, as well as CIDEA V115F polymorphism, were determined for each individual. The V115F polymorphism associated with waist circumference and fasting plasma glucose. These parameters were at higher levels in the VF + FF group than in the VV group ( P < .05). The VF + FF group compared with the VV group had a higher prevalence for abdominal obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-3.44), high fasting plasma glucose (OR = 2.81; 95% CI, 1.03-7.67), and metabolic syndrome (OR = 3.15; 95% CI, 1.05-9.48). These results suggest that the F allele of the CIDEA gene may serve as a risk factor for phenotypes related to metabolic syndrome in Japanese men.

High levels of saturated very long-chain fatty acid (hexacosanoic acid; C26:0) in whole blood are associated with metabolic syndrome in Japanese men

Objective Hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) is a saturated very long-chain fatty acid and high levels of C26:0 in red blood cells are reported to be closely related with risk factors of atherosclerosis. However, the relationship between absolute levels of C26:0 in whole blood and metabolic syndrome (MS) has not been determined. Materials and method We divided 218 consecutive apparently healthy male subjects into an MS group ( n = 78) and a non-MS group ( n = 140) according to the definition of the International Diabetes Federation. The levels of C26:0 in whole blood were measured by gas liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results The MS group had significantly higher levels of C26:0 than the non-MS group (2.42 ± 0.31 μg/ml vs. 2.25 ± 0.29 μg/ml, P = 0001). There was a significant association between the levels of C26:0 and the number of factors of MS. The levels of C26:0 positively correlated with age, blood pressure, triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose. Multivariate analysis revealed that the level of C26:0 is still an independent variable for the presence of MS after adjustment for age and each criterion of MS. Conclusion The absolute levels of C26:0 in whole blood appear to be associated with MS independent of its component parts.

Effective cut-off values of waist circumference to detect the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women

The purpose of this study was to determine effective cut-off values of waist circumference (WC) to detect the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors (CCRF) in a Japanese population. The subjects were 2,476 men and women who participated in a health examination in Tokyo. The CCRF was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Japanese Committee of the Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome (JCCMS). The effective (accurate and sensitive) values were tested using the receiver operating characteristics analysis. The accurate (maximised sensitivity plus specificity) values were 81 cm and 80 cm using the IDF and JCCMS criteria for men, and 82 cm for both criteria for women. From the ROC curve, 85 cm was identified as an effective value for men. Thus, the effective cut-off value of WC for the Japanese should be approximately 85 cm for men and approximately 82 cm for women.

High molecular weight multimer form of adiponectin as a useful marker to evaluate insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in Japanese men

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific secretory protein that possesses antidiabetic and antiatherosclerotic properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that the high molecular weight (HMW) multimer form is the active form of this protein. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, HMW-total adiponectin ratio was reported to be a more useful marker than total adiponectin in the prediction of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. In the present study of healthy Japanese male subjects without any medication, we investigated the hypothesis that measuring only HMW adiponectin may be as effective as HMW-total ratio to predict insulin resistance and/or metabolic syndrome. This was a working community–based cross-sectional study of 637 male subjects aged 30 to 65 years. Total and HMW adiponectin concentrations in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using commercially available kits. Serum HMW adiponectin level was inversely correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ( r = −0.375, P < .0001) even after adjustment for age and body mass index ( r′ = −0.245, P < .0001). When we divided the study subjects into quartile groups with equal numbers of subjects, HOMA-IR in the 4 groups based on serum HMW adiponectin level was significantly different ( P < .01). Metabolic syndrome score in the 4 groups based on serum HMW adiponectin level was also significantly different ( P < .01). Area under the curve of receiver operator characteristic curves of HMW adiponectin (0.73) to evaluate the presence of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >2.5) was larger than that of total adiponectin (0.68) or HMW-total ratio (0.70). Area under the curve of receiver operator characteristic curves of HMW adiponectin (0.70) to evaluate the presence of metabolic syndrome (body mass index–based modified criteria) was also larger than that of total adiponectin (0.65), but equal to that of HMW-total ratio (0.70). These results suggest that simply measuring HMW adiponectin may be as effective as HMW-total ratio to evaluate the presence of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, at least in nondiabetic subjects who are not receiving any medication.

Metabolic syndrome is not associated with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, serum adiponectin and endogenous androgen concentrations in Japanese men with Type 2 diabetes

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by its association with certain cardiovascular disease risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between metabolic syndrome and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, serum adiponectin and endogenous androgen concentrations in Japanese men with Type 2 diabetes. Using the 2005 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition, we assessed the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in 424 consecutive men with Type 2 diabetes aged 40-75 years in a cross-sectional study. We compared characteristics including ultrasonographic carotid atherosclerosis markers, pulse-wave velocity (PWV), and serum adiponectin, free testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) concentrations in diabetic patients with and without the metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Japanese men with Type 2 diabetes was 46.9%. Men with the metabolic syndrome had higher urinary albumin excretion rate than those without. Carotid intima-media thickness (0.97 +/- 0.26 vs. 0.91 +/- 0.18 mm), plaque score [3.3 (1.5-8.1) vs. 3.8 (1.3-6.2)], PWV (1818 +/- 331 vs. 1749 +/- 331 cm/s) and ankle-brachial index (1.10 +/- 0.14 vs. 1.08 +/- 0.16) did not differ significantly between patients with and without the metabolic syndrome. Similarly, serum adiponectin [3.70 (2.06-6.09) vs. 4.65 (3.09-7.02) microg/ml], free testosterone (36.4 +/- 10.7 vs. 34.7 +/- 11.1 pmol/l), and DHEA-S concentrations (3.29 +/- 1.83 vs. 3.17 +/- 1.63 micromol/l) did not differ significantly between groups, The metabolic syndrome, as defined by the IDF, is not significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis markers, serum adiponectin, or endogenous androgen concentrations in Japanese men with Type 2 diabetes.

Fitness and the Predisposition to Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Men and Women

Fitness and the Predisposition to Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Men and Women