Abstract
BackgroundCigarette smoking is an important, aggravating factor in metabolic syndrome (MetS). In addition, some studies have reported that MetS is related to alcohol consumption irrespective of the amount consumed. However, the relationship of the combination of the 2 habits to MetS has not been fully described.MethodsIn this cross-sectional survey, a questionnaire was used to collect information on cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption from 3904 Japanese men aged 20 years or older. MetS was defined according to Japanese criteria. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze relationships of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with MetS, after adjustment for potential confounding factors.ResultsAmong the subjects, 581 (14.9%) had MetS. Daily cigarette and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with the prevalence of MetS (P < 0.0001, P = 0.030 for trend). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for the prevalence of MetS was 1.89 (95% confidence interval: 1.34–2.65) for subjects who smoked ≥30 cigarettes/day, as compared with nonsmokers; 1.54 (1.06–2.23) for those who consumed ≥69 grams of ethanol/day, as compared with nondrinkers; and 3.63 (1.91–6.90) for those who smoked ≥30 cigarettes/day and consumed ≥69 grams of ethanol/day, as compared with those who neither smoked nor drank. The interaction of smoking ≥30 cigarettes/day with drinking ≥69 grams/day was 2.03 (1.02–4.01, P = 0.043).ConclusionsCigarette smoking and alcohol drinking had independent relations to the prevalence of MetS. In addition, the prevalence of MetS was higher among Japanese men who smoked and drank heavily.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of several lifestyle-related clinical features,[1] including visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance.[2]
Current daily cigarette consumption was significantly associated with the prevalences of high waist circumference, high triglycerides, and low highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; the odds ratio of the prevalence of hypertension was lower in current smokers than in nonsmokers
The interaction of smoking ≥30 cigarettes per day with drinking ≥69 grams ethanol per day was 2.03 (1.02 to 4.01, P = 0.043). In this cross-sectional study, we observed that cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Japanese men, after adjusting for age and other potential confounding factors
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of several lifestyle-related clinical features,[1] including visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance.[2]. Some studies have reported that MetS is related to alcohol consumption irrespective of the amount consumed. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze relationships of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with MetS, after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Cigarette and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with the prevalence of MetS (P < 0.0001, P = 0.030 for trend). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for the prevalence of MetS was 1.89 (95% confidence interval: 1.34–2.65) for subjects who smoked ≥30 cigarettes/day, as compared with nonsmokers; 1.54 (1.06–2.23) for those who consumed ≥69 grams of ethanol/day, as compared with nondrinkers; and 3.63 (1.91–6.90) for those who smoked ≥30 cigarettes/day and consumed ≥69 grams of ethanol/day, as compared with those who neither smoked nor drank. Conclusions: Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking had independent relations to the prevalence of MetS. The prevalence of MetS was higher among Japanese men who smoked and drank heavily
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