Message Processing Research Articles

Models and components in disaster risk communication: A systematic literature review.

Risk communication is considered a major factor in disaster risk management by the concerned policymakers and researchers. However, the incoherence of variables affecting risk communication in various studies makes it difficult to plan for disaster risk communication. This study aims to identify and classify the influential components in disaster risk communication. This systematic review was conducted in 2020. Databases included PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. In searching for articles, there was no limit on the date of publication and the language of the article. The research addressed both natural and man-made disasters. The Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA) checklist was followed throughout the research, and the quality of the papers was assessed using the mixed methods evaluation tool (MMAT). In searching the articles, 3956 documents were obtained, of which 1025 duplicated articles were excluded. The titles and abstracts of the remaining documents (2931) were examined, of which 2822 were deleted, and the full text of 109 documents was studied for further assessment. Finally, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and reviewing the full texts, 32 documents were considered to extract the data and for quality assessment. On studying the full text of the obtained documents, 115 components were found, which were classified into five groups (message, message sender, message receiver, message environment, message process) and 13 subgroups. In addition, the obtained components were classified as those proposed by the authors of the article and those obtained from disaster risk communication models. Identifying the effective components in the disaster risk communication gives a more comprehensive view of risk communication to the disaster managers and executives and provides the decision-makers with an important platform to be able to use the components of risk communication and increase the impact of messages and ultimately increase people's preparedness for disasters in planning operations for the risk communication.

Constructing Immunized Stego-Image for Secure Steganography via Artificial Immune System

Adaptive image steganography is the process of embedding secret messages into undetectable regions of a cover image through the design of a distortion function by a steganographer. Since the state-of-the-art steganalyzers are mainly based on image residual analysis, it is reasonable to modify stego image for withstanding steganalysis by reducing or eliminating the image residual distance between cover and stego image. However, simply modifying stego images may lead to message extraction failure and the introduction of additional detectable artifacts. In this paper, we propose a novel secure steganography strategy by constructing immunized stego-image via an artificial immune system, called ISteg, which ensures the accurate extraction of hidden data while enhancing the security against steganalyzers. Inspired by the biological immune system, we use an artificial immune system (AIS) to build ISteg. Specifically, ISteg generates the immunized stego-image by automatically modifying the stego to maximize the affinity of the antibody. The affinity is developed to evaluate antibody quality according to the Euclidean distance between the residual co-occurrence matrix features of the cover image and the modified stego image. In this manner, the so-called immunized stego-image is generated. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ISteg strategy can effectively improve the security performance of existing steganography.

Ways to Improve Workflow and Morale in an Ophthalmology Clinic: Survey Advice from Clinic Staff.

We aim to improve job workflow and satisfaction amongst clinic staff at an academic ophthalmology department. We analyzed survey data given over a 2-week period in July 2021. The participants were support staff (N = 18) from an academic ophthalmology department. Paper surveys were distributed to participants and returned anonymously for analysis. Results: The survey contained 9 Likert-style categorical questions, 2 of which were free response options. A total of 22 participants attempted the survey, 18 of these (82%) were complete and included in analysis. About half of the staff were satisfied with the current workflow 10/18 (56%). Staff who were clinical care coordinators had the lowest average satisfaction (2/5 on a 5-point scale) and the nursing team had the highest average (4.75/5). The most common staff suggestion for improving workflow efficiency was to train residents on forwarding and answering messages more effectively. This survey suggests that assigning patient message processing to the nursing staff can improve job satisfaction and workflow. Staff told us that the most exciting part of the job was appreciation from coworkers 9/30 (30%) and from physicians 8/30 (27%). The findings provide advice to physicians for optimizing communication, and staff experience, within their own ophthalmology clinics.

A Parallel Approach for Sentiment Analysis on Social Networks Using Spark

The public is increasingly using social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook to express their views on a variety of topics. As a result, social media has emerged as the most effective and largest open source for obtaining public opinion. Single node computational methods are inefficient for sentiment analysis on such large datasets. Supercomputers or parallel or distributed processing are two options for dealing with such large amounts of data. Most parallel programming frameworks, such as MPI (Message Processing Interface), are difficult to use and scale in environments where supercomputers are expensive. Using the Apache Spark Parallel Model, this proposed work presents a scalable system for sentiment analysis on Twitter. A Spark-based Naive Bayes training technique is suggested for this purpose; unlike prior research, this algorithm does not need any disk access. Millions of tweets have been classified using the trained model. Experiments with various-sized clusters reveal that the suggested strategy is extremely scalable and cost-effective for larger data sets. It is nearly 12 times quicker than the Map Reduce-based model and nearly 21 times faster than the Naive Bayes Classifier in Apache Mahout. To evaluate the framework’s scalability, we gathered a large training corpus from Twitter. The accuracy of the classifier trained with this new dataset was more than 80%.

Secret Key Generation From Route Propagation Delays for Underwater Acoustic Networks

With the growing use of underwater acoustic communications and the recent adoption of standards in this field, it is becoming increasingly important to secure messages against eavesdroppers. In this paper, we focus on a physical-layer security solution to generate sequences of random bits (keys) between two devices (Alice and Bob) belonging to an underwater acoustic network (UWAN); the key must remain secret to a passive eavesdropper (Eve) not belonging to the UWAN. Our method is based on measuring the propagation delay of the underwater acoustic channel over multiple hops of the UWAN: this harvests the randomness in the UWAN topology and turns the slow sound propagation in water into an advantage against eavesdropping. Our key generation protocol includes a route discovery handshake, whereby all UWAN devices at intermediate hops accumulate their message processing delays. This enables Alice and Bob to compute the actual propagation delays along each route and to map such information to a sequence of bits. Finally, from these bit sequences, Alice and Bob obtain a secret key. We analyze the performance of the protocol theoretically and assess it via extensive simulations and field experiments.

Realization of Quantum Secure Direct Communication with Continuous Variable.

With the progress of theoretical and applied technologies, the communication system based on the classical encryption is seriously threatened by quantum computing and distributed computing. A communication method that directly loads confidential information on the quantum state, quantum secure direct communication (QSDC), came into being for resisting security threats. Here, we report the first continuous-variable QSDC (CV-QSDC) experimental demonstration for verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of the CV-QSDC protocol based on Gaussian mapping and propose a parameter estimation for signal classification under the actual channels. In our experiment, we provided 4×102 blocks, where each block contains 105 data for direct information transmission. For the transmission distance of 5 km in our experiment, the excess noise is 0.0035 SNU, where SNU represents the unit of shot-noise units. The 4.08×105 bit per second experimental results firmly demonstrated the feasibility of CV-QSDC under the fiber channel. The proposed grading judgment method based on parameter estimation provides a practical and available message processing scheme for CV-QSDC in a practical fiber channel and lays the groundwork for the grading reconciliation.

Product information and green consumption: An integrated perspective of regulatory focus, self-construal, and temporal distance

Understanding consumer information processing is fundamental. Previous studies investigated the effect of message framing and self-construal in green consumption using self-reported measures and obtaining contrasting results. This study used the eye-tracking method across two studies to examine the effect of promotion- vs. prevention-framed messages on green consumption. Study 1 confirms that promotion (vs. prevention)-framed information attracts more attention from independent (vs. interdependent) individuals. Moreover, temporal distance strengthens this matching effect (Study 2). Overall, this study uncovers consumers’ processing of messages with different regulatory frames from a visual attention perspective and offers valuable insights about the three-way interaction to promote green consumption.

Cognitive Load and Social Media Advertising

Social media engagement requires cognitive resources, which subsequently impact the advertisements consumers see while browsing. For the most part, however, advertising practitioners and scholars still study social media ads and messages as if they will receive users’ full attention and cognition. This study has two main contributions. First, we demonstrate that the use of social media induces a measurable degree of cognitive load, presumably because the variety of networking and media components requires users to hold multiple evaluation schemas in working memory. Second, we show that while under cognitive load, participants rely on cues (e.g., number of likes and comments) that trigger heuristics to influence purchase intentions. However, product involvement was found to serve as a boundary condition wherein those under cognitive load did not rely on cues when they had higher involvement with the advertised product. Drawing on the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP), this research tests the proposed hypotheses using a pilot study and three experimental studies to provide converging evidence for the influence of social media use on heuristics and subsequent purchase intentions. Analysis of thought elicitation further supports our proposed effect of cognitive load on consumer decision making. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Peran Siaran Radio, Televisi dan Multimedia Dalam Pengembangan Dakwah Modern

The role of the media is very important in information technology like today. In the era of globalization, the emergence of information and communication technologies such as the internet, radio, television has opened up new opportunities for the development and process of spreading da'wah messages. The main purpose of the media is to make it easier for people to get information both in general and Islamically, this has become a necessity that cannot be separated from human life, and is also a very effective persuasive communication tool. This is a step forward if the media is used as a means to broadcast Islamic teachings more broadly. Mass media such as radio, television and the internet are the best alternative media for Islamic da'wah. Islamic broadcasting in the mass media can be conveyed to mad'u who see and listen to the good messages that will be conveyed, be it through lectures, cults, recitations, Islamic broadcasts and so on. Besides that, it can also minimize the influence of increasingly widespread westernization.
 Keyword : role, media, da’wah

Peran Siaran Radio, Televisi dan Multimedia Dalam Pengembangan Dakwah Modern

The role of the media is very important in information technology like today. In the era of globalization, the emergence of information and communication technologies such as the internet, radio, television has opened up new opportunities for the development and process of spreading da'wah messages. The main purpose of the media is to make it easier for people to get information both in general and Islamically, this has become a necessity that cannot be separated from human life, and is also a very effective persuasive communication tool. This is a step forward if the media is used as a means to broadcast Islamic teachings more broadly. Mass media such as radio, television and the internet are the best alternative media for Islamic da'wah. Islamic broadcasting in the mass media can be conveyed to mad'u who see and listen to the good messages that will be conveyed, be it through lectures, cults, recitations, Islamic broadcasts and so on. Besides that, it can also minimize the influence of increasingly widespread westernization.
 Keyword : role, media, da’wah

Addressing the Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools in the Design of Visual Persuasive Discourses

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems to generate images from natural language are a game changer in graphic design. However, in visual persuasive communication, the image is not just a drawing, but is the message itself. It arises from the need for understanding how AI systems could be adopted in the design of visual communication. Thus, this article presents a model that describes the theoretical–methodological factors present in the design of persuasive visual discourses, which arises from a qualitative study with an analysis of grounded theory from the opinion of experts in the essential areas for visual communication. Thus, we propose a model to guide the design process of persuasive messages throughout seven stages. Additionally, an analysis for contributing to the orderly and informed incorporation of technologies, techniques, and methods relevant to each stage is presented.

Time Bomb from the West: Video, the Advertising Industry, and Consumer Culture in Late-Socialist Czechoslovakia

Time Bomb from the West: Video, the Advertising Industry, and Consumer Culture in Late-Socialist Czechoslovakia

Forwarding and Routing With Packet Subscriptions

In this paper, we explore how programmable data planes can naturally provide a higher-level of service to user applications via a new abstraction called packet subscriptions. Packet subscriptions generalize forwarding rules, and can be used to express both traditional routing and more esoteric, content-based approaches. We present strategies for routing with packet subscriptions in which a centralized controller has a global view of the network, and the network topology has a hierarchical or general structure. We also describe a compiler for packet subscriptions that uses a novel BDD-based algorithm to efficiently translate predicates into P4 tables that can support O(100K) expressions. Using our system, we have built eight diverse applications. We show that these applications can be deployed in brownfield networks while performing line-rate message processing, using the full switch bandwidth of 6.5Tbps.

Pre-registered replication of the gateway belief model – Results from a representative German sample

Consensus messaging aims to increase climate change awareness by communicating the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change. According to the gateway belief model, consensus messages improve the estimation of scientific consensus, which then causes subsequent changes in personal attitudes about climate change. Most studies investigating this communication strategy refer to US-American samples. Therefore, the present study replicated existing research on consensus messaging using a national representative German sample (N = 1110), which represents a high-consensus context. We further tested confidence in perceived scientific consensus as moderator variable in the gateway belief model. The consensus message improved the participants’ estimates of scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change but had no statistically significant effect on the climate change attitudes (belief in climate change, belief in human causation of climate change, worry about climate change, support for action on climate change). Regarding the moderation analysis, confidence in perceived scientific consensus did not moderate the consensus messaging process. However, we found a significant main effect of confidence in perceived scientific consensus on worry about climate change. This finding adds to existing literature arguing that metacognition might influence political and societal beliefs.

The influence of positive affect on sensitivity to important omissions.

It is surprisingly difficult to notice when important information is missing (omission neglect) and yet, social media, advertisements, and other forms of communication typically only include one-sided information or positive attributes and omit opposing views or negative attributes. Even though it is surprisingly difficult to overcome this natural tendency, there are circumstances when decision makers are more sensitive to omissions. Understanding how and when decision makers can overcome this omission neglect tendency can be helpful to improve decision making in many situations. This paper investigates positive affect as a potential factor that can elicit sensitivity to omissions and alert decision makers to the need for additional information when important information is, in fact, missing. Four experiments use a consumer product choice situation to show that when decision makers are making an important decision, positive affect increases the likelihood that they will report a greater desire for additional product information (experiments 3 and 4) and temper their purchase interest in the target product. These results are shown using inference (experiments 1, 2, and 3) and by explicitly comparing a product choice with full and partial information (experiment 4). The results are discussed in terms of omission neglect literature as well as implications of the results for understanding the role of positive affect in information processing, judgment, and decision-making. These findings have implications for policy makers, marketers and others who are interested in message processing.

Factors mediating social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO) and social media fatigue: A comparative study among Instagram and Snapchat users

The proliferation of social media platforms has provided researchers with ample opportunities to explore the implications of these platforms' positive and negative use. Focusing on the latter, the literature has highlighted the severe implications of the fear of missing out (FoMO) and its associations with negative aspects of social media use, such as the problematic use of social media, phubbing, and reduced well-being. Our study investigates the association between FoMO and social media fatigue, which is mediated by information and communication overload, online subjective well-being (OSWB), and compulsive social media use (compulsive use). The proposed model is grounded strongly in self-determination theory (SDT), the theory of compensatory Internet use (TCIU), and the limited-capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP). We tested the model using two independent cross-sectional data sets collected from Instagram and Snapchat users. Our findings, which align with TCIU, suggest that FoMO is positively associated with information overload and compulsive use for both Instagram and Snapchat users. For Snapchat users, FoMO is also positively associated with communication overload and OSWB. The overuse aspect associated with TCIU is explained in the strong positive associations between FoMO and compulsive use among both Instagram and Snapchat users. In addition, OSWB, information overload, and compulsive use are positively associated with social media fatigue for users of both platforms. In contrast, communication overload significantly predicts social media fatigue for Snapchat users only.

Athletes Drink Gatorade: DMA Advertising Expenditures, Ad Recall, and Athletic Identity Influence Energy and Sports Drink Consumption

ABSTRACT Understanding why sports and energy drinks remain increasingly popular among adolescents despite declines in other sugar sweetened beverages is critical. This study points to memory for advertising exposure and adolescent athletic identity as two aspects that together help to explain consumption. An online survey of U.S. adolescents aged 14–18 (n = 503) was combined with Nielsen data for television and social media advertising expenditures by sports and energy drink brands in participants’ designated market areas (DMAs). Advertisement recall mediates the relationship between social media DMA expenditures and sports and energy drink consumption. Recall for television advertisements is related to consumption but is unrelated to television DMA expenditures. Athletic identity moderated the relationship between recall and consumption such that consumption increased as both recall and athletic identity increased, suggesting a role for motivated memory and motivated processing of ad messages based on athletic identity consistent with the limited capacity model of motivated media message processing. Based on these results, we conclude that effectiveness of expenditures in influencing behavior is dependent upon both ad recall and ad relevance, and that athletic identity is an important factor in ad effectiveness in the context of sports and energy drinks advertising.

Navigating Remarkable Communication Experiences of Sexual Minorities

Navigating Remarkable Communication Experiences of Sexual Minorities

Falling on deaf ears: The effects of sender identity and feedback dimension on how people process and respond to negative feedback − An ERP study

Social contexts can affect how people respond to feedback from others. We investigated how context information modulates the cognitive processing of feedback messages (i.e., external evaluations of one's character). We manipulated two aspects of (positive and negative) feedback messages: The identity of the sender (ingroup vs. outgroup member), and the dimension (one's competence vs. morality) as focal concern addressed in the feedback. We measured affective and behavioral responses after participants received such feedback (Study 1, N = 194), and additionally recorded an EEG in Study 2 (N = 49). In both studies, participants reported being more emotionally affected by negative feedback from ingroup compared to outgroup senders. Participants in Study 1 also reported to perceive feedback on their morality (vs. competence) as more negative. Complementing these findings, ERP results of Study 2 revealed greater preferential processing (i.e., increased P200) of feedback messages delivered by ingroup rather than outgroup members. Additionally, participants paid less sustained attention to feedback on their morality (vs. competence, as indicated by decreased P300- and LPP-amplitudes), and afterward recalled less morality- (vs. competence-) related feedback messages. The ERP findings were more pronounced for negative compared to positive feedback. These results suggest that subtle cues such as the social group-membership of a sender or the dimension addressed in a feedback message can modulate the cognitive processing of that message. Furthermore, our findings may explain why people are inclined to disregard negative feedback from outgroup senders and on their moral character.

Examining the effect of identification with a social media community on persuasive message processing and attitude change

Recent scholarship has suggested the presence of website-delineated social identities within social media platforms, couched within the social identity model of deindividuation effects, and evidenced by distinct commenting patterns between networks. This study experimentally evaluated the possibility that Imgur users self-categorize and identify with an Imgur social identity, testing this hypothesis through the lens of in-group argumentation and attitudinal conformity. Specifically, this study presented persuasive messages to individuals reporting varying levels of Imgur identification and measured resulting attitudes, manipulating message context and the presence of message-reinforcing user comments. Findings support the proposition that users identify with the Imgur community, as high-identifiers exhibited greater message processing and normative attitude change when exposed to a persuasive message from an in-group source (i.e. another Imgur user) than low identifiers. These results further our understanding of contemporary social media use, contributing to a growing body of literature exploring online social identification and persuasive message processing.