Transdifferentiation Of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Research Articles

A bioactive composite scaffold enhances osteochondral repair by using thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel and endothelial lineage cell-derived chondrogenic cell

Articular cartilage regeneration is a major challenge in orthopedic medicine. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine applications. However, their roles and functions in cartilage regeneration are not well understood. Additionally, thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels have been widely used in tissue engineering, but further development of these hydrogels incorporating vascular lineage cells for cartilage repair is insufficient. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the ability of EPCs to undergo endothelial–mesenchymal stem cell transdifferentiation and chondrogenic differentiation and investigate the ability of chondrogenic EPC-seeded thermosensitive chitosan-graft-poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (CEPC-CSPN) scaffolds to improve healing in a rabbit osteochondral defect (OCD) model. EPCs were isolated and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1); these EPCs are subsequently termed transdifferentiated EPCs (tEPCs). The stem cell-like properties and chondrogenic potential of tEPCs were evaluated by a series of in vitro assays. Furthermore, the effect of CEPC-CSPN scaffolds on OCD repair was evaluated. Our in vitro results confirmed that treatment of EPC with TGF-β1 induced EndMT and the acquisition of stem cell-like properties, producing tEPCs. Upon inducing chondrogenic differentiation of tEPCs (CEPCs), the cells exhibited significantly enhanced chondrogenesis and chondrocyte surface markers after 25 days. The TGF-β1-induced differentiation of EPCs is mediated by both the TGF-β/Smad and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) pathways. The CEPC-CSPN scaffold reconstructed well-integrated translucent cartilage and repaired subchondral bone in vivo, exhibiting regenerative capacity. Collectively, our results suggest that the CEPC-CSPN scaffold induces OCD repair, representing a promising approach to articular cartilage regeneration.

Bioengineered MSCCxcr2 transdifferentiated keratinocyte-like cell-derived organoid potentiates skin regeneration through ERK1/2 and STAT3 signaling in diabetic wound

Skin regeneration is severely compromised in diabetic foot ulcers. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is limited due to the poor engraftment, mitogenic, and differentiation potential in the harsh wound microenvironment. Thus, to improve the efficacy of cell therapy, the chemokine receptor Cxcr2 was overexpressed in MSCs (MSCCxcr2). CXCL2/CXCR2 axis induction led to the enhanced proliferation of MSCs through the activation of STAT3 and ERK1/2 signaling. Transcriptional upregulation of FGFR2IIIb (KGF Receptor) promoter by the activated STAT3 and ERK1/2 suggested trans-differentiation of MSCs into keratinocytes. These stable MSCCxcr2 in 2D and 3D (spheroid) cell cultures efficiently transdifferentiated into keratinocyte-like cells (KLCs). An in vivo therapeutic potential of MSCCxcr2 transplantation and its keratinocyte-specific cell fate was observed by accelerated skin tissue regeneration in an excisional splinting wound healing murine model of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes. Finally, 3D skin organoids generated using MSCCxcr2-derived KLCs upon grafting in a relatively avascular and non-healing wounds of type 2 diabetic db/db transgenic old mice resulted in a significant enhancement in the rate of wound closure by increased epithelialization (epidermal layer) and endothelialization (dermal layer). Our findings emphasize the therapeutic role of the CXCL2/CXCR2 axis in inducing trans-differentiation of the MSCs toward KLCs through the activation of ERK1/2 and STAT3 signaling and enhanced skin regeneration potential of 3D organoids grafting in chronic diabetic wounds.

In vitro study to evaluate the effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor on colorectal adenocarcinoma and on mesenchymal stem cells trans differentiation into cancer stem cells by cancer cells derived exosomes

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and lethal malignancies with poor prognosis. CRC cells release extracellular vesicles called exosomes to facilitate tumor progression by passing bioactive molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids between cells of the tumor and their microenvironment. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor which mainly affects the lineage of neutrophil and exerts direct anti-tumor effects on various tumor types. The purpose of our study is to investigate the effect of G-CSF on CRC cells and to evaluate its capability to attenuate the potentiality of CRC cells derived exosomes to induce bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) malignant transformation into cancer stem cells (CSCs).ResultsThe level of both lncRNA metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT-1) (p = 0.014) & β-catenin (p = 0.01) was significantly decreased, whereas programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) (p = 0.018) was increased in CRC exosomes pre-treated with G-CSF compared to untreated CRC exosomes. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the cell proliferation in CRC cells pre-treated with G-CSF compared to untreated CRC cells (p = 0.008). Flow cytometric analysis of BM-MSCs showed that G-CSF could attenuate their transformation into CSCs.ConclusionG-CSF can be a promising therapeutic agent for CRC treatment.

BMP4 is insufficient to differentiate umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into germ cell-like cells in vitro.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies are expected to restore the fertility of infertile patients. In addition to MSC-derived paracrine effects to improve reproductive function, the differentiation of MSCs into germ cell (GC)-like cells is still a promising method to repair the injured reproductive system. The aim of this study was to examine the effect and potential mechanism of BMP4 in inducing umbilical cord MSC (UcMSC) transdifferentiation into GC-like cells. UcMSCs were isolated, cultured and identified by flow cytometry and multilineage differentiation assays. After induction with 12.5 ng/mL BMP4 for 21 days, UcMSCs were collected for further examination. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of Prdm1 and Prdm14; RT-PCR and RNA sequencing were used to detect differential gene expression (DEGs). The morphology of UcMSCs became large and flat after treatment with BMP4; the expression of GC-related genes (OCT4, Prdm1, Ifitm3 and Stella) was significantly downregulated, and further immunofluorescence results also confirmed the significant downregulation of Prdm1 in UcMSCs with BMP4 induction, while the expression of Prdm14 was significantly upregulated. The results of RNA sequencing and further analysis revealed no explicit correlation between BMP4 induction and the differentiation of UcMSCs into GC-like cells based on the 662 screened DEGs in UcMSCs with or without BMP4 induction. The differentiation of MSCs into GC-like cells is rather complex, and BMP4 alone is insufficient to induce UcMSCs to differentiate into GC-like cells, regardless of protein level or gene expression level.

Mesenchymal stem cells express epidermal markers in an in vitro reconstructed human skin model.

Introduction: In skin traumas, such as burns, epidermal homeostasis is affected, often requiring clinical approaches. Different therapeutic strategies can be used including transplantation, besides the use of synthetic or natural materials with allogeneic cells. In this context, tissue engineering is an essential tool for skin regeneration, and using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from the umbilical cord appears to be a promising strategy in regenerative medicine due to its renewal and differentiation potential and hypo immunogenicity. We evaluated the transdifferentiation of MSC from umbilical cord into keratinocytes in three-dimensional (3D) in vitro skin models, using dermal equivalents composed by type I collagen with dermal fibroblasts and a commercial porcine skin decellularized matrix, both cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI). Methods: The expression of epidermal proteins cytokeratins (CK) 5, 14 and 10, involucrin and filaggrin was investigated by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence, in addition to the activity of epidermal kallikreins (KLK) on the hydrolysis of fluorogenic substrates. Results and discussion: The cultivation of MSCs with differentiation medium on these dermal supports resulted in organotypic cultures characterized by the expression of the epidermal markers CK5, CK14, CK10 and involucrin, mainly on the 7th day of culture, and filaggrin at 10th day in ALI. Also, there was a 3-fold increase in the KLK activity in the epidermal equivalents composed by MSC induced to differentiate into keratinocytes compared to the control (MSC cultivated in the proliferation medium). Specifically, the use of collagen and fibroblasts resulted in a more organized MSC-based organotypic culture in comparison to the decellularized matrix. Despite the non-typical epithelium structure formed by MSC onto dermal equivalents, the expression of important epidermal markers in addition to the paracrine effects of these cells in skin may indicate its potential use to produce skin-based substitutes.

Signaling Pathways in Trans-differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Recent Advances.

Mesenchymal stem cells are a group of multipotent cells that can be induced to differentiate into other cell types. The cells fate is decided by various signaling pathways, growth factors, and transcription factors in differentiation. The proper coordination of these factors will result in cell specification. MSCs are capable of being differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Different conditions induces the MSCs into particular phenotypes. The MSC trans-differentiation ensues as a response to environmental factors or due to circumstances that prove to favor trans-differentiation. Depending on the stage at which they are expressed, and the genetic alterations they undergo prior to their expression, transcription factors can accelerate the process of trans-differentiation. Further research has been conducted on the challenging aspect of MSCs being developed into non-mesenchymal lineage. The cells that are differentiated in this way maintain their stability even after being induced in animals. The recent advancements in the trans-differentiation capacities of MSCs on induction with chemicals, growth inducers, improved differentiation mediums, growth factors from plant extracts, and electrical stimulation are discussed in this paper. Signaling pathways have a great effect on MSCs trans-differentiation and they need to be better understood for their applications in therapeutic techniques. So, this paper tends to review the major signaling pathways that play a vital role in the trans-differentiation of MSC.

3D-bioprinted GelMA nerve guidance conduits promoted peripheral nerve regeneration by inducing trans-differentiation of MSCs into SCLCs via PIEZO1/YAP axis

Schwann cells (SCs)-based nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) is a promising strategy for repairing long-gap peripheral nerve injury (PNI). But the number of SCs is limited as terminally differentiated cells. Matrix stiffness is able to direct cell fate of stem cells. And nerve-special stiffness (NSS) may contribute to stem cells converting into SCs. However, the potential mechanisms remain uncertain. The present study aimed to elucidate whether the given NSS was able to promote mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) trans-differentiating into Schwann cell-like cells (SCLCs), facilitating cell-based NGCs repairing PNI. Gelatin methacryloylate (GelMA) hydrogels with different stiffness were manufactured, and their roles in the trans-differentiation of MSCs into SCLCs were investigated in vitro study. The most favorable stiffness (0.9–2.9 kPa) for trans-differentiation and neurotrophic factors expression was confirmed by western blot and immunofluorescence assays. The reason might lie in softer stiffness stretched cell morphology, leading to up-regulation of PIEZO1 and then activating YAP nuclear translocation. As for in vivo study, multi-channel NGCs containing SCLCs were fabricated with extrusion-based bioprinting and then filled a 5 mm gap in sciatic nerve defect of SD rats. It turned out that GelMA-made NGCs with stiffness of 2.9 kPa achieved promising neurogenerative capacity, not only promoting recovering sensory and motor functions, but also improving myelinated nerve fiber regeneration. Our findings demonstrated that 0.9–2.9 kPa might be the desired mechanical strength inducing trans-differentiation into SCLCs via PIEZO1/YAP axis, and the 3D-printed GelMA NGCs combined with SCLCs could be a potential candidate for long-gap peripheral nerve injury.

Organ-specific extracellular matrix directs trans-differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and formation of salivary gland-like organoids in vivo

BackgroundCurrent treatments for salivary gland (SG) hypofunction are palliative and do not address the underlying cause or progression of the disease. SG-derived stem cells have the potential to treat SG hypofunction, but their isolation is challenging, especially when the tissue has been damaged by disease or irradiation for head and neck cancer. In the current study, we test the hypothesis that multipotent bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in a rat model are capable of trans-differentiating to the SG epithelial cell lineage when induced by a native SG-specific extracellular matrix (SG-ECM) and thus may be a viable substitute for repairing damaged SGs.MethodsRat BM-MSCs were treated with homogenates of decellularized rat SG-ECM for one hour in cell suspension and then cultured in tissue culture plates for 7 days in growth media. By day 7, the cultures contained cell aggregates and a cell monolayer. The cell aggregates were hand-selected under a dissecting microscope, transferred to a new tissue culture dish, and cultured for an additional 7 days in epithelial cell differentiation media. Cell aggregates and cells isolated from the monolayer were evaluated for expression of SG progenitor and epithelial cell specific markers, cell morphology and ultrastructure, and ability to form SG-like organoids in vivo.ResultsThe results showed that this approach was very effective and guided the trans-differentiation of a subpopulation of CD133-positive BM-MSCs to the SG epithelial cell lineage. These cells expressed amylase, tight junction proteins (Cldn 3 and 10), and markers for SG acinar (Aqp5 and Mist 1) and ductal (Krt 14) cells at both the transcript and protein levels, produced intracellular secretory granules which were morphologically identical to those found in submandibular gland, and formed SG-like organoids when implanted in the renal capsule in vivo.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest the feasibility of using autologous BM-MSCs as an abundant source of stem cells for treating SG hypofunction and restoring the production of saliva in these patients.

Reporter system controlled by the involucrin promoter as a tool to follow epidermal differentiation

Various approaches have been explored to study skin biology, including the use of stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the umbilical cord can be safely and easily obtained; however, a simple strategy to monitor their differentiation is essential. Involucrin is a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, and its promoter (pINV) directs stratum-specific expression of this protein. We designed a reporter system containing EGFP under the control of pINV to assess MSC transdifferentiation into keratinocytes. The functional sequence of pINV was inserted into a lentiviral vector, producing LeGO-GpINV. MSCs were transduced with LeGO-GpINV and induced to transdifferentiate into keratinocytes under cultivation with keratinocyte serum-free medium. MSC transdifferentiation was confirmed by morphological changes and by the expression of epidermal markers by flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, Western blot and the activity of epidermal kallikreins 5, 6 and 7. After 14 days of transdifferentiation, MSCs transduced with LeGO-GpINV showed an increase in EGFP fluorescence and expressed CK10, CK14, involucrin and filaggrin. There was also an increase in kallikrein activity. This reporter system allowed us to temporally assess epidermal differentiation, simultaneously with involucrin expression, opening possibilities for the in vivo study of skin biology and in regenerative medicine.

Highly specific differentiation of MSCs into neurons directed by local electrical stimuli triggered wirelessly by electromagnetic induction nanogenerator

Transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into neurons provides a practical way for neurodegenerative diseases as alternatives to neural stem cells, but is confronted with challenges to get well-differentiated and mature neurons. In this work, a wirelessly triggered local electrical stimulation system was established to specifically induce neuronal differentiation from rat bone-marrow-derived MSCs (rBMSCs) by coupling a highly conductive and flexible multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) membrane with a rotating magnetic field. Without nerve-inducing factors, a nearly 100% yield of differentiated neurons was realised without the presence of astrocyte cells by the localized electrical stimuli mediated from electromagnetic induction nanogenerator. Neuronal functions were revealed by rapid spontaneous [Ca2+] i-transient peaks under neurotransmitter action. This novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disease was further demonstrated in vivo, where the successful neural differentiation of exogenous rBMSCs driven by external magnetic-filed accelerated the brain recovery. This wireless electric stimulation system shows promising effects on neuron differentiation and offers a new perspective in nerve repair without glial scarring.

Mouse Neural Stem Cell Differentiation and Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transdifferentiation Into Neuron- and Oligodendrocyte-like Cells With Myelination Potential.

Stem cell therapy is an interesting approach for neural repair, once it can improve and increase processes, like angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. In this regard, adult neural stem cells (NSC) are studied for their mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation and functionality in neural repair. Here, we describe novel neural differentiation methods. NSC from adult mouse brains and human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSC) were isolated and characterized regarding their neural differentiation potential based on neural marker expression profiles. For both cell types, their capabilities of differentiating into neuron-, astrocyte- and oligodendrocytes-like cells (NLC, ALC and OLC, respectively) were analyzed. Our methodologies were capable of producing NLC, ALC and OLC from adult murine and human transdifferentiated NSC. NSC showed augmented gene expression of NES, TUJ1, GFAP and PDGFRA/Cnp. Following differentiation induction into NLC, OLC or ALC, specific neural phenotypes were obtained expressing MAP2, GalC/O4 or GFAP with compatible morphologies, respectively. Accordingly, immunostaining for nestin+ in NSC, GFAP+ in astrocytes and GalC/O4+ in oligodendrocytes was detected. Co-cultured NLC and OLC showed excitability in 81.3% of cells and 23.5% of neuron/oligodendrocyte marker expression overlap indicating occurrence of in vitro myelination. We show here that hADSC can be transdifferentiated into NSC and distinct neural phenotypes with the occurrence of neuron myelination in vitro, providing novel strategies for CNS regeneration therapy. Superior Part: Schematic organization of obtaining and generating hNSC from hADSC and differentiation processes and phenotypic expression of neuron, astrocyte and oligodendrocyte markers (MAP2, GFAP and O4, respectively) and stem cell marker (NES) of differentiating hNSC 14days after induction. The nuclear staining in blue corresponds to DAPI. bar = 100μm. Inferior part: Neural phenotype fates in diverse differentiation media. NES: nestin; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein. MAP2: Microtubule-associated protein 2. TUJ1: β-III tubulin. PDGFRA: PDGF receptor alpha. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test with n = 3. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01: (NSCiM1 NSC induction medium 1) vs differentiation media.

MAM-2201, One of the Most Potent-Naphthoyl Indole Derivative-Synthetic Cannabinoids, Exerts Toxic Effects on Human Cell-Based Models of Neurons and Astrocytes.

Considering the consequences on human health, in general population and workplace, associated with the use of new psychoactive substances and their continuous placing on the market, novel in vitro models for neurotoxicology research, applying human-derived CNS cells, may provide a means to understand the mechanistic basis of molecular and cellular alterations in brain. Cytotoxic effects of MAM-2201, a potent-naphthoyl indole derivative-synthetic cannabinoid, have been evaluated applying a panel of human cell-based models of neurons and astrocytes, testing different concentrations (1-30µM) and exposure times (3-24-48h). MAM-2201 induced toxicity in primary neuron-like cells (hNLCs), obtained from transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord. Effects occurred in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The lowest concentration affecting cell viability, metabolic function, apoptosis, morphology, and neuronal markers (MAP-2, NSE) was 5μM, and even 1μM induced apoptosis. Effects appeared early (3h) and persisted after 24 and 48h. Similar behavior was evidenced for human D384-astrocytes treated with MAM-2201. Differently, human SH-SY5Y-neurons, both differentiated and undifferentiated, were not sensitive to MAM-2201. On D384, the different altered endpoints were reversed, attenuated, or not antagonized by AM251 indicating that CB1 receptors may partially mediate MAM-2201-induced cytotoxicity. While in hNLCs, all toxic effects caused by MAM-2201 were apparently unrelated to CB-receptors since they were not evidenced by immunofluorescence. The present in vitro findings demonstrate the cytotoxicity of MAM-2201 on human primary neurons (hNLCs) and astrocytes cell line (D384), and support the use of these cellular models as species-specific in vitro tools suitable to clarify the neurotoxicity mechanisms of synthetic cannabinoids.

Xeno- and transgene-free reprogramming of mesenchymal stem cells toward the cells expressing neural markers using exosome treatments.

Neural stem cells (NSCs), capable of self-renew and differentiate into neural cells, hold promise for use in studies and treatments for neurological diseases. However, current approaches to obtain NSCs from a live brain are risky and invasive, since NSCs reside in the subventricular zone and the in the hippocampus dentate gyrus. Alternatively, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be a more available cell source due to their abundance in tissues and easier to access. However, MSCs are committed to producing mesenchymal tissue and are not capable of spontaneously differentiating into neural cells. Thus, the process of reprogramming of MSCs into neural cells to use in clinical and scientific settings has significantly impacted the advancement of regenerative medicine. Previously, our laboratory reported trans-differentiation of MSCs to neural cells through the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells state, which was produced by overexpression of the embryonic stem cell gene NANOG. In the current study, we demonstrate that treatment with exosomes derived from NSCs makes MSCs capable of expressing neural cell markers bypassing the generation of iPS cells. An epigenetic modifier, decitabine (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine), enhanced the process. This novel Xeno and transgene-free trans-differentiation technology eliminates the issues associated with iPS cells, such as tumorigenesis. Thus, it may accelerate the development of neurodegenerative therapies and in vitro neurological disorder models for personalized medicine.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Chronic Wound Healing: Current Status of Preclinical and Clinical Studies.

Healing skin wounds with anatomic and functional integrity, especially under chronic pathological conditions, remain an enormous challenge. Due to their outstanding regenerative potential, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been explored in many studies to determine the healing ability for difficult-to-treat diseases. In this article, we review current animal studies and clinical trials of MSC-based therapy for chronic wounds, and discuss major challenges that confront future clinical applications. We found that a wealth of animal studies have revealed the versatile roles and the benefits of MSCs for chronic wound healing. MSC treatment results in enhanced angiogenesis, facilitated reepithelialization, improved granulation, and accelerated wound closure. There are some evidences of the transdifferentiation of MSCs into skin cells. However, the healing effect of MSCs depends primarily on their paracrine actions, which alleviate the harsh microenvironment of chronic wounds and regulate local cellular responses. Consistent with the findings of preclinical studies, some clinical trials have shown improved wound healing after transplantation of MSCs in chronic wounds, mainly lower extremity ulcers, pressure sores, and radiation burns. However, there are some limitations in these clinical trials, especially a small number of patients and imperfect methodology. Therefore, to better define the safety and efficiency of MSC-based wound therapy, large-scale controlled multicenter trials are needed in the future. In addition, to build a robust pool of clinical evidence, standardized protocols, especially the cultivation and quality control of MSCs, are recommended. Altogether, based on current data, MSC-based therapy represents a promising treatment option for chronic wounds. Impact statement Chronic wounds persist as a significant health care problem, particularly with increasing number of patients and the lack of efficient treatments. The main goal of this article is to provide an overview of current status of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy for chronic wounds. The roles of MSCs in skin wound healing, as revealed in a large number of animal studies, are detailed. A critical view is made on the clinical application of MSCs for lower extremity ulcers, pressure sores, and radiation burns. Main challenges that confront future clinical applications are discussed, which hopefully contribute to innovations in MSC-based wound treatment.

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Epithelial Growth Factor could Induce Trans-differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell into Neural Stem Cell

Background & Aim Background Stem cell therapy has been considered as a potential strategy in regenerative for the patient with neurological deficits. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSC) have been extensively investigated as a treatment in stroke. However, the MSC lost its potency for neural repair in aged patients due to the limited numbers of Neural Stem Cell (NSC). NSC is essential for neurogenesis of the injured brain. In vitro studies have shown that MSCs which were cultured in the laboratory has the capability to transform into different cells. Adding stimulants such as growth factors into the culture media could induce the trans-differentiation of MSC into NSC. However, to produce NSC in the clinical setting on a large scale is still a challenge. Objective In this study, we like to evaluate the use of epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), heregulin B27, and N2 the trans-differentiation mechanism of umbilical cord MSC (UC-MSC) into NSC. Methods, Results & Conclusion Method MSC was transferred into a 24-well plate at 2 × 104 cells per well. Induction of NSC is done using DMEM containing N2/B27 supplement, 20 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), and 10 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Identification of success trans-differentiation is analyzed using NeuroFlour CDr3 antibody. Result and Discussion MSC transdifferentiates into NSC as an important source of cell in therapy for neurological diseases. UC-MSC was induced using N2 to helps the cell to commit to differentiation and its survival. B27 is used for the long term survival of neurons cells and helps the NSC to grow and proliferates. bFGF beliefs as pre-inductive molecules that enhance neuronal differentiation and self-renewal. Upon bFGF stimulation, NGFβR and NRP1 will upregulate and promotes differentiation. On the contrary, EGF induces differentiation at lower concentrations. EGF is used for inducing the expression of the neuron and glial marker. To confirm the successful transdifferentiating process, the expression of CDr3 in the cell culture is analyzed. CDr3 positive result as the membrane-permeable fluorescent probe was shown in Figure 1. NeuroFluor CDr3 binds to human fatty acid-binding protein 7 (FABP7) which use to confirm the neural induction from human stem cells. Conclusion UC-MSC could be cultured and differentiate into NSC in vitro when supplemented with N2/B27, bFGF, and EGF, which may produce NSC in the clinical setting on a large scale. Stem cell therapy has been considered as a potential strategy in regenerative for the patient with neurological deficits. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSC) have been extensively investigated as a treatment in stroke. However, the MSC lost its potency for neural repair in aged patients due to the limited numbers of Neural Stem Cell (NSC). NSC is essential for neurogenesis of the injured brain. In vitro studies have shown that MSCs which were cultured in the laboratory has the capability to transform into different cells. Adding stimulants such as growth factors into the culture media could induce the trans-differentiation of MSC into NSC. However, to produce NSC in the clinical setting on a large scale is still a challenge. In this study, we like to evaluate the use of epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), heregulin B27, and N2 the trans-differentiation mechanism of umbilical cord MSC (UC-MSC) into NSC. MSC was transferred into a 24-well plate at 2 × 104 cells per well. Induction of NSC is done using DMEM containing N2/B27 supplement, 20 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), and 10 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Identification of success trans-differentiation is analyzed using NeuroFlour CDr3 antibody.

Electric Conductivity on Aligned Nanofibers Facilitates the Transdifferentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Schwann Cells and Regeneration of Injured Peripheral Nerve.

Schwann cells (SCs) are the most promising seed cells for peripheral nerve tissue engineering, but clinical applications are limited by the lack of cell sources. Existing data demonstrate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can be induced to differentiate into Schwann-like cells and aligned nanofibers can enhance the differentiation. Considering that SCs are living along with the electrical conductive axons, it is hypothesized that conductivity properties may play roles in SCs differentiation and then facilitate nerve regeneration. To verify this hypothesis, amine functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are incorporated with polycaprolactone and gelatin to fabricate aligned or random conductive nanofibers by electrospinning. Current data demonstrate that MWCNTs can dramatically increase the electrical conductive properties but do not alter the biocompatibility of the nanofibers. It is found that endowing conductive properties into the aligned nanofibers can significantly enhance their capability to promote the SCs differentiation. Furthermore, the aligned and conductive nanofibers with induced BMSCs can dramatically promote peripheral axonal regeneration. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that the conductive properties in the aligned nanofiber plays significant roles in SCs differentiation and the aligned and conductive nanofibers can be used as a promising scaffold for SCs differentiation and peripheral nerve tissue engineering.

Cxcr6-Based Mesenchymal Stem Cell Gene Therapy Potentiates Skin Regeneration in Murine Diabetic Wounds.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies for wound healing are often compromised due to low recruitment and engraftment of transplanted cells, as well as delayed differentiation into cell lineages for skin regeneration. An increased expression of chemokine ligand CXCL16 in wound bed and its cognate receptor, CXCR6, on murine bone-marrow-derived MSCs suggested a putative therapeutic relevance of exogenous MSC transplantation therapy. Induction of the CXCL16-CXCR6 axis led to activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2)-mediated matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 promoter regulation and expression, the migratory signaling pathways in MSC. CXCL16 induction also increased the transdifferentiation of MSCs into endothelial-like cells and keratinocytes. Intravenous transplantation of allogenic stable MSCs with Cxcr6 gene therapy potentiated skin tissue regeneration by increasing recruitment and engraftment as well as neovascularization and re-epithelialization at the wound site in excisional splinting wounds of type I and II diabetic mice. This study suggests that activation of the CXCL16-CXCR6 axis in bioengineered MSCs with Cxcr6 overexpression provides a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of diabetic wounds.

Dynamic of miRNA-101a-3p and miRNA-200a during Induction of Osteoblast Differentiation in Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

miRNAs are known as the cellular phenomena regulators that exert their effects in post-transcriptional level. Recent studies highlight the role of miRNAs in mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into osteoblasts. The purpose of this study was to recognize the pattern of miRNA-101a-3p and miRNA-200a expression during osteoblastic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The cells were incubated in osteoblastic differentiation medium for a period of 21 days. Alizarin red S staining was performed to confirm the successful differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblast cells. The expression levels of miRNA-101a-3p and miRNA-200a were analyzed by real-time PCR during 0, 7, 14, and 21 days after differentiation induction. Data exhibited the increase of extracellular red color deposition which was evident at the end of the incubation period. The expression of miRNA-101a-3p and miRNA-200a was up regulated during adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells trans-differentiation into osteoblast-like cells. These miRNAs could be potential novel biomarkers for monitoring successful differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells toward osteoblasts.

Efficacy of erythropoietin-pretreated mesenchymal stem cells in murine burn wound healing: possible in vivo transdifferentiation into keratinocytes.

Stem cells have shown promising potential to treat burn wounds. Erythropoietin was capable of promoting in vitro transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The aim of the study was to investigate possible role of erythropoietin-pretreated mesenchymal stem cells (EPOa/MSCs) in burn wounds healing and to evaluate its in vivo differentiation into keratinocytes. Forty rats were utilised in this study divided into four groups (n = 10 for each). Control group (I), burn group (II), burn + MSCs, group (III), burn + EPOa/MSCs. 1 × 10⁶ cells were injected locally for each 1 cm² of burn areas. Burn areas were followed-up morphologically. After 21 days of the experiment, the rats were euthanised, skin specimens were assessed biochemically, histologically and immunohistochemically. EPOa/MSCs enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) burn wound vimentin gene expression and level of interleukin (IL)-10 while decreased IL-1 and COX2 as compared to the burn group. Histologically, EPOa/MSCs improved epithelialisation despite stem cells' differentiation into keratinocytes was rarely detected by PKH26 red fluorescence. EPOa/MSCs promoted angiogenesis as detected by significant increase in VEGF and PDGF immunoexpression as compared to burn group. EPOa/MSCs may improve burn wound healing, probably through anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and angiogenic action. However, in vivo transdifferentiation into keratinocytes was rarely detected.

Mesenchymal stem cells: Cancer promoting effects or tumor suppression - A current overview

The multimodal treatment of cancer deals with cancer cells as well as with the cancer surrounding stroma. This stroma contains non-malignant cells like fibroblasts, immune cells as well as mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). MSC have the ability to migrate towards cancer tissue. In the current literature the impact of MSC on cancer cells is discussed divergently. The majority of the current publications reveal an induction of cancer progression by MSC. Four main processes namely the secretion of soluble factors and cell-cell contact, the transdifferentiation of MSC into carcinoma associated fibroblasts, the improvement of neoangiogenesis and the induction of immune suppression are responsible for cancer progression. This publication gives an overview on the current literature.