Metabolic Profile In Response Research Articles

Integrative Proteome and Metabolomics Analyses of Cryptococcus neoformans Responses to Melanin Substrates Niger seed and L-DOPA.

Melanin, as a pivotal antioxidant pigment, plays a critical role in the pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans. However, the underlying signaling pathways responsible for melanin biosynthesis in C. neoformans are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, proteome and metabolomics analyses were conducted to investigate the response of C. neoformans to melanin substrate Niger seed or L-DOPA. The proteome analysis identified significant differential expression of proteins in cells treated with Niger seed compared to L-DOPA, with distinct functional enrichment patterns observed. Subcellular localization analysis showed unique protein distribution in cells treated with each substrate. Metabolomics analysis revealed distinct metabolic profiles in response to Niger seed or L-DOPA, with notable differences in metabolite regulation between the two treatments. KEGG classification highlighted specific metabolic pathways affected by each substrate. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying C. neoformans response to melanin substrates.

Exploring Metabolomics to Innovate Management Approaches for Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [J.E. Smith]) Infestation in Maize (Zea mays L.).

The Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a highly destructive lepidopteran pest known for its extensive feeding on maize (Zea mays L.) and other crops, resulting in a substantial reduction in crop yields. Understanding the metabolic response of maize to FAW infestation is essential for effective pest management and crop protection. Metabolomics, a powerful analytical tool, provides insights into the dynamic changes in maize's metabolic profile in response to FAW infestation. This review synthesizes recent advancements in metabolomics research focused on elucidating maize's metabolic responses to FAW and other lepidopteran pests. It discusses the methodologies used in metabolomics studies and highlights significant findings related to the identification of specific metabolites involved in FAW defense mechanisms. Additionally, it explores the roles of various metabolites, including phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and signaling molecules, in mediating plant-FAW interactions. The review also examines potential applications of metabolomics data in developing innovative strategies for integrated pest management and breeding maize cultivars resistant to FAW by identifying key metabolites and associated metabolic pathways involved in plant-FAW interactions. To ensure global food security and maximize the potential of using metabolomics in enhancing maize resistance to FAW infestation, further research integrating metabolomics with other omics techniques and field studies is necessary.

Study of the influence of tributyrin-supplemented diets on the gut bacterial communities of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Dietary supplementation with triglyceride tributyrin (TBT), a butyrate precursor, has been associated with beneficial effects on fish health and improvements in the ability of carnivorous fish to tolerate higher levels of plant-based protein. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a plant-based diet supplemented with TBT on the structural diversity and putative function of the digesta-associated bacterial communities of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In addition to this, we also assessed the response of fish gut digestive enzyme activities and chyme metabolic profile in response to TBT supplementation. Our results indicated that TBT had no significant effects on the overall fish gut bacterial communities, digestive enzyme activities or metabolic profile when compared with non-supplemented controls. However, a more in-depth analysis into the most abundant taxa showed that diets at the highest TBT concentrations (0.2% and 0.4%) selectively inhibited members of the Enterobacterales order and reduced the relative abundance of a bacterial population related to Klebsiella pneumoniae, a potential fish pathogen. Furthermore, the predicted functional analysis of the bacterial communities indicated that increased levels of TBT were associated with depleted KEGG pathways related to pathogenesis. The specific effects of TBT on gut bacterial communities observed here are intriguing and encourage further studies to investigate the potential of this triglyceride to promote pathogen suppression in the fish gut environment, namely in the context of aquaculture.

Recognition of differential culture conditions with dimensional reduction approach

Microorganisms constantly modify their gene expression and metabolic profiles in response to alterations in their surrounding environment. Monitoring these changes is crucial for regulating microbial production of substances. However, it remains challenging to identify differential culture conditions through the extraction of differentially expressed genes and clustering of gene expression profiles. In this study, we employed a dimensionality reduction technique for yeast gene expression data obtained under multiple culture conditions to visualize discrepancies among culture conditions. Our findings indicate that this approach is effective in identifying multiple culture conditions.

Fungal endophytes of the invasive grass Eragrostis lehmanniana shift metabolic expression in response to native and invasive grasses

Plant-fungal interactions shape ecosystem dynamics and are increasingly recognized as important in the success of invasive plants. Although diverse fungal endophytes are known to inhabit plants, including grasses, the precise chemical mechanisms through which they influence their hosts remain inadequately understood. We used untargeted metabolomics to characterize substrate use and compound production of three fungal endophytes isolated from an invasive grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana, characterizing the metabolome of these fungal isolates grown alone (axenically) and in the presence of seeds from invasive E. lehmanniana and co-occurring native grasses (E. intermedia, Bouteloua curtipendula, and Leptochloa dubia). We found that each fungal isolate expressed a different metabolic profile in response to Eragrostis seeds, relative to seeds of non-Eragrostis native grasses. Coupled with results of germination trials, these findings suggest that plant-fungal interactions mediated by the fungal metabolome may play a key role in determining the success of a major invasive species.

The effects of body weight and age on performance, egg quality, blood parameters, and economic production of laying hens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of body weight on performance, egg quality, blood parameters, and economics of production of Lohmann white laying hens. A total of 288 Lohmann white layers, 44 wks of age, were allocated randomly to three groups, each formed 24 replicate cages as subgroups, comprising of four hens. The study was conducted over a period of 36 wks. Feed and water were offered ad libitum in the experiment. Performance parameters were significantly affected by body weight except for cracked egg. Considering the egg production, differences among the groups were significant (P<0.001). Egg production in the light group was higher than that of the medium and the heavy group. However, egg weight was determined to be lower in the light group (66.58 g) than in medium (67.54 g) and heavy hens (68.84 g). Hens in light body weight had lower feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than hens in heavy body weight. There were no alterations in egg quality parameters in response to increased body weight except for SS and yolk color. SS decreased linearly (P<0.001) and YC increased with BW. Other egg quality parameters did not change as BW increased. There was no change in the metabolic profile in response to increased BW except for glucose. Heavy hens had greater serum glucose concentrations than light and medium hens. This study emphasized that body weight affected the laying performance, some egg quality parameters, but had no significant effect on metabolic profile except for glucose. As a result, it was found that there was a positive relationship between the egg weight and the body weight of the hens. In this case, it is possible to produce more eggs with less feed by increasing the number of light and medium-weight chickens in the herd for profitable livestock.

Nontargeted metabolomics integrated with 1 H NMR and LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS methods to depict a more comprehensive metabolic profile in response to chrysosplenetin and artemisinin co-treatment against artemisinin-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium berghei K173.

Our previous work revealed mutual and specific metabolites/pathways in artemisinin-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium berghei K173-infected mice. In this study, we further investigated whether chrysosplenetin, a candidate chemical to prevent artemisinin resistance, can regulate these metabolites/pathways by integrating nontargeted metabolomics with 1 H NMR and LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS spectrum. The nuclear magnetic resonance method generated specifically altered metabolites in response to co-treatment with chrysosplenetin, including: the products of glycolysis such as glucose, pyruvate, lactate and alanine; taurine, closely associated with liver injury; arginine and proline as essential amino acids for parasites; TMAO, a biomarker for dysbacteriosis and renal function; and tyrosine, which is used to generate levodopa and dopamine and may improve the torpor state of mice. Importantly, we noticed that chrysosplenetin might depress the activated glycolysis induced by sensitive parasites, but oppositely promoted the inhibited glycolysis to generate more lactate, which suppresses the proliferation of resistant parasites. Moreover, chrysosplentin possibly disturbs the heme biosynthetic pathway in mitochondria. The MS method yielded changed coenzyme A, phosphatidylcholine and ceramides, closely related to mitochondria β-oxidation, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These two means shared no overlapped metabolites and formed a more broader metabolic map to study the potential mechanisms of chrysosplenetin as a promising artemisinin resistance inhibitor.

UPLC-QTOF/MS Metabolomics and Biochemical Assays Reveal Changes in Hepatic Nutrition and Energy Metabolism during Sexual Maturation in Female Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Mobilization and repartition of nutrients and energy are prerequisites for the normal sexual maturity of broodstock. However, there are few studies on the mechanisms of hepatic nutrients and energy metabolism during sexual maturation in female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This study investigated hepatic metabolite changes and explored the potential nutritional regulation mechanism between mature and immature female rainbow trout by combining UPLC-QTOF/MS metabolomics and biochemical assays. It was observed that hepatic biochemical assays differed considerably between the two groups, such as glucose, triglycerides, hexokinase, lipase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Liver metabolomics showed that various differential metabolites involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism markedly increased, suggesting the enhancement of lipid metabolism and amino acid anabolism in the liver provides the necessary material basis for ovarian development. Meanwhile, glycogen catabolism and glycolysis hold the key to maintaining organismal energy homeostasis with normal sexual maturation of female rainbow trout. Overall, the results from this study suggested that the liver undergoes drastic reprogramming of the metabolic profile in response to mobilization and repartition of nutrients and energy during the sexual maturation of female rainbow trout. This study further deepened the understanding of the reproductive biology of rainbow trout, and provided the theoretical basis and practical ramifications for nutritional requirements of breeding high-quality broodstock in the artificial propagation of rainbow trout.

Transcriptomic insights into lower biomass and higher cell-surface hydrophobicity of Dietzia natronolimnaea S-XJ-1 grown on alkanes compared to fatty acid esters

Production of microbial biomass, microbial cell properties, and biological function significantly vary with hydrophobic organic compound (HOC) types used by microorganisms. However, metabolic responses underlying such variations are unclear. Herein, we identified and selected a biodemulsifier, Dietzia natronolimnaea S-XJ-1, as a model bacterium utilizing different HOCs, and performed comparative transcriptomic analyses to investigate metabolic responses induced by alkanes and fatty acid esters. As compared to the rapeseed oil-cultured S-XJ-1, the liquid paraffin-cultured S-XJ-1 possessed lower biomass production and higher cell-surface hydrophobicity. For the latter, transcriptomic data revealed the upregulation of ATP-binding cassette transporters, the downregulation of transporters for hydrophilic nutrients and cell division genes such as ftsZ and ftsE, indicating higher energy consumption, lower nutrient availability, and limited cell division, respectively. These metabolic responses can be responsible for lower biomass production in liquid paraffin-cultured S-XJ-1. Moreover, the upregulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of surface proteins, poly-L-glutamine layer, and mycolic acids, such as secD, glnA, pks13, and fadD32, enhanced cell-surface hydrophobicity and the biodemulsifying activity of liquid paraffin-cultured S-XJ-1. The key genes and metabolic pathways identified in this study can direct research toward a more effective biodemulsifier design and understanding complex metabolic response profiles induced by different HOCs.

Rewired Cellular Metabolic Profiles in Response to Metformin under Different Oxygen and Nutrient Conditions.

Metformin is a metabolic disruptor, and its efficacy and effects on metabolic profiles under different oxygen and nutrient conditions remain unclear. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of metformin on cell growth, the metabolic activities and consumption of glucose, glutamine, and pyruvate, and the intracellular ratio of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (1% O2) conditions. The efficacy of metformin with nutrient removal from culture media was also investigated. The results obtained show that the efficacy of metformin was closely associated with cell types and environmental factors. Acute exposure to metformin had no effect on lactate production from glucose, glutamine, or pyruvate, whereas long-term exposure to metformin increased the consumption of glucose and pyruvate and the production of lactate in the culture media of HeLa and HaCaT cells as well as the metabolic activity of glucose. The NAD+/NADH ratio decreased during growth with metformin regardless of its efficacy. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of metformin were enhanced in all cell lines following the removal of glucose or pyruvate from culture media. Collectively, the present results reveal that metformin efficacy may be regulated by oxygen conditions and nutrient availability, and indicate the potential of the metabolic switch induced by metformin as combinational therapy.

Effects of changing from a diet with saturated fat to a diet with n-6 polyunsaturated fat on the serum metabolome in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors

PurposeReplacing saturated fatty acids (SFA) with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the changes in the serum metabolome after this replacement is not well known. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the metabolites differentiating diets where six energy percentage SFA is replaced with PUFA and to elucidate the association of dietary metabolites with cardiometabolic risk markers.MethodsIn an 8-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, 99 moderately hyper-cholesterolemic adults (25–70 years) were assigned to a control diet (C-diet) or an experimental diet (Ex-diet). Both groups received commercially available food items with different fatty acid compositions. In the Ex-diet group, products were given where SFA was replaced mostly with n-6 PUFA. Fasting serum samples were analysed by untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). Pre-processed data were analysed by double cross-validated Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) to detect features differentiating the two diet groups.ResultsPLS-DA differentiated the metabolic profiles of the Ex-diet and the C-diet groups with an area under the curve of 0.83. The Ex-diet group showed higher levels of unsaturated phosphatidylcholine plasmalogens, an unsaturated acylcarnitine, and a secondary bile acid. The C-diet group was characterized by odd-numbered phospholipids and a saturated acylcarnitine. The Principal Component analysis scores of the serum metabolic profiles characterizing the diets were significantly associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels but not with glycaemia.ConclusionThe serum metabolic profiles confirmed the compliance of the participants based on their diet-specific metabolome after replacing SFA with mostly n-6 PUFA. The participants' metabolic profiles in response to the change in diet were associated with cardiovascular disease risk markers. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT 01679496 on September 6th 2012.

Bupi Yishen formula attenuates kidney injury in 5/6 nephrectomized rats via the tryptophan-kynurenic acid-aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway

BackgroundBupi Yishen Formula (BYF), a patent traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation, has been used in the clinical treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the mechanism of action of BYF has not been fully elucidated.MethodTo investigate the variation in the metabolic profile in response to BYF treatment in a rat model of 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx), rats in the treatment groups received low- or high-dose BYF. At the end of the study, serum and kidney samples were collected for biochemical, pathological, and western blotting analysis. Metabolic changes in serum were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsThe results showed that BYF treatment could reduce kidney injury, inhibit inflammation and improve renal function in a dose-dependent manner. In total, 405 and 195 metabolites were identified in negative and positive ion modes, respectively. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of differential metabolites based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database identified 35 metabolic pathways, 3 of which were related to tryptophan metabolism. High-dose BYF reduced the level of kynurenic acid (KA) by more than 50%, while increasing melatonin 25-fold and indole-3-acetic acid twofold. Expression levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), Cyp1A1, and CyP1B1 were significantly reduced in the kidney tissue of rats with high-dose BYF, compared to 5/6 Nx rats.ConclusionBYF has a reno-protective effect against 5/6 Nx-induced CKD, which may be mediated via inhibition of the tryptophan-KA-AhR pathway.

Consistency evaluation of Chaihuang granules based on pharmacokinetics and metabolomics

Consistency evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicinal preparations (TCMPs) with complex chemical composition is challenging. Chaihuang granules (CHG), as a well-known TCMP, consists of Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) and Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix) extract. In this work, we used pharmacokinetics and metabolomics to evaluate consistency of CHG products from two different manufacturers. In the pharmacokinetic study, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was applied to determine the plasma concentration-time profiles of baicalin in rat plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including the maximum concentration in blood (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC), the time to reach Cmax (Tmax), and half-life (T1/2), were calculated to assess the consistency preliminarily. And there was no significant difference in these pharmacokinetic parameters between the two CHG. In LC–MS-based metabolomics, the metabolic response profiles changes based on relative distance values (RDV) to different CHG products were compared. Meanwhile, the kinetic process of 31 differential endogenous metabolites that altered by CHG were determined. Metabolomics data showed the similar metabolic regulation effects to rats of the two formulations. Both pharmacokinetic and metabolomics results indicated there was no significant difference between CHG products. Furthermore, metabolic pathways significantly altered by CHG were elucidated, including phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. Pharmacokinetics combined with metabolomics could provide a comprehensive perspective for consistency evaluation of CHG.

Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Protection Mechanism of α-Ketoacid on Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Rats.

Objectives: As nitrogen-free precursors of corresponding essential amino, α-ketoacid have been widely prescribed to end-stage renal disease patients together with a low protein diet However, the impact of α-ketoacid on intestinal microbiota in chronic kidney disease (CKD) individuals is unknown. The study aims at investigating the variation in the intestinal microbiota and metabolic profile in response to α-ketoacid treatment in an adenine-induced CKD rat model. Design: Rats in the treatment groups were given solution of compound α-ketoacid tablets. At the end of the study, blood, feces, colon tissues and kidney tissues were collected and processed for biochemical analyses, histological and western blot analyses, 16S rRNA sequence and untargeted metabolomic analyses. Results: α-Ketoacid treatment reduced serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and 24 h urine protein, and alleviated tubular atrophy, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis in adenine-induced CKD rats. Moreover, α-ketoacid significantly improved intestinal barrier and increased the abundance of Methanobrevibacter, Akkermansia, Blautia and Anaerositipes while reduced the abundance of Anaerovorax and Coprococcus_3 at the genus level. In addition, our results also demonstrated that α-ketoacid significantly reduced the concentrations of indoxyl sulfate, betaine, choline and cholesterol. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of Coprococcus_3 was positively correlated with serum level of betaine, trimethylamine N-oxide, indoxyl sulfate, cholic acid and deoxycholic acid. Conclusion: α-Ketoacid has a reno-protective effect against adenine-induced CKD, which may be mediated regulation of serum metabolic profiles via affecting intestinal microbial community.

Metabolomics of Photosynthetically Active Tissues in White Grapes: Effects of Light Microclimate and Stress Mitigation Strategies.

The effects of climate change are becoming a real concern for the viticulture sector, with impacts on both grapevine physiology and the quality of the fresh berries and wine. Short-term mitigation strategies, like foliar kaolin application and smart irrigation regimes, have been implemented to overcome these problems. We previously showed that these strategies also influence the photosynthetic activity of the berries themselves, specifically in the exocarp and seed. In the present work, we assessed the modulating effects of both canopy-light microclimate, kaolin and irrigation treatments on the metabolic profiles of the exocarp and seed, as well as the potential role of berry photosynthesis herein. Berries from the white variety Alvarinho were collected at two contrasting light microclimate positions within the vine canopy (HL—high light and LL—low light) from both irrigated and kaolin-treated plants, and their respective controls, at three fruit developmental stages (green, véraison and mature). Untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) profiling of semi-polar extracts followed by multivariate statistical analysis indicate that both the light microclimate and irrigation influenced the level of a series of phenolic compounds, depending on the ripening stage of the berries. Moreover, untargeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) profiling of polar extracts show that amino acid and sugar levels were influenced mainly by the interaction of irrigation and kaolin treatments. The results reveal that both photosynthetically active berry tissues had a distinct metabolic profile in response to the local light microclimate, which suggests a specific role of photosynthesis in these tissues. A higher light intensity within the canopy mainly increased the supply of carbon precursors to the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway, resulting in increased levels of phenolic compounds in the exocarp, while in seeds, light mostly influenced compounds related to carbon storage and seed development. In addition, our work provides new insights into the influence of abiotic stress mitigation strategies on the composition of exocarps and seeds, which are both important tissues for the quality of grape-derived products.

Antioxidant Function and Metabolomics Study in Mice after Dietary Supplementation with Methionine.

The antioxidant function and metabolic profiles in mice after dietary supplementation with methionine were investigated. The results showed that methionine supplementation enhanced liver GSH-Px activity and upregulated Gpx1 expression in the liver and SOD1 and Gpx4 expressions in the jejunum. Nrf2/Keap1 is involved in oxidative stress, and the western blotting data exhibited that dietary methionine markedly increased Keap1 abundance, while failed to influence the Nrf2 signal. Metabolomics investigation showed that methionine administration increased 2-hydroxypyridine, salicin, and asparagine and reduced D-Talose, maltose, aminoisobutyric acid, and inosine 5'-monophosphate in the liver, which are widely reported to involve in oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and nucleotides generation. In conclusion, our study provides insights into antioxidant function and liver metabolic profiles in response to dietary supplementation with methionine.

Diatom modulation of select bacteria through use of two unique secondary metabolites

Unicellular eukaryotic phytoplankton, such as diatoms, rely on microbial communities for survival despite lacking specialized compartments to house microbiomes (e.g., animal gut). Microbial communities have been widely shown to benefit from diatom excretions that accumulate within the microenvironment surrounding phytoplankton cells, known as the phycosphere. However, mechanisms that enable diatoms and other unicellular eukaryotes to nurture specific microbiomes by fostering beneficial bacteria and repelling harmful ones are mostly unknown. We hypothesized that diatom exudates may tune microbial communities and employed an integrated multiomics approach using the ubiquitous diatom Asterionellopsis glacialis to reveal how it modulates its naturally associated bacteria. We show that A. glacialis reprograms its transcriptional and metabolic profiles in response to bacteria to secrete a suite of central metabolites and two unusual secondary metabolites, rosmarinic acid and azelaic acid. While central metabolites are utilized by potential bacterial symbionts and opportunists alike, rosmarinic acid promotes attachment of beneficial bacteria to the diatom and simultaneously suppresses the attachment of opportunists. Similarly, azelaic acid enhances growth of beneficial bacteria while simultaneously inhibiting growth of opportunistic ones. We further show that the bacterial response to azelaic acid is numerically rare but globally distributed in the world's oceans and taxonomically restricted to a handful of bacterial genera. Our results demonstrate the innate ability of an important unicellular eukaryotic group to modulate select bacteria in their microbial consortia, similar to higher eukaryotes, using unique secondary metabolites that regulate bacterial growth and behavior inversely across different bacterial populations.

Non-invasive imaging of mouse embryo metabolism in response to induced hypoxia.

This study used noninvasive, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM)-based imaging of NADH and FAD to characterize the metabolic response of mouse embryos to short-term oxygen deprivation. We investigated the response to hypoxia at various preimplantation stages. Mouse oocytes and embryos were exposed to transient hypoxia by dropping the oxygen concentration in media from 5-0% over the course of ~1.5 h, then 5% O2 was restored. During this time, FLIM-based metabolic imaging measurements of oocyte/embryo cohorts were taken every 3 minutes. Experiments were performed in triplicate for oocytes and embryos at the 1- to 8-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages. Maximum hypoxia response for each of eight measured quantitative FLIM parameters was taken from the time points immediately before oxygen restoration. Metabolic profiles showed significant changes in response to hypoxia for all stages of embryo development. The response of the eight measured FLIM parameters to hypoxia was highly stage-dependent. Of the eight FLIM parameters measured, NADH and FAD intensity showed the most dramatic metabolic responses in early developmental stages. At later stages, however, other parameters, such as NADH fraction engaged and FAD lifetimes, showed greater changes. Metabolic parameter values generally returned to baseline with the restoration of 5% oxygen. Quantitative FLIM-based metabolic imaging was highly sensitive to metabolic changes induced by hypoxia. Metabolic response profiles to oxygen deprivation were distinct at different stages, reflecting differences in metabolic plasticity as preimplantation embryos develop.

FGF21 regulates hepatic metabolic pathways to improve steatosis and inflammation.

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased dramatically worldwide and, subsequently, also the risk of developing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and cancer. Today, weight loss is the only available treatment, but administration of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogues have, in addition to weight loss, shown improvements on liver metabolic health but the mechanisms behind are not entirely clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatic metabolic profile in response to FGF21 treatment. Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were treated with s.c. administration of FGF21 or subjected to caloric restriction by switching from high fat diet (HFD) to chow to induce 20% weight loss and changes were compared to vehicle dosed DIO mice. Cumulative caloric intake was reduced by chow, while no differences were observed between FGF21 and vehicle dosed mice. The body weight loss in both treatment groups was associated with reduced body fat mass and hepatic triglycerides (TG), while hepatic cholesterol was slightly decreased by chow. Liver glycogen was decreased by FGF21 and increased by chow. The hepatic gene expression profiles suggest that FGF21 increased uptake of fatty acids and lipoproteins, channeled TGs toward the production of cholesterol and bile acid, reduced lipogenesis and increased hepatic glucose output. Furthermore, FGF21 appeared to reduce inflammation and regulate hepatic leptin receptor-a expression. In conclusion, FGF21 affected several metabolic pathways to reduce hepatic steatosis and improve hepatic health and markedly more genes than diet restriction (61 vs 16 out of 89 investigated genes).

Immunometabolism regulation by PSGL-1 signaling in tumor-specific CD8 T cells

Abstract We previously identified that the adhesion molecule P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) regulates T cell function and exhaustion in response to chronic viral infection and tumors. Subsequent studies have focused on investigating the role of PSGL-1 signaling in T cell responses, with an emphasis on understanding the mechanisms by which PSGL-1 regulates T cell exhaustion. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of tumor infiltrating PSGL-1−/− CD8+ T cells identified the upregulation and differential modulation of several genes associated with T cell metabolism and enhanced intratumoral responses, including Mtor, Hif1a, and Mki67 in Gzmb/Ifng double-positive cells from tumors and Tcf7 in both tumor draining and non-draining inguinal lymph nodes. These data suggest an important role for PSGL-1 signaling in the development and maintenance of effective anti-tumor T cell responses to melanoma. Using the Seahorse glycolysis stress test, we identified that both CD4+ and CD8+ PSGL-1−/− T cells demonstrate increased glycolysis after 72 hours of in vitro activation compared to wild-type T cells. In situ activation of PSGL-1−/− CD8+ T cells demonstrated that PSGL-1−/− CD8+ T cells have increased glycolysis and increased glycolytic capacity at both sub-optimal and optimal levels of α-CD3 stimulation, and 2-NBDG glucose uptake assays confirmed increased glucose uptake by PSGL-1−/− CD8+ T cells within two hours of stimulation. Importantly, this increased glycolytic phenotype does not come at the cost of CD8+ T cell stemness, as determined by TCF-1 staining. Taken together, these data show that PSGL-1 signaling has an intrinsic and immediate role in the development of T cell responses and their metabolic profile in response to melanoma tumors.