Mesh Routers Research Articles

A secure GA approach in mesh based multicast network

Multicast routing is the process of sending data from one or more sources to many destinations. To achieve high efficiency, it is mandatory to minimize path delay due to blocking, and the cost of the path tree to reach destinations [6]. Evolutionary Algorithms have become more and more popular in the domain of searching, optimization and machine learning. Notwithstanding, a mesh is extremely slight when the nodes support high in topologies. The ODMRP needs control messages initiate at each source node of a multicast group to be flooded all over the networks. To optimize this problem, some heuristic approaches like the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) have been deployed in the route selection strategy [7]. A GA based ODMRP is planned for efficient multicast mesh routing. In this paper, modified genetic operators such as topology encoding, topology crossover and node mutation. The number of senders performing flooding and the issue of restricting the flood of control messages is minimized by reducing the number of forwarding nodes by means of applying the heuristic technique GA. Along with path tree, consistent key chaining and key management is required to execute a standard security framework. This anticipated work will be done using Newton's interpolation technique to implement. It shows efficient encoding scheme of the reconstruction of the multicast mesh topology and the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the sGenODMRP compared to the ODMRP protocol.

Deployment optimization of wireless mesh networks in wind turbine condition monitoring system

This study aims to propose a deployment optimization method based on IEEE 802.11 heterogeneous wireless mesh networks (WMNs) for the condition monitoring system (CMS) of wind turbines. This method can provide a flexible, low-cost, and easy-to-implement network framework for wind farms in harsh environments, thereby avoiding interference of the newly installed CMS on the communication network of the SCADA system. The K-medoids clustering algorithm transforms the continuous space location problem into the discrete space location problem. Moreover, the mesh client (MC) coverage and backbone network connectivity issues are considered to ensure that the generated candidate point set can meet the coverage and connectivity requirements without generating numerous redundant nodes. Firstly, according to the characteristics of the model, the K-medoids clustering algorithm is used to obtain a set of candidate points of mesh routers (MRs) that meet the coverage rate. Secondly, a reasonable connection algorithm is proposed according to the constraints, and the optimal deployment is selected from the candidate points. Thirdly, taking the number of hops from MR to MG and the priority of MC as the weight. The path planning with the least number of MRs and load balancing is obtained by constructing a minimum spanning tree (MST) based on the improved Kruskal algorithm. Finally, Multi-channel inter-frequency networking technology is adopted to reduce interference between co-channels and between adjacent channels. The result shows that the method proposed can minimize network operating costs, meet the capacity requirements of MC, and reduce link losses.

The Cross-Layer Oriented Security Performance to Wireless Network Fiber Communication Router: The Optimization Perspective

This paper analyses the characteristics of traditional optimised link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols, applies cross-layer design theory, and combines the characteristics of the link layer in a wireless mesh network (WMN) network. The protocol perceives information factors to obtain the path link quality evaluation between nodes in the network. By comprehensively considering the link quality factors, the packet delivery rate in the network is improved, and the average end-to-end delay is reduced. Based on the lightweight encryption algorithm PRESENT, a point-to-point lightweight encryption algorithm is proposed, which realizes secure WMN transmission through the key exchange and fast encryption and decryption methods of the receiving and sending nodes in the WMN environment. A virtual router based on virtual routers is used to simulate the application of wireless mesh routers. Data transmission security on the internet is achieved through key exchange and encryption and decryption.

The cross-layer oriented security performance to wireless network fibre communication router: the optimisation perspective

This paper analyses the characteristics of traditional optimised link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols, applies cross-layer design theory, and combines the characteristics of the link layer in a wireless mesh network (WMN) network. The protocol perceives information factors to obtain the path link quality evaluation between nodes in the network. By comprehensively considering the link quality factors, the packet delivery rate in the network is improved, and the average end-to-end delay is reduced. Based on the lightweight encryption algorithm PRESENT, a point-to-point lightweight encryption algorithm is proposed, which realizes secure WMN transmission through the key exchange and fast encryption and decryption methods of the receiving and sending nodes in the WMN environment. A virtual router based on virtual routers is used to simulate the application of wireless mesh routers. Data transmission security on the internet is achieved through key exchange and encryption and decryption.

WMN-PSODGA - An Intelligent Hybrid Simulation System for WMNs Considering Load Balancing

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are becoming an important networking infrastructure because they have many advantages, such as low cost and increased high-speed wireless Internet connectivity. In the authors' previous work, they implemented a hybrid simulation system based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and distributed genetic algorithm (DGA), called WMN-PSODGA. Moreover, they added to the fitness function a new parameter for mesh router load balancing a number of covered mesh clients per router (NCMCpR). In this article, the authors consider Exponential, Weibull, and Normal distributions of mesh clients and carry out a comparison study. The simulation results show that the performance of the Exponential, Weibull and Normal distributions was improved by considering load balancing when using WMN-PSODGA. For the same number of mesh clients, the Normal distribution behaves better than the other distributions. This is because all mesh clients are covered by a smaller number of mesh routers and the standard deviation is improved by effectively using NCMCpR.

ZigBee-Based wireless sensor network topologies using one and multiple coordinators

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have been a cost-effective and feasible solution for a wide range of applications, such as communications infrastructure, traffic networks, telecommunications systems, military operations and so forth. IEEE804.15.4 ZigBee network model is ideally suited to the constraints of WSN in terms of bandwidth, processing power and battery capacity. This paper investigated tree and mesh routing in WSN with multiple coordinators and the failure of single coordinator using OPNET Modeler v14 which is an efficient computational platform for data networks simulation. Throughput, delay, traffic received, MAC Load are studied in this system and the results showed that tree routing was better suited for WSN than mesh routing and mobility of end node in multiple coordinator network was the best.

Wireless‐Fog Mesh: A framework for in‐network computing of microservices in semipermanent smart environments

SummaryLarge gathering events such as open air rock concerts and religious gatherings require a semipermanent communication and computation infrastructure for providing IoT‐based smart solutions. In these places, the installation of wired network is not a cost‐effective solution to provide connectivity. Wireless mesh network (WMN) presents itself as a quickly deployable and dismantable solution to provide wireless connectivity to IoT devices. In this paper, we have proposed a “wireless‐fog mesh” computing framework for installation of microservices in network devices of WMN. This requires continuous monitoring of residual resources of devices and associated network characteristics. Our proposed fog controller exploits underutilized resources of mesh devices and network metrics for mapping a microservice to a fog node. This controller uses a DHT‐based overlay of fog nodes (also acting as distributed MQTT broker) for disseminating resource profiles of fog nodes. The network metrics like path cost, routing loads, number of stations, and delay are used to implement a policy‐based FNS algorithm for electing a fog node to run microservice. We have designed and implemented a testbed that consists of 10 OpenWrt‐based Raspberry Pi3 node to form a WMN. We have deployed various microservices such as MQTT broker, air quality, web servers, annd video surveillance in fog nodes (mesh routers and access points) to test the FNS algorithm. The results establish that the FNS algorithm significantly outperforms the random node selection (RNS) algorithm and advocates the applicability of our wireless‐fog mesh framework for semipermanent use cases.

Secure Routing Algorithm in Wireless Mesh Network

In the today’s’ era of communication technology disaster management plays important role in life saving. Regardless of men made disasters or natural disasters proper communication network can be used to exchange information. In natural calamities wireless sensor mesh network proved to be as good option for communication. Low-altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) which is associated with WLAN Mesh Networks (WMNs) can be used in disaster management areas. The advantage of it is it can be installed on demand and it can use for efficient exploration of sized areas. The WMN is consisting of different components such as mesh clients, mesh routers and base station. It is more prone to have attacks of different types such as Denial of Service attack, black hole, gray hole , reply attack, Sybil attack etc. The most important attack which can damage whole working of WMN is routing attack. IEEE 802.11i is used as standard protocol for security in WLAN and IEEE 802.11s is used as secure algorithm for communication in WLAN mesh network. But both of them fail to address issue of routing problem in WLAN mesh network. The primary purpose of this paper is to outline routing algorithm and to design assured routing protocol. In this paper we have proposed improved secure Position-Aware, Secure, and Efficient mesh Routing approach (S-PASER). The proposed mechanisms have obviated more attack than regular IEEE 802.11s/i security mechanism and well known, secure routing protocol. The proposed methodology can be implemented on omnet++ simulator. The simulation results proved to be have better performance and throughput than existing algorithm.

A Hybrid Intelligent Simulation System for Constructing IoT Networks: Performance Evaluation of WMN-PSODGA Simulation System Considering Different Router Replacement Methods

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are becoming an important networking infrastructure because they have many advantages such as low cost and increased high-speed wireless Internet connectivity. In our previous work, we implemented a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based simulation system, called WMN-PSO, and a simulation system based on Genetic Algorithm (GA), called WMN-GA, for solving node placement problem in WMNs. Then, we implemented a hybrid intelligent simulation system based on PSO and distributed GA (DGA), called WMN-PSODGA. Moreover, we added in the fitness function a new parameter for the load balancing of the mesh routers called NCMCpR (Number of Covered Mesh Clients per Router). In this paper, we consider five router replacement methods for WMN-PSODGA. The simulation results show that CM and LDVM router replacement methods have better performance than other methods. Comparing LDVM and CM, we see that LDVM has better behavior.

Performance analysis of wireless sensor network with load balancing for data transmission using xbee zb module

<p><span>In general, research in the field of wireless sensor network (WSN) has never discussed the reliability aspect of network routing with router devices that can find new routes when damage occurs. </span><span lang="IN">To date, o</span><span>verloaded routers will be </span><span lang="IN">ignored</span><span> without any response that gives control which can reduce the quality of network performance. Therefore, we propose research using the AODV routing</span><span lang="IN">,</span><span> and Mesh routing algorithm to find other routes as an alternative when problems occur and using the Round Robbin based xbee algorithm on providing load balance control carried out by the router. </span><span lang="IN">The experiments on</span><span> the performance of non-balancing networks and balancing</span><span lang="IN"> were conducted</span><span>. Both trials used quality of service (QoS) parameters as a guarantee of performance to be more effective and in line with expectations. Measurements performed by testing the parameters of packet loss, delay, throughput, and fault tolerance<em>. </em>The network performance in finding other alternative routes has been successfully carried out by </span><span lang="IN">transmitting</span><span> 100 packets from the end device node to the coordinator node via the router based on distance variations from 0 to 100 meters. The recovery time required by the dead router to find another route was 10 seconds, this was related to the parameter delay, and fault tolerance. The experimental results of the non-balancing system showed an average 20 % packet loss in one transmission, meanwhile the packet loss was smaller than the previous experiment by 37%. Therefore, the WSN with balancing system was proven to be more effective that could improve QoS performance by 17%.</span></p>

TRACK: An algorithm for fault-tolerant, dynamic and scalable 2D mesh network-on-chip routing reconfiguration

Network-on-chip (NoC) is a reliable and scalable on-chip interconnect solution particularly used for MPSoCs and CMPs. Increasing susceptibility of NoC to failures is becoming a new research concern. Failures in components such as on-chip link or router may disrupt the underlying routing function. Reconfiguration of routing function is required to sustain network connectivity while maintaining deadlock-freedom in event of failure(s). Existing approaches either use routing tables or meta-data or involve all network nodes for participation in the reconfiguration process. This paper proposes TRACK, an algorithm for fast and scalable routing reconfiguration. It uses logic-based routing instead of tables and identifies affected nodes (i.e., rows/columns of mesh network) by single and double-link failures. In the proposed algorithm, reconfiguration is needed only for the affected nodes and the remaining network can continue to work. TRACK outperforms the existing one and reduces latency up to 42% and improves throughput up to 22% for single and double-link failures in 8 × 8 2D mesh network-on-chip. By employing logic-based routing, hardware cost is also reduced, i.e., 30% in area and 29.5% in power overhead for a 16 × 16 mesh router.

A Cross-Layer Routing Metric with Link Prediction in Wireless Mesh Networks

Abstract Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) is one of the encouraging technologies for future-generation wireless network with diverse applications as it is undergoing rapid progress. WMNs are multi-hop networks which are beneficial in situations where there is little or no network infrastructure. WMNs consist of mesh nodes which interact with each other to establish a network connection. Mesh nodes include mesh clients and mesh routers. Mesh clients can be stationary or move from one place to another, whereas mesh routers have minimum movability and act as a backbone for WMNs. Due to the mobility of mesh nodes, the fundamental problem in WMNs is estimating the link quality. The efficiency of network protocols depends on the accuracy of link quality. Therefore, there is a need for an intelligent mechanism to find solutions to link quality problems in the wireless network. To address this problem, we apply machine learning prediction techniques. We evaluate the performance of prediction techniques like multiple linear regression, support vector regression and Gaussian regression. The experiments were conducted on various scenarios with cross-layer routing metric PCL-IDA to predict the link quality, which is embedded in OLSR routing protocol. Results using NS-2 simulations reveal that the link quality parameters throughput, average delay and packet loss are better when multiple linear regression prediction technique is applied.

Efficient routing in multicast mesh by using forwarding nodes and weighted cost function

Multicast Mesh based Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs) provide efficient data transmission in energy restraint areas without a fixed infrastructure. In this paper, the authors present an improved version of protocol SLIMMER developed by them earlier, and name it SLIMMER-SN. Most mesh-based protocols suffer from redundancy; however, the proposed protocol controls redundancy through the concept of forwarding nodes. The proposed protocol uses remaining energy of a node to decide its energy efficiency. For measuring stability, a new metric called Stability of Node (SN) has been introduced which depends on transmission range, node density and node velocity. For data transfer, a weighted cost function selects the most energy efficient nodes / most stable nodes or a weighted combination of both. This makes the node selection criteria more dynamic. The protocol works in two steps: (1) calculating SN and (2) using SN value in the weighted cost function for selection of nodes. The study compared the proposed protocol, with other mesh-based protocols PUMA and SLIMMER, based on packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, end-to-end delay and average energy consumption under different simulation conditions. Results clearly demonstrate that SLIMMER-SN outperformed both PUMA and SLIMMER.

An adaptive interference‐aware and traffic‐aware channel assignment strategy for backhaul networks

SummaryThe transformation of traditional networks is being done by incorporating billions of daily life devices to provide service centric facilities. With such transformation, the major traffic load will be shifted toward the backhaul networks, for which guaranteed bandwidth and low latency are the basic requirements. In order to meet varying and dynamic requirements of each service, the development of a traffic aware network is unavoidable. For achieving last mile connectivity, wireless mesh is considered among the best of the backhaul networks. Additionally, classical single radio mesh routers restrict the whole network on a single channel and hence the full potential of available multiple channels is not achieved. Mesh routers plugged with multiple radios allow parallel transmissions and increase the capacity of the whole network. To utilize network resources more efficiently, the key issue of channel assignment for wireless mesh networks is explored by incorporating the concept of time‐based traffic in a distributed environment. This paper discusses the problem of assigning a limited number of channels to a large number of radios while keeping in view the restrictions involved in maintaining a minimal level of interference and preservation of network topology. Bayesian estimation approach is used to gather knowledge from surroundings to determine the high‐interfered region and hence a distributed solution is proposed where mesh routers can find a more suitable alternative channel for respective region. The proposed algorithm is evaluated through traces on multiple flows, collected from simulations. Results show that the proposed algorithm performed better than existing ones in the presence of interference.

A Hexagonal Topological and Hop-Count based Geographic Routing Protocol for WMNS

Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is a convincing theme to many net researchist because of its minimal effort in sending, straightforwardness in the establishment and heartiness in activity. Notwithstanding, current routing protocols intended for MANET, can't work productively in WMN on the grounds that spine in WMN shaped by Mesh Router has low portability and are not put under power and memory duress. In this paper, we are coming with a new idea of routing using geographic multipath, which will be beneficial for an Infrastructural WMNetwork and also don't depend on node's location. The proposed protocols has awareness, about the node's congestion and the node's location of all next neighbors, and utilize Hop-Count array technique. Furthermore, with help of a procedure of congestion-cognizant, nodes can select the perfect connection with adequate bandwidth for the requirement of comer traffic. In the proposed protocol for routing we accomplish various remarkable characteristics of Hop-count array (metric) depend on routing algorithm: straightforwardness, durability and feasibility of affectation. Results demonstrate that throughput increments extraordinarily with our proposed protocol when contrasted with unadulterated AODV and AOMDVin heavily loaded traffic situation.

Cluster Based Hybrid Routing Mechanism for Mobility Management inWireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks are the new advancement. In addition, they are enticing large number of researchers with their continuous utilization of the internet. However, providing QoS guarantee to the mobility of the nodes in the network is a thought-provoking problem. To overcome this, a hybrid routing mechanism for QoS management in wireless mesh networks is proposed. As an initial step, the clustering formation is developed for managing the scalability issues in mesh network. The Inter mesh routing and Intra mesh routing is developed for QoS guarantee routing for data forwarding in mesh networks. The evaluation of the proposed protocol is analysed under different parameters. The consequences of simulation show that the performance of proposed protocol is good in different conditions.

Evaluation of Wireless Mesh Network Implementation for Backup Network Access

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) could feasibly be used as an organization’s secondary backup network due to their properties such as dynamic self-organization, self-configuration, self-healing, decentralized management, and inexpensive implementation. This backup network could help allow an organization's business to continue in case of an extended main network outage. This paper involved the study and implementation of WMNs to evaluate the feasibility of a WMN as a backup network. A variety of devices were used in this research including Raspberry Pi 3 devices, network switches, and Wi-Fi adapters. The key devices were the Raspberry Pi’s which were used as mesh routers (MRs). Three Local Area Network (LAN) topographies were provided via the MRs using external Wi-Fi adapters. We tested the three topologies using an extension of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). We measured three network performance parameters from the MRs and LAN clients to Mesh Router 3 (MR3), a gateway node. The measured parameters were throughput, delay/jitter, and a proportion of lost datagrams out of total datagrams sent. The parameter results were analyzed to evaluate the performance of the mesh networks. Several factors that may affect the measured parameters are discussed such as physical obstacles, wireless interference, inter-node distance, and multiple hops.

Internet Traffic based Channel Selection in Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks(WMNs) are the outstanding technology to facilitate wireless broadband Internet access to users. Routers in WMN have multiple radio interfaces to which multiple orthogonal/partially overlapping channels are assigned to improve the capacity of WMN. This paper is focused on channel selection problem in WMN since proper channel selection to radio interfaces of mesh router increases the performance of WMN. To access the Internet through WMN, the users have to associate with one of the mesh routers. Since most of the Internet Servers are still in wired networks, the major dominant traffic of Internet users is in downlink direction i.e. from the gateway of WMN to user. This paper proposes a new method of channel selection to improve the user performance in downlink direction of Internet traffic. The method is scalable and completely distributed solution to the problem of channel selection in WMN. The simulation results indicate the significant improvement in user performance.

A Hexagonal Topology and Coordinate Based Routing for Wmns

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) contain both i.e mesh router and clients, where backbone of WMNs is mesh router due to immaterial portability. They give orchestrate access to both work and customary clients. In a WMN, it is feasible to accomplish an IGW or any Mesh Routers via various paths. Anyway this may prompt an unwanted circumstance, in which the most ideal ways may degenerate on account of the disbalancing of burden, subsequently bringing about problematic execution. To avoid this problem, we propose coordinate based multi-way routing protocol, which knows about area of its neighbors for an Infrastructural WMN. The principal thought is on the examination of directing estimation with speedy route revelation, as possible least hopes, least delays, most outrageous information rates and least possible defect-rates. Reproduction outcome, demonstrate that our introduced method estimation is preferable than current lattice, ETX and ETT metric employed in directing.

Virtual mesh networking for achieving multi-hop D2D communications in 5G networks

In 5G networks, when D2D communications or the quality of a cellular link fails to support data transmission of a terminal, it is indispensable to exploit data transmission opportunities via multi-hop D2D communications. However, to achieve multi-hop D2D communications, two problems need to be solved: 1) A routing and packet forwarding protocol is required to enable terminals to forward data packets across multi-hop D2D or cellular links; 2) This protocol must conform to the existing specifications of D2D communications. To this end, a framework of virtual mesh networking is developed in this paper to support multi-hop D2D communications in 5G networks. More specifically, based on the 5G network architecture, routing and packet forwarding are split into two separate mechanisms in the control plane and the user plane, respectively. In the control plane, base stations collect link and topology information of terminals and then form a virtual mesh network among terminals accordingly. The routing path for end-to-end communications is then determined by a virtual mesh routing algorithm, which also takes into account terminal mobility and link failure. In the user plane, a packet forwarding mechanism is designed to deliver data packets following the routing path as determined by the routing algorithm in the control plane. This mechanism extends but also conforms to the existing specifications of D2D communications. The virtual mesh networking protocol and its underlying algorithms are evaluated via simulations. Performance results demonstrate the effectiveness of multi-hop D2D communications via virtual mesh networking.