Cryptographic Hash Research Articles

Digital Signature System Using SHA-3 and ECDSA

This research aims to implement an information security system for electronic documents using electronic signatures based on ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) and SHA-3 (Secure Hash Algorithm 3) algorithms. This research was conducted to answer questions about the security and integrity protection of digital documents in today's digital age. The research method used is a randomized controlled experiment testing the effectiveness of a security system implemented in a simulated environment. The data obtained from this experiment were statistically analyzed with valid and reliable results. Research results show that implementing a security system with digital signatures based on ECDSA and SHA-3 effectively protects the security and integrity of digital documents. The ECDSA algorithm ensures the legitimacy and authentication of digital documents through a digital signature process using private and public keys. The SHA-3 algorithm is used as a strong hashing algorithm to compute hashes of digital documents to ensure data integrity. The results show that a security system implemented using digital signatures based on ECDSA and SHA-3 can provide a high level of security in protecting digital documents. Prevent unauthorized changes and tampering.

Metamodern Spell Casting

Metamodern Spell Casting

E-VOTING SYSTEM USING ETHEREUM BLOCKCHAIN

Ethereum introduced decentralized applications (DApps) to leverage blockchain's potential, distinct from the cryptocurrency buzz dominating discussions. Ethereum offers a robust platform for DApp development, utilizing the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). With increasing smart contract integration, Ethereum's ecosystem strengthens, as these self-executing contracts govern transactions while ensuring consensus among all participants. In democratic societies, the demand for a transparent and secure electronic voting platform is high. Ethereum, with its expansive network, is an ideal choice for such projects. Our implementation focuses on a decentralized, blockchain-based voting system. Multiple nodes collectively store voting data, ensuring redundancy. In case of node issues, users can access their data from operational nodes, enhancing system reliability. This contrasts with traditional centralized servers, prone to hacking or failures that compromise data accessibility and integrity. Blockchain's immutable data storage prevents tampering, as nodes independently verify each block using cryptographic hash codes. Unauthorized changes trigger immediate alerts, enhancing security and trust in the voting system.

Issuing Digital Signatures for Integrity and Authentication of Digital Documents

In this paper, we developed a secure system for issuing digital signature for digital documents and certificates using message digest algorithm (MD5). The developed system is providing the integrity and authentication for certificates by combining the information of participant and supply them to MD5 algorithm to produce a unique hash key of 32 digits which is hard to guess or attack. The process provides a certificate which allows for the authentication of a document at any time. The proposed system used and tested to produce digital certificate for participant of electronic seminars in Mustansiriyah university which were about 1000 certificate. The results were good and very fair to authenticate certificates and preventing forgery.

Secure IoT data management and sharing architecture for information security using cryptographic technique

The massive amounts of data produced and gathered by smart devices through the internet support a wide range of applications, considerably improving our daily lives. Data sharing among smart devices must be safeguarded due to the sensitivity of the data involved in the transmission. The Internet of Things (IoT) environment must be protected from unauthorised access due to a variety of variables, including its attractiveness to cybercriminals, previous successful cyber-attacks, and consumers’ perceptions of security and reliability. Blockchain technology appears to be one promising technology that appears to address these security challenges extremely effectively. However, given the volume and rate at which smart devices generate data, Blockchain appears to be inefficient for storing it. The pace of data collection in the IoT context and the speed of transaction confirmation in the Blockchain network are the two key elements behind this. We connect the Blockchain and the Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS) in this study to permit data recording on a distributed storage and a mechanism to restrict access to recorded data to authorised organisations only. Over the Blockchain network, the access policy definition for safe data sharing and cryptographic hash content is stored. The real IoT-generated data, on the other hand, is collected via a distributed storage network, which improves availability and security. The proposed scheme’s analysis and performance evaluation show that it is secure and feasible. Furthermore, simulations are undertaken to assess the operating costs of smart contracts and to test the efficacy and viability of the suggested architecture.

Integrated Approach for Providing Data Security Verification Over Encrypted Cloud Data

The cloud has recently attracted a lot of user attention from both small and large businesses, including those in software, BPO, healthcare, schools, colleges, and many other industries. For data storage and access from remote places linked to one another from a central server with the aid of the internet, all of these organisations attempt to adopt this centralised cloud server. Because all data is stored remotely and only occasionally accessed locally, the confidentiality of data is crucial to cloud service providers. As is common knowledge, no cloud service provider currently offers data privacy through encryption and message digests to enable data authorisation. almost all businesses An untrusted user can query data files of interest by sending encrypted keywords as a search query to the cloud server. Try to search the data in a secure manner over encrypted cloud data. In this dishonest cloud environment, the returned query results may occasionally be correct, incorrect, or partial. As everyone is aware, cloud servers today nearly actively withhold some qualified results in order to conserve computational resources and communication overhead. In this research, we presented and analysed a safe, practical, and fine-grained query results verification mechanism, by which the query user, given an encrypted query results set, not only can confirm the integrity of each data file, but also determines the overall number of qualifying data files, which are not returned if the set is not finished before the decryption procedure. This served as our primary inspiration for creating a brand-new secure verification object for encrypted cloud storage. Here, the short signature key is created using the message digest method MD5, which is also used to confirm the data's authenticity. We tested our proposed model in a variety of ways, and the results demonstrate that it is a useful and effective system

An Optimized Intelligent Computational Security Model for Interconnected Blockchain-IoT System & Cities

Blockchain technology may provide a potential solution to the Internet of Things (IoT) security challenges by providing a decentralized and secure method for storing, managing, and sharing data. The Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) hashed value of preliminary data (block) is retained in one block along with transaction data in tree form and timestamp in a chain of blocks. However, there are observations about blockchain limitations such as higher energy consumption, secure data, self-maintenance reliance, and higher cost. These constraints can be overcome by incorporating encryption algorithms into accepting blocks of data. In this paper, we propose a secure intelligent computational model for a large-scale interconnected IoT environment; an analytical modeling technique is considered for the proposed system. The proposed system takes advantage of the potential security feature of blockchain, which is considered the most appropriate secure communication system in an IoT. A computational model is built using the proposed blockchain technology to incorporate a secure and intelligent communication system. The proposed system uses the enhanced McEliece encryption approach’s potential to link the blockchain due to the faster mode of encryption and decryption process with a highly reduced number of steps.

A Double-Layer Indemnity Enhancement Using LSTM and HASH Function Technique for Intrusion Detection System

The Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is the most widely used network security mechanism for distinguishing between normal and malicious traffic network activities. It aids network security in that it may identify unforeseen hazards in network traffic. Several techniques have been put forth by different researchers for network intrusion detection. However, because network attacks have increased dramatically, making it difficult to execute precise detection rates quickly, the demand for effectively recognizing network incursion is growing. This research proposed an improved solution that uses Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and hash functions to construct a revolutionary double-layer security solution for IoT Network Intrusion Detection. The presented framework utilizes standard and well-known real-time IDS datasets such as KDDCUP99 and UNSWNB-15. In the presented framework, the dataset was pre-processed, and it employed the Shuffle Shepherd Optimization (SSO) algorithm for tracking the most informative attributes from the filtered database. Further, the designed model used the LSTM algorithm for classifying the normal and malicious network traffic precisely. Finally, a secure hash function SHA3-256 was utilized for countering the attacks. The intensive experimental assessment of the presented approach with the conventional algorithms emphasized the efficiency of the proposed framework in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, etc. The analysis showed that the presented model attained attack prediction accuracy of 99.92% and 99.91% for KDDCUP99 and UNSWNB-15, respectively.

Leveraging artificial intelligence and mutual authentication to optimize content caching in edge data centers

Available online Edge data centers are designed to meet the stringent QoE requirements of delay-sensitive and computationally intensive services in Content Delivery Network (CDN) and 5G networks. The primary purpose of this paper was to formulate and solve the problem of optimizing many control variables jointly: (i) what contents to store by taking into consideration edge capacity, and (ii) what contents to recommend to each Internet of Everything (IoE) item, based on identity and access management (IAM). In reactive caching policy, we proposed a new Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) scheme founded upon the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and one-way hash function for access control. More interestingly, we use Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), Fuzzy C-Means (FCM), Random Forest (RF) and Pearson Correlation (PC) to improve the accuracy and latency of traditional data filtering models. The intelligent recommendation engine we propose is designed to be implemented by cloud for caching and prefetching contents at the edge. The experimental results validate the theoretical guarantees of the proposed solution and its ability to achieve significant performance gains compared to common baseline models.

CBDC-PUF: A Novel Physical Unclonable Function Design Framework Utilizing Configurable Butterfly Delay Chain Against Modeling Attack

Physical unclonable function (PUF) is a promising security-based primitive, which provides an extremely large number of responses for key generation and authentication applications. Various PUFs have been developed as central building blocks in cryptographic protocols and security architectures, however, the existing PUFs and their improvements are still vulnerable to modeling attacks (MA) with refined machine learning algorithms. In this article, a configurable butterfly delay chain-based PUF design framework is proposed to meet the requirements of randomness, reliability, uniqueness, and MA-resistance metrics. A configurable butterfly delay chain is introduced to create multiple pairs of symmetric paths and a strong PUF relying on the intrinsic delay fluctuations of two identical paths is built. Furthermore, a secure hash function is used to insert non-linearities into the PUF, and a BCH-based error correction algorithm is utilized to recover the actual responses under noisy environments. The proposed PUF is implemented on Xilinx FPGAs and three machine learning algorithms are used to evaluate the resistance against MA. Experimental results show that the randomness, reliability, and uniqueness of the proposed PUF are close to the ideal value (49.6%, 99.9%, and 49.9%, respectively), and the prediction accuracy reaches 50% that indicating a desirable resilient to MA.

Exploring Blockchain Data Analysis and Its Communications Architecture: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions: A Review Article

Blockchain technology is relatively young but has the potential to disrupt several industries. Since the emergence of Bitcoin, also known as Blockchain 1.0, there has been significant interest in this technology. The introduction of Ethereum, or Blockchain 2.0, has expanded the types of data that can be stored on blockchain networks. The increasing popularity of blockchain technology has given rise to new challenges, such as user privacy and illicit financial activities, but has also facilitated technical advancements. Blockchain technology utilizes cryptographic hashes of user input to record transactions. The public availability of blockchain data presents a unique opportunity for academics to analyze it and gain a better understanding of the challenges in blockchain communications. Researchers have never had access to such an opportunity before. Therefore, it is crucial to highlight the research problems, accomplishments, and potential trends and challenges in blockchain network data analysis and communications. This article aims to examine and summarize the field of blockchain data analysis and communications. The review encompasses the fundamental data types, analytical techniques, architecture, and operations related to blockchain networks. Seven research challenges are addressed: entity recognition, privacy, risk analysis, network visualization, network structure, market impact, and transaction pattern recognition. The latter half of this section discusses future research directions, opportunities, and challenges based on previous research limitations.

Efficient Construction of CGL Hash Function Using Legendre Curves

The CGL hash function is a provably secure hash function using walks on isogeny graphs of supersingular elliptic curves. A dominant cost of its computation comes from iterative computations of power roots over quadratic extension fields. In this paper, we reduce the necessary number of power root computations by almost half, by applying and also extending an existing method of efficient isogeny sequence computation on Legendre curves (Hashimoto and Nuida, CASC 2021). We also point out some relationship between 2-isogenies for Legendre curves and those for Edwards curves, which is of independent interests, and develop a method of efficient computation for 2e-th roots in quadratic extension fields.

Integration of Self-Adaptive Physical-Layer Key Distribution and Encryption in Optical Coherent Communication

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a compatible physical-layer secure optical communication (PLSOC) system that integrates self-adaptive physical-layer key distribution (PLKD) and encryption (PLE) in optical coherent communication. Based on bit error rate difference of QAM signals mapped by asymmetric basis state Y-00 protocol, the secret key can be secretly exchanged over public fiber links without the pre-shared keys. Moreover, we perform a parameter self-adaptive strategy for practical and dynamic PLKD. The security of the key is evaluated in the case of a fiber-tapping attack. A secure hash algorithm, SHA3-512, is used to perform privacy amplification to obtain the virtually secure key. An error-free PLKD rate reaches 39.3 Kbits/s over 300km ultra-low loss fiber. We experimentally enable the integration of the proposed PLKD scheme and quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) with a single wavelength, same system. Q factor penalty of the integration system compared to the QNSC system is 3.7dB (optical back-to-back) and 4.8dB (300km) respectively. By exploiting a common hardware platform, with the same wavelength, the proposed PLSOC system addresses the problem that PLKD and PLE are separately performed through independent optical fiber links or wavelengths. Since only digital signal processing is used, the scheme does not require extra hardware.

K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS+: Enhancing Security in Next-Generation Mobile Communication and Internet Systems with Hash Based Signatures Using Korean Cryptography Algorithms.

As Mobile Communication and Internet Systems (MCIS) have rapidly developed, security issues related to MCIS have become increasingly important. Therefore, the development and research of security technologies for mobile communication and internet systems are actively being conducted. Hash-Based Signature (HBS) uses a hash function to construct a digital signature scheme, where its security is guaranteed by the collision resistance of the hash function used. To provide sufficient security in the post-quantum environment, the length of hash should be satisfied for the security requirement. Modern HBS can be classified into stateful and stateless schemes. Two representative stateful and stateless HBS are eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme(XMSS) and SPHINCS+, respectively. In this paper, we propose two HBS schemes: K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS+, which replace internal hash functions of XMSS and SPHINCS+ with Korean cryptography algorithms. K-XMSS is a stateful signature, while K-SPHINCS+ is its stateless counterpart. We showcase the reference implementation of K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS+ employing Lightweight Secure Hash (LSH) and two hash functions based on block ciphers (i.e., CHAM and LEA) as the internal hash function. In addition, K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS+ using Advanced Vector Extensions 2 (AVX2) have been provided, demonstrating that they can be optimized for better performance using advanced implementation techniques than previous approaches.

Hardware acceleration design of the SHA-3 for high throughput and low area on FPGA

In sensitive communications, the cryptographic hash function plays a crucial role, including in the military, healthcare, and banking, ensuring secure transmission by verifying data integrity and carrying out other vital tasks. Compared to other cryptographic hash algorithms, such as SHA-1 and SHA-2, the Keccak hash function (SHA-3) boasts superior hardware performance and is more resilient to modern cryptanalysis techniques. Nonetheless, hardware performance enhancements, such as boosting speed or reducing area usage, are constantly required. This research focuses on increasing the Keccak hash algorithm’s throughput rate by introducing a novel architecture that reduces the total number of clock cycles required to obtain the result of a hash function. Additionally, the new simplified structure of the round constant (RC) generator design assures a reasonably low area and achieves the highest throughput and efficiency. Thus, when implemented, it achieved the highest throughput of 19.515 Gbps, 24.428 Gbps, 33.393 Gbps, and 36.358 Gbps on FPGA devices with the Virtex-5, Artix-7, Virtex-6, and Virtex-7, respectively. Finally, our approach is compared to recently published designs.

A Novel Hardware Architecture for Enhancing the Keccak Hash Function in FPGA Devices

Hash functions are an essential mechanism in today’s world of information security. It is common practice to utilize them for storing and verifying passwords, developing pseudo-random sequences, and deriving keys for various applications, including military, online commerce, banking, healthcare management, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Among the cryptographic hash algorithms, the Keccak hash function (also known as SHA-3) stands out for its excellent hardware performance and resistance to current cryptanalysis approaches compared to algorithms such as SHA-1 and SHA-2. However, there is always a need for hardware enhancements to increase the throughput rate and decrease area consumption. This study specifically focuses on enhancing the throughput rate of the Keccak hash algorithm by presenting a novel architecture that supplies efficient outcomes. This novel architecture achieved impressive throughput rates on Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices with the Virtex-5, Virtex-6, and Virtex-7 models. The highest throughput rates obtained were 26.151 Gbps, 33.084 Gbps, and 38.043 Gbps, respectively. Additionally, the research paper includes a comparative analysis of the proposed approach with recently published methods and shows a throughput rate above 11.37% Gbps in Virtex-5, 10.49% Gbps in Virtex-6 and 11.47% Gbps in Virtex-7. This comparison allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the novel architecture’s performance and effectiveness in relation to existing methodologies.

Chaotic Color Image Encryption Based on Eight-Base DNA-Level Permutation and Diffusion.

Images, as a crucial information carrier in the era of big data, are constantly generated, stored, and transmitted. Determining how to guarantee the security of images is a hot topic in the information security community. Image encryption is a simple and direct approach for this purpose. In order to cope with this issue, we propose a novel scheme based on eight-base DNA-level permutation and diffusion, termed as EDPD, for color image encryption in this paper. The proposed EDPD integrates secure hash algorithm-512 (SHA-512), a four-dimensional hyperchaotic system, and eight-base DNA-level permutation and diffusion that conducts on one-dimensional sequences and three-dimensional cubes. To be more specific, the EDPD has four main stages. First, four initial values for the proposed chaotic system are generated from plaintext color images using SHA-512, and a four-dimensional hyperchaotic system is constructed using the initial values and control parameters. Second, a hyperchaotic sequence is generated from the four-dimensional hyperchaotic system for consequent encryption operations. Third, multiple permutation and diffusion operations are conducted on different dimensions with dynamic eight-base DNA-level encoding and algebraic operation rules determined via the hyperchaotic sequence. Finally, DNA decoding is performed in order to obtain the cipher images. Experimental results from some common testing images verify that the EDPD has excellent performance in color image encryption and can resist various attacks.

Decentralization System Using Smart Blockchain with Secure Hash

Decentralization System Using Smart Blockchain with Secure Hash

Smart Contract Based Fraud Degree Detection System

This paper delves into the challenges faced by universities in preserving students' evaluations and academic records securely. These records are crucial not only for validating academic qualifications but also for analyzing and implementing meaningful reforms. However, the prevalence of corruption and fraudulent activities in university results necessitates robust security measures to prevent tampering or deletion of such sensitive data. The paper explores the potential of using blockchain technology and smart contracts to address this security and trust issues in managing students' evaluations. By leveraging the inherent characteristics of blockchain, such as immutability, transparency, and decentralization, smart contracts offer a secure and reliable solution for data management. Smart contracts act as autonomous agreements, facilitating direct interaction between exam administrators and students without intermediaries, thereby reducing vulnerabilities associated with third-party involvement. Implementing blockchain-based smart contracts brings various benefits, including cost and timesaving. Students maintain full control over their data thanks to emerging technologies like blockchain. Data stored in blockchain networks is organized into linked blocks, and validators ensure the authenticity and integrity of each block through cryptographic hash codes. Furthermore, the decentralized nature of blockchain ensures that data is distributed across the network, minimizing the risk of single points of failure and enhancing overall system security. With consensus mechanisms and mathematical operations, blockchain-based smart contracts provide transparent records of completed operations, often referred to as decentralized ledgers. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the potential of blockchain-based smart contracts in strengthening information security and trust in university systems. This innovative technology can safeguard student evaluations from tampering, fraudulent activities, and unauthorized access. By adopting such solutions, universities can not only enhance data security but also streamline administrative processes and foster a culture of trust within academic institutions. As blockchain gains wider acceptance, exploring these transformative solutions becomes essential for ensuring a more successful educational environment. Keywords: Students' evaluations, Academic records, Data management, Blockchain technology, Smart contracts, Information security, Trust, Fraud prevention, Tamper-proof, Immutability, Transparency, Decentralization, Third-party intermediaries, Time and financial efficiency, Data ownership Cryptographic hash codes, Consensus mechanisms

A novel Hyperledger blockchain-enabled decentralized application for drug discovery chain management

The aim of the drug discovery process is to create a brand-new drug that is both safe and useful for treating disease in patients. The trustworthy collaboration of the organisations involved in the drug discovery process and the integrity of their contributions are essential for this process. Current drug discovery chains use centralised systems, which are susceptible to lockdown by cyberattacks. Blockchain, with its many characteristics such as accountability, immutability, integrity, privacy, and security, has the potential to be extremely useful in drug discovery chain management. The purpose of this work is to create a drug discovery framework utilizing the strengths of blockchain technology in combination with machine learning (ML). Such a system would provide a secure, efficient, and faster drug development life cycle. This study presents a novel Hyperledger fabric-based drug discovery application that empowers the permissioned organisations to upload, update, view, and verify contributions. ML is used to preprocess data and visualise features. In the proposed work, a unique identifier is assigned to each contribution asset using the secure hash algorithm (SHA-256). The proposed design also enables the regulatory authority to issue certificates proving the ownership of contributions to the contributing organisations. The blockchain ledger has been used to store the meta-data and InChIKey of drug contributions, and actual contributions are in off-chain storage. In this work, we have successfully built an end-to-end decentralised drug discovery application with a front-end interface and demonstrated chaincode algorithms. The end-to-end application is not available in any previous work. The Caliper tool has been used to investigate throughput, latency, and resource statistics. The performance and comparative analysis show that the proposed design is scalable and promising for drug discovery chain management.